refrigerant selection considerations
TRANSCRIPT
Refrigerant Selection Considerations
Daniel Dettmers ([email protected])
Industrial Refrigeration ConsortiumUniversity of Wisconsinwww.irc.wisc.edu(866) 635-4721
Dettmers 2/8/07
What is a Refrigerant?
Refrigerant- the vital working fluid in refrigeration, air-conditioning, and heat pumping systems.- absorbs heat from one area, such as an air-conditioned space, and rejects it into another, such as outdoors, usually through evaporation and condensation process, respectively.
- ASHRAE Fundamentals Chpt. 16
Dettmers 2/8/07
Refrigerant Selection CriteriaSafety, risk & regulation
Environmental impacts
Likelihood of future availability
Refrigerant propertiesToxicity & flammability
Thermodynamic & transport
Other
EconomicsOperating efficiency
Capital costs (refrigerant & equipment)
Staff capabilities
Dettmers 2/8/07
Composition of FluorocarbonsCFCCFC--1212 HCFCHCFC--2222 HFCHFC--3232
HH ydroydroCC hlorohloroFF luoroluoroCC arbonsarbons
HH ydroydroFF luoroluoroCC arbonsarbons
CCClCl
FF FF
ClClCC
HH
FF FF
ClClCC
HH
FF FF
HH
CC hlorohloroFF luoroluoroCC arbonsarbons
Dettmers 2/8/07
20202020 203020302015201520032003 20102010
HCFC Phaseout Schedule (US)% Reduction in National Consumption
HCFC-22HCFC-142b
Production FreezeBan in New Equipment
HCFC-22HCFC-142b
Production FreezeBan in New Equipment
All other HCFCs
ProductionFreeze
All other HCFCs
ProductionFreeze
HCFC-22HCFC-142bProduction
Ban
HCFC-22HCFC-142bProduction
Ban
All other HCFCs
ProductionBan
All other HCFCs
ProductionBan
All other HCFCs
Ban in NewEquipment
All other HCFCs
Ban in NewEquipment
HCFC-141bProduction
Ban
HCFC-141bProduction
Ban
100%100%
65%65%
35%35%
10%10%0.5%0.5%
Dettmers 2/8/07
ODP and GWPODPOzone Depletion Potential
Damage substance does to the ozone layer, relative to CFC-11
GWPGlobal Warming Potential
Contribution of substance to the atmosphere’s heat retention, relative to CO2 or CFC-11
1.0
0.0
Same as CFC-11or CO2
None
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ODP and GWP from CFCs
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.20 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ozo
ne D
eple
tion
Pote
ntia
114113
11 12
115
Global Warming Potential
ODP and GWP are relative to CFC-11Source: World Meteorological Organization
HCFCs
HFCs
CFCs
0
0
0
0
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ODP and GWP of Non-CFCs
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.20 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Ozo
ne P
eple
tion
Pote
ntia
lGlobal Warming Potential
ODP and GWP are relative to CFC-11Source: World Meteorological Organization
HCFCs
HFCs
CFCs
141b
123
152a32
022
142b
134a 0125 143a124
Dettmers 2/8/07
Safety & ODP/GWP of RefrigerantsChemical Lifetime ODP GWP Safety
Refrigerant Formula Years (R11) (CO2) ClassificationCFC-11 CCl3F 45 1.000 4680 A1CFC-12 CCL2F2 100 1.000 10720 A1CFC-113 CCl2FCClF2 85 1.000 6030 A1CFC-114 CClFCClF2 300 0.940 9880 A1CFC-115 CClF2CF2 1700 0.440 7250 A1HCFC-22 CHClF2 12 0.050 1780 A1HCFC-123 CF3CHCl2 1.3 0.020 76 B1HCFC-124 CHClFCF3 5.8 0.020 599 A1HCFC-141b CH3CCl2F 9.3 0.120 713HCFC-142b CH3CClF2 17.9 0.070 2270 A2HFC-32 CH2F2 4.9 0.000 543 A2HFC-125 CHF2CF3 29 0.000 3450 A1HFC-134a CF3CH2F 14 0.000 1320 A1HFC-143a CH3CF3 52 0.000 4400 A2HFC-152a CH3CHF2 1.4 0.000 122 A2R-717 NH3 0.000 0 B2R-718 H2O 0.000 0 A1HC-290 C3H8 0.000 0 A3
0.050 1780
0.000 1320
0.000 0
1.000 10720
Dettmers 2/8/07
ASHRAE Standard 34-2004 Refrigerant Classification
ASHRAE Standard 34-2004 Refrigerant Classification
IncreasingIncreasingToxicityToxicity
IncreasingIncreasingFlammabilityFlammability Higher
ToxicityLower
Toxicity
B1R-123, SO2
A1R-11, R-12, R-114
No Flame Propagation
B2Ammonia
A2R-142b, R-152a
Lower Flammability
B3A3Propane, Butane
Higher Flammability
Safety Group
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Ideal Cycle Efficiency Comparison: Influence of Refrigerant Selection
Source: ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, 20 F evaporating and 105 F condensing temperatures
HP/tonHP/tonkW/tonkW/tonCOPCOPRefrigerantRefrigerant
1.1400.8504.137R-410A1.1100.8284.248R-407C1.2240.9133.853R-404A
1.0980.8194.293R-2901.0151.0150.7570.7574.6434.643RR--7177171.0610.7914.444HCFC-221.0770.8034.376HFC-134a0.9990.9990.7450.7454.7174.717HCFCHCFC--1231231.0480.7824.497CFC-120.9630.9630.7180.7184.8954.895CFCCFC--1111
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ASHRAE Numbering SystemFrom ASHRAE Standard 34
Single Component Fluorocarbons000 Series - Methane Based Molecules
100 Series - Ethane Based
200 Series - Propane Based Fluids
300 Series - Butane Based
Mixtures400 Series - Zeotropic Blends (or “Non-Azeotropic”)
500 Series - Azeotropes
Others600 Series - Miscellaneous Organic Compounds
700 Series - Inorganic Compounds
Dettmers 2/8/07
ASHRAE Numbering SystemFrom ASHRAE Standard 34
Single Component Fluorocarbons000 Series - Methane Based Molecules
100 Series - Ethane Based
200 Series - Propane Based Fluids
300 Series - Butane Based
MixturesMixtures400 Series 400 Series -- ZeotropicZeotropic Blends (or Blends (or ““NonNon--AzeotropicAzeotropic””))
500 Series 500 Series -- AzeotropesAzeotropes
Others600 Series - Miscellaneous Organic Compounds
700 Series - Inorganic Compounds
Dettmers 2/8/07
Refrigerant MixturesZeotropes (Blends or Simple Mixtures)
R-400 seriesTend to average propertiesSegregate (Easy to separate)Offer greatest flexibility
AzeotropesR-500 seriesBehave like pure fluidHigher or lower B.P. than componentsNon segregating (Difficult to separate)
Some Zeotropes are very close to AzeotropesSome Zeotropes are very close to Azeotropes
Dettmers 2/8/07
Evaporation Characteristics-Blends
Boiling Point
Boiling Point
FLUID “A”Low-Boiler
FLUID “B”High-Boiler
BLENDNon-Azeotropic(400 Series)
DewGLIDE RANGEBubble
Point
Point
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Zeoptropic Refrigerant Behavior
-25 0 25 50 75 100 1250
50
100
150
200
250
Temperature [F]
Pres
s ure
[psi
a] Dew Point
Bubble Point
R-407c
ΔT~11°F
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Phaseout Refrigerants
RR--245ca*245ca*Low Pressure ChillersHCFC 123HCFC 123
RR--717, R717, R--410A410AEverywhereHCFC 22HCFC 22
HFC 23, RHFC 23, R--508B, 508B, NHNH33, ,
NHNH33--COCO2 2 CascadeCascade
Extremely Low Temperature RefrigerationCFC 13/RCFC 13/R--503503
RR--404A (HFC)404A (HFC)RR--507A (HFC)507A (HFC)
Low Temperature RefrigerationCFC 502CFC 502
HFC 134aHFC 134aRefrigerators, MVAC, Commercial Refrigeration UnitsCFC 12CFC 12
HCFC 123HCFC 123Low Pressure ChillersCFC 11CFC 11
AlternativeAlternativeApplicationApplicationRefrigerantRefrigerant
*Allowed by EPA, but I wouldn’t use it quite yet.
Dettmers 2/8/07
Long Term R-502 AlternativesOption 1 Option 2
Components 125 / 143a 125 / 143a / 134a
Percentage 50% / 50% 44% / 52% / 4%
ASHRAE # R-507A R-404ATrade names AZ-50 HP62 / Forane-404A
Manufacturers Allied-Signal DuPont / Elf Atochem
Glide 0.1°F 1.6°F
Pressure * 359 psig 354 psig
Capacity ** up 10% same
COP ** up 0-5% up 5%
* Condenser pressure at 130°F; R-502 is 321 psig** Relative to R-502Source: Dave Godwin, ARI AREP results
Dettmers 2/8/07
Composition of R-22 Alternatives
Trade Name ASHRAE Number HFC-32 HFC-125 HFC-134a R-600
Several 134A 100%
KLEA 407C, AC9000 407C 23% 25% 52%
AZ-20, Puron, Suva 9100 410A 50% 50%
AC9100 410B 45% 55%
Nu-22, ISCEON 59 417 46.6% 50% 3.4%
Trade Name ASHRAE Number HFC-32 HFC-125 HFC-134a R-600
Several 134A 100%
KLEA 407C, AC9000 407C 23% 25% 52%
AZ-20, Puron, Suva 9100 410A 50% 50%
AC9100 410B 45% 55%
Nu-22, ISCEON 59 417 46.6% 50% 3.4%
Trade Name ASHRAE Number HFC-32 HFC-125 HFC-134a R-600
Several 134A 100%
KLEA 407C, AC9000 407C 23% 25% 52%
AZ-20, Puron, Suva 9100 410A 50% 50%
AC9100 410B 45% 55%
Nu-22, ISCEON 59 417 46.6% 50% 3.4%
Large Glide
Dettmers 2/8/07
Long Term HCFC-22 AlternativesOption 1 Option 2 Option 3
Components 134a 32 / 125 32 / 125 / 134a
Percentage 100% 50% / 50% 23% / 25% / 52%
ASHRAE # R-134a R-410A R-407CTrade names several AZ-20/PuronAC9000/KLEA66
Manufacturers several Allied-Signal DuPont/ICI
Glide none 0.2°F 8-10°FPressure * 200 psig 479 psig 310 psig
Capacity ** down 30-40% up 40-50% up 10%
COP ** within 5% down 5-13% down 5%
* Condenser pressure at 130°F; HCFC-22 is 297 psig** Relative to HCFC-22
Source: Dave Godwin, ARI AREP results
Dettmers 2/8/07
Other HCFC-22 AlternativesR-507A & R-404a
System conversion possible with valve and lubricant change outHigher operating pressure & capacity
R-417a (Nu-22) 125/134a/600 (46.6%/50%/3.4%)Drop-in, uses butane for MO miscibilityReported oil return problems, reduced capacity @ low tempCopeland voids warranty if R-417a is usedMany other refrigerants like it (R-422A, R-427A)
Dettmers 2/8/07
Alternatives to R-13/R-503CFC 13 & R-503 (40.1/59.9 of R-23/R-13)
Traditional refrigerants for extremely low temperature refrigeration (below -40°F) applications
HFC 23 & R-508B (46/54 of R-23/R-116)GWP of 12,240 and 12,000 respectivelyBoth have no ODP
NH3-CO2 CascadeFinding favor lately both in U.S. and Europe
Dettmers 2/8/07
CO2-NH3 Cascade Refrigeration System
EvaporativeCondenser(s)
LowTemperatureEvaporator(s)
LowTemperatureRecirculator
CO2Compressor(s)
AmmoniaCompressor(s)
HighPressureReceiver
5’
T
High Temperature Evaporator(s)
CascadeHeat Exchanger
Dettmers 2/8/07
CO2-NH3 Cascade System
“No” direct environmental impacts
GWP, ODP
“High” working pressures for CO2
Low side 70 [psig]
High side 300 [psig]
Industrial scale systems currently in operation in both Europe and US
Photos: Nestlé
Dettmers 2/8/07
CO2-NH3 Cascade Efficiency
-70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -452.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
Saturation Temperature [°F]
Effic
ienc
y [h
p/to
n]
CO2/NH3 CascadeCO2/NH3 Cascade
AmmoniaAmmonia
Dettmers 2/8/07
How to Protect Yourself1. Check to make sure it is SNAP approved
800-296-1996
www.epa.gov/air/ozonedep.html
2. Check with compressor manufacturerCheck warranties, oil issues, etc.
3. Check contractor’s reference listMake sure they have successfullysuccessfully worked with this refrigerant in the past
4. Check costRefrigerant, tax & operating cost