Regents Biology

Plants General characteristics

eukaryotes autotrophs, photosynthetic

even the insectivorous plants cell wall

cellulose not mobile For plants

Phylum = Division

Regents Biology

Classification based on: Characteristics

Vascular tissue Xylem phloem

Reproduction Spores Seeds Flowers

Regents Biology

PHOTOSYNTHESIS The “factory” for making

energy & sugars chloroplast

Fuels sunlight carbon dioxide water

The Helpers enzymes H2O

sugars

ATP

Make ATP!Make sugar!

I can do it all…And no one

even notices!

enzymes

CO2

sun

Regents Biology

Chloroplast Structure

GRANAGREEN

CONTAIN CHLOROPHYLLSTROMA

SPACE IN BETWEEN

GRANA

THYLAKOID – ONE DISK

ALL COLORS OF LIGHT ARE ABSORBED EXCEPT GREEN

Regents Biology

Bring In Light – leaves (top) CO2 – stomata (bottom of leaves)

H2O – roots (xylem) Let Out

O2 - stomata Move Around

Sugars – phloem xylem + phloem = vein

So what does a plant need?

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light

energy + ++

roots

shoot

leaves

Regents Biology

Plants make more sugars than they can use.

1. use glucose in Respiration

2. convert glucose to sucrose, cellulose, & more to build plant structures

3. store glucose as starch

4. sugars are passed along the food chain

sun ATP

sugars

Regents Biology

Leaf Structure

phloem (sugar)xylem (water)

stomate

palisadeslayer

spongylayer

cuticleepidermis

Guard cellscuticleepidermis

vascular bundle (vein) T

Air space

CO2

CO2

O2

O2 AND H2O

Pores or openings Pair per stomate;

open/close stomata

Regents Biology

Function of Leaf Structures Cuticle – NOT made of cells

waxy coating reduces water loss Epidermis – upper and lower

Cell layer protecting leaf tissues Lower contains stomata

Palisades layer – top of leaf high concentration of chloroplasts

collecting sun’s energy photosynthesis

making ATP & sugars

Spongy layer – connects to stomata air spaces - gas exchange

CO2 in for sugar production, remove waste O2

Regents Biology

Xylem carry water up from roots large, hollow, thick cell walls “pipe-like” – hollow/dead “wood”

Vascular Bundle

Phloem carry sugars around the plant

wherever they are needed new leaves fruit & seeds roots

Regents Biology

Transpiration Water evaporates from the

stomates in the leaves pulls water up from roots

water molecules stick to each other (polar) – cohesion

Stick to sides of xylem - adhesion

more water is pulled up through the tree from ground

Originally enters by osmosis root hairs provide increased

surface area

Regents Biology

Stomates & Guard Cells Function of stomates

CO2 inO2 out H2O out

gets to leaves for photosynthesis Function of guard cells

open & close stomates

Regents Biology

Regents Biology

Guard cells & Homeostasis Homeostasis - keeping the internal environment

of the plant balanced Stomates open

let CO2 in - needed to make sugar let H2O out (GC’s are swollen - hypotonic)

so it gets to leaves – creates a “pull” let O2 out - get rid of waste product

Stomates close if too much H2O evaporating (GC’s are wilted –

hypertonic) ONLY close to conserve water!!!!!!! Cannot stay closed permanently – plant will

starve

Regents Biology

Another view…

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

sun

organicmolecules

food

O2CO2

producers, autotrophs

consumers, heterotrophs

synthesis

capturelight energy

digestion

releasechemical energy ATP

wastewastewaste