regional energy outlook australia, usa, canada & new zealand sarah holdsworth, education for...
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Regional Energy OutlookAustralia, USA, Canada & New Zealand
Sarah Holdsworth, Education for Sustainability, RMIT University, Australia
Thomas Eatmon, Public PolicySouthern University, USA
Energy Production in 2003
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
UCAN OECD World
Mto
e
• UCAN makes up 5% of the world’s population• Produces and consumes approx 20% of the world’s energy
Source: International Energy Agency [IEA], 2003)
UCAN current energy situation
Country USA Canada Australia New Zealand
Electricity use per capita (KWh/ capita)
13 066 17 290 10 642 8 830
Source: International Energy Agency [IEA], 2003)
UCAN current energy situation
Energy consumption in 2003 by energy source for all UCAN region countries
Source: International Energy Agency [IEA], 2006)
UCAN current energy situation
Energy development relationship
Energy Services Lifestyle Choices
Development/Standard of living
GDP is used to measure standard of living in an economy.
Key societal and environmental problems can be masked when the GDP is used as the sole
measure of economic growth
gross national product
social welfare and quality of life
Growing GNP / drop of life quality
time scale
OECD Study in progress 2003
Energy development relationship
Development?
Country GDP per capita in $US (Rank), 2003
Gini Index Happy Planet Index ranking
Australia 29,632 (10) 35.2 139
Canada 30,677 (6) 33.1 111
United States 37,562 (4) 40.8 150
New Zealand 22,582 (3) 36 94
Development and Politics
Development and the shifting political ideological
Government Economy Society Neo-liberalism Individual
Government Society Economy
Egalitarianism
Collective
Future Trends
Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html
World Marketed Energy Use by Fuel Type 1980-2030 (EIA, 2003)
• UCAN’s population is predicted to stabilise however, energy consumption will continue to increase
•Heavy reliance on imported energy resources (oil) will lead to issues of supply security
Development Continuum
Development
GrowthConsumption
ENERGY
Consumption: Putting priorities
into perspective
% ww private consumption
% worlds population
USA and Canada 31.5% 5.2%
Australia and New Zealand
1.5% 0.4%
World Watch Institute 2003
Basic education for all ($6 billion) vs.Cosmetics in the U.S. ($8 billion)
Basic health and nutrition ($13 billion) vs.Pet foods in Europe and USA ($17 billion)
Reproductive health for all women ($12 billion) vs. Perfumes in Europe and the USA ($12 billion)source: Human Development Report 1998, “Consumption for human development” [www.undp.org/hdro/1998/98]
Do we need to consume to develop?Human Development Index is based on:• Life expectancy• Literacy• GDP
What is the future outlook?• Social
- Level and access to health care- Level and access to education
• Political- Continued dependency on Oil and Coal - Global security issues- Investments in Renewable but proportionably low compared with non-renewable
• Environmental - Increasing ecological footprint- Increasing CO2 into atmosphere as a result of burning fossil fuels.
• Economic- Energy needs vs. availability- Reliance on imports of fossil fuels- Instability of economy
What should be the future outlook?
The region needs to address two areas with respect to energy and development
-Maintain current standard of living and energy services that support this while reducing negative impacts
-Address the existing inequalities in regard to accessing social services
that enhance quality of life
Neo-liberal Policy Barriers
• Market force expansion
• Open competition • Enhanced mass
production• Anti-poverty
program reduction• Foreign
investment• Consumption
maximization• Trade liberalization
Expands industrialization
•Increases pollution and natural resource demand
Globalizes consumption
•Diffuses consumerism and encourages excessive consumption
Increases number of poor
•Development without added value
(Haque, 1999)
Our Vision for the Future
Equity & Human Well
Being
Economy, Technology, Politics & Ethics or “Intermediate
Means”
Natural Environment or “Ultimate Means”
Intermediate Means
•Government
•Civil Society
•Industry and Financial Institutions
•Individuals
(Daly, 1980)
Daly’s Triangle
Intermediate Means
Government • Participation in international institutions
-Ex. Lack of commitment to Kyoto Protocol by US and Australia
• Redistributive taxes and incentives (carrot and stick) -Ex. Taxing inefficient vehicles to provide incentives (price cuts) for more efficient vehicles
Civil Society• Change the culture of consumerism and public
consciousness through political socialization, knowledge dissemination, watchdog actions, and creating sustainability initiatives. -Ex. Sustainable Schools Program -Ex. Bill Clinton’s Global Initiative
Intermediate Means
Industry and Financial Institutions• Corporate Responsibility and Ethics
– Ex. Goldman Sachs, Interface, FIFA, Dupont, Ford
Individuals• Street level decision-making
– Voting– Conscious consumption– Active participation in government and civil society
(collective action)– Leadership
References
Daly, H., “Introduction to the Steady-State Economy,” pp. 1-31 in Daly, H., (ed.) “Economics, Ecology, Ethics-Essays Toward a Steady State Economy,” New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1980.
The Happy Planet Index, New Economics Foundation, 2006
Haque, M. S., “The Fate of Sustainable Development under Neo-Liberal Regimes in Developing Countries,” International Political Science Review, 20,2, pp.197-218, 1999
International Energy Agency (IEA), website: www.iea.org
Intenational Energy Agency World Energy Outlook. Website:http://www.iea.org/textbase/publications/free_new_Desc.asp?PUBS_ID=1458
Redefining Progess, website: www.RedefiningProgress.org
UNDP Human Development Report, 2005. http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/