Regents Biology

Turn in DNA letter Begin reading Analogy Story and

answer the questions Don’t worry about the back page

Regents Biology

Watch animation Ask questions if something is unclear

Then we’ll take a few notes about what we discussed

Tomorrow you’ll take what we learned to decode genetic instructions, find out what a fictional creature looks like based on the instructions and draw it.

Regents Biology 2009-2010

Protein Synthesis Making Proteins

Regents Biology

Bodies are made up of cells All cells run on a set of instructions

spelled out in DNA

Bodies Cells DNA

Regents Biology

How does DNA code for cells & bodies? how are cells and bodies made from the

instructions in DNA

DNA Cells Bodies

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DNA has the info to build proteins

DNA Proteins Cells Bodies

proteinscells

bodiesDNA gets all the glory,Proteins do all the work

Regents Biology

How do proteins do all the work Proteins

proteins run living organisms enzymes

control all chemical reactions in living organisms

structure all living organisms are built out of proteins

Regents Biology

cytoplasm

nucleus

Cell organization DNA

DNA is in the nucleus genes = instructions for making proteins

want to keep it there = protected “locked in the vault”

Regents Biology

Cell organization Proteins

chains of amino acids made by a “protein factory” in cytoplasm protein factory = ribosome

nucleus

cytoplasm

ribosome

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

buildproteins

Regents Biology

Passing on DNA information Need to get DNA gene information

from nucleus to ribosome The code to make protein is in DNA. Since DNA can’t leave the nucleus a copycalled mRNA is made, which is sent to the ribosome to

then make protein

nucleus

cytoplasmribosome

mRNA

buildproteins

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

Regents Biology

mRNA

From nucleus to cytoplasm

DNA

transcription

nucleus cytoplasm

translation

trait

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

protein

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DNA vs. RNADNA

deoxyribose sugar nitrogen bases

G, C, A, T T : A C : G

double stranded

RNA ribose sugar nitrogen bases

G, C, A, U U : A C : G

single stranded

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Transcription Making mRNA from DNA DNA strand is the

template (pattern) match bases

U : A G : C

Enzyme RNA polymerase

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Matching bases of DNA & RNA Double stranded DNA unzips

A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A

Regents Biology

Matching bases of DNA & RNA Double stranded DNA unzips

A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A

Regents Biology

Matching bases of DNA & RNA Match RNA bases to DNA

bases on one of the DNA strands

U

A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A

U

UU

U

U

G

G

A

A

A C CRNA

polymerase

C

C

C

C

C

G

G

G

G

A

A

A

AA

Regents Biology

Matching bases of DNA & RNA U instead of T is matched to A

TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA

AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNAaa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU Uribosome

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Once a copy is made in the nucleus mRNA goes to the ribosome

TRANSLATION: ribosome decodes the instructions on mRNA and makes a protein

Regents Biology

How does mRNA code for proteins mRNA leaves nucleus mRNA goes to ribosomes in cytoplasm Proteins built from instructions on mRNA

aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa

How?

mRNA

U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U

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Codes are written in groups of 3 letters (codon)

TAC GCADNA

AUG CGUmRNA

tRNA

Met

tRNA

Arg

codon

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mRNA to protein = Translation The working instructions mRNA The reader ribosome The transporter transfer RNA (tRNA)

mRNAU C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U

aaaa

aa

tRNA

GGU

aa

tRNA

U A C

aa

tRNA

GA C

tRNA

aa

A GU

ribosome

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protein

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

aa

transcription

cytoplasm

nucleus

translation

trait

Regents Biology 2009-2010

Whoops!See what happens when

your genes don’t work right!

Any Questions??