reforms in church and peaceful revolutions matt harrington juliette jamieson
TRANSCRIPT
Farming in the Middle Ages
• Farming dominated peasants' lives
• Methods and equipment started very crude
• Land was owned by lords– Peasants allowed some
food from the land they worked on
– Fuedal system
Revolutions in Agriculture
• The three-field system: A method farmers used to disperse the strain on the land they would use to plant crops, circulating between several fields so as not to deplete the nutrients in any one field.
• New Method:• Became Widespread-
allowed for more food production.
New Equipment
• Heavy Plow- Able to cut through the thick and wet soil of Europe
• The Plow needed many oxen to move• Because many peasants were poor, they combined oxen
New Equipment Contd.• Plowhorse- New form of
power• Cross breeding made strong
horses• New Inventions allowed
horse usage to flourish• Horse Shoe • Horse Collar- Pulling from
the chest, not the neck• Horses ate more- drawback• Horses cost a lot but
increased production 30% on farms
Revival of Trade• Started
– with improvement in agriculture and a greater supply of food
– The Crusaders creating a greater demand for eastern goods; they helped revive east-west trade
• Revival of trade and town life was a sign of prosperity
• Growth of trade led to a revival of cities and towns
• This led to a decline in the manorial system of economics
• Manors no longer had to be self-sufficient
The Cistercians
• Cistercian: A monk or nun of an order founded in 1098 as a stricter branch of the Benedictines
• France• Founded by Beneditine
Monk– "Robert of Molesme"
Missionary Activities of the Church
• Helped fuse classical and Germanic cultures
• Ulfilas– Spent forty years with the
Visigoths– Translated most of the Bible into
Gothic• Germanic tribes (except for the Franks
and Anglo-Saxons) adopted the Arian form of Christianity
• Missionary named Patrick spread it to Ireland
• Pope Gregory the Great sent a Benedictine mission to England and Roman Christianity spread through England
Pope Gregory VII
• Pope Gregory was a very ambitious advocate for church reform
• He claimed unprecedented power for the papacy
• In 1075 he banned lay investiture and would excommunicate anyone taking part in it
• Henry IV (German emperor) was accused because he appointed his choice for the archbishop of Milan
• Henry declared that Gregory was a “false monk” and Gregory excommunicated him in retaliation
• Henry went to Gregory in 1077 at Canossa to ask for forgiveness
• Cost Gregory the support of German nobles
A church from the high middle ages
Pope Innocent III
• Innocent III was a lawyer and trained in canon law• He was so successful in avowing his “temporal and spiritual
supremacy” that many states acknowledged vassalage to him.• He excommunicated John of England when there was disagreement
over the archbishop of Canterbury, so that John had to become Innocent’s vassal and pay him an annual monetary bribe to capitalate him
• Innocent forced Philip Augustus (France) to make his divorced wife queen again• Innocent secured the election of his ward in the throne of the Holy Roman Empire
Innocent III
Monasticism• Monasticism is the term used to
describe the “numerous individuals who devote themselves full-time to the quest for salvation”
• The monks were usually the literate members of society, so they would transmit written copies of the Bible and other books
• Eremitic monasticism– Religious recluses
• Cenobitic monasticism– true monastic communities that have
sets of rules
• Dedicated to meditation and prayer
Works Cited• The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000
by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
• Butler, Chris. "FC63: The Agricultural Revolution in Medieval Europe - The Flow of History." Welcome - The Flow of History. Flow Of History, 2007. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. <http://www.flowofhistory.com/units/west/10/FC63>.
• High Middle Ages." OoCities - Geocities Archive / Geocities Mirror. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. <http://www.oocities.org/pmmcdonough/high_middle_ages.htm>.
• "The Medieval Church." History Learning Site. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_church.htm.
• "Medieval Farming." History Learning Site. Jan. 2001. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_farming1.htm.
• "Middle Ages, Church In The Early Middle Ages." World History International: World History Essays From Prehistory To The Present. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. http://history-world.org/midchurch.htm.
• "Middle Ages, Church In The High Middle Ages." World History International: World History Essays From Prehistory To The Present. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. <http://history-world.org/midchurchhigh.htm>.
• "Middle Ages, Monks and Monasticism." World History International: World History Essays From Prehistory To The Present. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. <http://history-world.org/monks_and_monasticism.htm>.