Reformation Reformation

AP notesAP notes

Church 1300-1577Church 1300-1577

Philip IV (the Fair)Philip IV (the Fair) 1296 1296

excommunicated by excommunicated by Boniface VIIIBoniface VIII

Engineered election Engineered election of Clement Vof Clement V

Began Avignon Began Avignon PapacyPapacy

Babylonian CaptivityBabylonian Captivity 1309-13771309-1377 Pope Clement VPope Clement V: : 13051305––13141314 Pope John XXIIPope John XXII: : 13161316––13341334 Pope Benedict XIIPope Benedict XII: : 13341334––13421342 Pope Clement VIPope Clement VI: : 13421342––13521352 Pope Innocent VIPope Innocent VI: 1352–1362 : 1352–1362 Pope Urban V: 1362–1370 Pope Urban V: 1362–1370 Pope Gregory XI: 1370–1378Pope Gregory XI: 1370–1378

Great SchismGreat Schism

1378—Pope Gregory XI returns to Rome1378—Pope Gregory XI returns to Rome April 8, 1378 Bartolommeo Prignano, later April 8, 1378 Bartolommeo Prignano, later

Urban VI, elected by Conclave of Cardinals Urban VI, elected by Conclave of Cardinals Roman mob influenced the decision, even Roman mob influenced the decision, even

though he was morally the perfect candidate.though he was morally the perfect candidate. His election caused his character to change—His election caused his character to change—

becomes rough and extravagantbecomes rough and extravagant

September 20, 1378: Growing dissatisfaction with September 20, 1378: Growing dissatisfaction with Urban VI caused 13 members of the Sacred College Urban VI caused 13 members of the Sacred College to enter the Conclave at Fondi (Naples)to enter the Conclave at Fondi (Naples)

Pope Robert of Geneva was elected, who took the Pope Robert of Geneva was elected, who took the name of Clement VII and resided at Avignon.name of Clement VII and resided at Avignon.

Two popes divided Europe: Italian and German Two popes divided Europe: Italian and German states, England, and Flanders supported the Pope of states, England, and Flanders supported the Pope of Rome.Rome.

France, Spain, Scotland, and all the nations in the France, Spain, Scotland, and all the nations in the orbit of France were for the Pope of Avignon.orbit of France were for the Pope of Avignon.

Boniface IX succeeded Urban VI at Rome, followed Boniface IX succeeded Urban VI at Rome, followed by Gregory XIIby Gregory XII

Benedict XIII was elected Pope after the death of Benedict XIII was elected Pope after the death of Clement VII of Avignon. Clement VII of Avignon.

1409--Council of Pisa--cardinals elected Pietro 1409--Council of Pisa--cardinals elected Pietro Cardinal Philarghi as Alexander V, adding a third Cardinal Philarghi as Alexander V, adding a third claimant to the Papal Throne instead of two.claimant to the Papal Throne instead of two.

Many conferences, projects, discussions (often times Many conferences, projects, discussions (often times violent), interventions of the civil powers, and violent), interventions of the civil powers, and catastrophes of all kinds followed.catastrophes of all kinds followed.

1414--the Council of Constance--deposed all 1414--the Council of Constance--deposed all previous popes. On November 11 1417, the assembly previous popes. On November 11 1417, the assembly elected Odo Colonna, who took the name of Martin elected Odo Colonna, who took the name of Martin V, thus ending the Great Schism.V, thus ending the Great Schism.

Religious lifeReligious life

Majority of religious life in villagesMajority of religious life in villages Priests were peasants and poorPriests were peasants and poor Most priests were spiritually equal to Most priests were spiritually equal to

their flocktheir flock Education not enforced: most could Education not enforced: most could

barely read or writebarely read or write

Religious CriticsReligious Critics

Focused on three areas of concern:Focused on three areas of concern:

Clerical immoralityClerical immorality Clerical ignoranceClerical ignorance Clerical pluralism and absenteeismClerical pluralism and absenteeism

Clerical ImmoralityClerical Immorality

Absolute celibacy accepted as church Absolute celibacy accepted as church doctrine since 4doctrine since 4thth century century

Difficult to enforceDifficult to enforce ConcubinesConcubines DrunkennessDrunkenness GamblingGambling OstentationOstentation

Absenteeism and PluralismAbsenteeism and Pluralism

Many clerics held several benefices Many clerics held several benefices simultaneously, but rarely, if ever visited simultaneously, but rarely, if ever visited themthem

Did not perform spiritual responsibilities, Did not perform spiritual responsibilities, but collected revenue; Money collected but collected revenue; Money collected was sent to Rome to pay Italian priests’ was sent to Rome to pay Italian priests’ salariessalaries

Government officials given high church Government officials given high church offices, which then governed the churchoffices, which then governed the church

Bishops worked for their state and the church; Bishops worked for their state and the church; the church paid for their services to the state.the church paid for their services to the state.

In most countries, members of the nobility In most countries, members of the nobility held the highest church officesheld the highest church offices

Most lived in splendor (not fishermen as Most lived in splendor (not fishermen as Christ’s disciples had been)Christ’s disciples had been)

Popes lived like secular princes:Popes lived like secular princes: Pius II (1458-1464) loved stories, poetryPius II (1458-1464) loved stories, poetry Sixtus IV (1471-1484) beautified Rome: Sixtus IV (1471-1484) beautified Rome:

Sistine Chapel, artistsSistine Chapel, artists

Innocent VIII (1484-1492) lived in luxury Innocent VIII (1484-1492) lived in luxury and scandal: advanced material wealth of and scandal: advanced material wealth of his own familyhis own family

Alexander VI (1492-1503) had mistress Alexander VI (1492-1503) had mistress and children he publicly acknowledgedand children he publicly acknowledged

Supported intrigue, promiscuity, Supported intrigue, promiscuity, poisonings;poisonings;

The Borgia name was synonymous with The Borgia name was synonymous with moral corruption.moral corruption.

!!

Attempts at Church ReformAttempts at Church Reform

Spain: Cardinal Francisco JimenezSpain: Cardinal Francisco Jimenez 1495—He and Queen Isabella worked to reform the 1495—He and Queen Isabella worked to reform the

Church in Spain. Church in Spain. In 1507 : made a cardinal and Grand Inquisitor; 1516 In 1507 : made a cardinal and Grand Inquisitor; 1516

after death of Ferdinand, was a secular as well as the after death of Ferdinand, was a secular as well as the ecclesiastical ruler of Spain.ecclesiastical ruler of Spain.

Very strict: insisted on the friars reforming their lives Very strict: insisted on the friars reforming their lives and lead good lives; if they did not, he would take and lead good lives; if they did not, he would take steps to see to it that the friary would be removed or steps to see to it that the friary would be removed or suppressed. suppressed.

Promoted education and especially the study of the Promoted education and especially the study of the Bible. Bible.

Founded the University of Alcala to provide for Founded the University of Alcala to provide for clerical education. clerical education.

He was responsible for polyglot edition of the Bible. He was responsible for polyglot edition of the Bible.

Holland:Holland: Brethren of the Common Life: lived in Brethren of the Common Life: lived in

simplicitysimplicity Fed hungryFed hungry Clothed nakedClothed naked Visited sickVisited sick Taught in local schoolsTaught in local schools Religion was to be personal, inner experienceReligion was to be personal, inner experience Thomas a Kempis: Thomas a Kempis: The Imitation of ChristThe Imitation of Christ

Christ is modelChrist is model Perfection in simple lifePerfection in simple life Centrality of scriptures in spiritual lifeCentrality of scriptures in spiritual life Movement seen in Netherlands, Central Germany, Movement seen in Netherlands, Central Germany,

RhinelandRhineland

Perception of Catholic ChurchPerception of Catholic Church Most people loyal to churchMost people loyal to church Local saints honoredLocal saints honored Pilgrimages to great shrinesPilgrimages to great shrines Church received money in willsChurch received money in wills Papacy wanted reforms: 1512-1517 Pope Papacy wanted reforms: 1512-1517 Pope

Julius II summoned Ecumenical CouncilJulius II summoned Ecumenical Council Recommended higher education for clergyRecommended higher education for clergy Papacy responsible for bureaucratic corruptionPapacy responsible for bureaucratic corruption Doctrinal reforms suggestedDoctrinal reforms suggested Too many obstacles to this reformToo many obstacles to this reform

Martin LutherMartin Luther

1483-1564 b. Esleben 1483-1564 b. Esleben SaxonySaxony

Second son of copper Second son of copper minerminer

University of ErfurtUniversity of Erfurt Masters of distinction Masters of distinction

by age 21by age 21 Studied to be lawyer, Studied to be lawyer,

but thunderstorm but thunderstorm changed his destinychanged his destiny

1505: Luther enters monastery of Augustinian 1505: Luther enters monastery of Augustinian FriarsFriars

1507: Ordained as a priest/earned doctorate of 1507: Ordained as a priest/earned doctorate of theologytheology

1512-1546: Professor of the Scriptures at 1512-1546: Professor of the Scriptures at University of WittenbergUniversity of Wittenberg

Luther was conscientious friar, but constantly Luther was conscientious friar, but constantly worried about his abilities to meet God’s worried about his abilities to meet God’s demandsdemands

John Staupitz: Luther’s confessor, suggested John Staupitz: Luther’s confessor, suggested he study Gospels: St. Paul’s letters: Revelationhe study Gospels: St. Paul’s letters: Revelation—Salvation through FAITH in Christ, not —Salvation through FAITH in Christ, not external observances and penanceexternal observances and penance

Events Leading to 95 ThesesEvents Leading to 95 Theses Archbishop Albert held three benefices:Archbishop Albert held three benefices:

MagdeburgMagdeburg HalberstadtHalberstadt MainzMainz

Papal dispensation needed to hold three offices Papal dispensation needed to hold three offices simultaneously: Pope Leo X, building St. Peter’s simultaneously: Pope Leo X, building St. Peter’s Basilica, needed moneyBasilica, needed money

Albert borrows money from Fuggar family (wealthy Albert borrows money from Fuggar family (wealthy bankers in Augsburg) to pay for the papal dispensationbankers in Augsburg) to pay for the papal dispensation

Pope Leo X authorizes Albert to sell indulgences within Pope Leo X authorizes Albert to sell indulgences within his duchy to pay off debthis duchy to pay off debt

People streamed across border from Saxony to People streamed across border from Saxony to Jutenborg and Thuringia to buy indulgencesJutenborg and Thuringia to buy indulgences

IndulgencesIndulgences

Doctrine rested on three principles:Doctrine rested on three principles: God is merciful but justGod is merciful but just Christ and the saints established a Treasury of Christ and the saints established a Treasury of

Merits (with all of the good works and miracles Merits (with all of the good works and miracles done on earth) and the church can draw upon these done on earth) and the church can draw upon these as neededas needed

Church has the authority to grant sinners the Church has the authority to grant sinners the spiritual benefits of those meritsspiritual benefits of those merits

Originally, indulgence was for remission of Originally, indulgence was for remission of temporal (priest imposed) penalty for sintemporal (priest imposed) penalty for sin

Later, people believed in total remission for Later, people believed in total remission for sin, either earthly or in purgatory.sin, either earthly or in purgatory.

Albert hired Dominican Friar John Tetzel to Albert hired Dominican Friar John Tetzel to sell indulgencessell indulgences Tetzel was business tycoonTetzel was business tycoon Advertising blitz to sell indulgences:Advertising blitz to sell indulgences:

Slogans: “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, a soul Slogans: “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs”from purgatory springs”

Tetzel very successfulTetzel very successful Indulgences bought for living and deceased;Indulgences bought for living and deceased; Created Chart with prices for forgiveness of Created Chart with prices for forgiveness of

certain sinscertain sins (Church had no official doctrine on (Church had no official doctrine on

indulgences, so Luther wanted to discuss the indulgences, so Luther wanted to discuss the subject criticallysubject critically

Posted a letter to the Archbishop Albert Posted a letter to the Archbishop Albert called 95 Theses on the Power of called 95 Theses on the Power of IndulgencesIndulgences

95 Theses95 Theses

Indulgences Indulgences undermined undermined seriousness of seriousness of sacrament of penancesacrament of penance

Competed with Competed with preaching of the preaching of the GospelGospel

Downplayed Downplayed importance of charity importance of charity in Christian lifein Christian life

By 1517, 95 Theses translated into German By 1517, 95 Theses translated into German and publishedand published

Luther rejected salvation through good worksLuther rejected salvation through good works Some theses challenged pope’s authority to Some theses challenged pope’s authority to

grant indulgencesgrant indulgences Others criticized papal wealthOthers criticized papal wealth Luther said there was no Biblical basis for Luther said there was no Biblical basis for

indulgencesindulgences His opponents said: to deny the legality of His opponents said: to deny the legality of

indulgences=denying the authority of the pope indulgences=denying the authority of the pope who authorized themwho authorized them

Where did Authority lie in the Where did Authority lie in the Christian Church?Christian Church?

1518-1519, Luther studies history of papacy1518-1519, Luther studies history of papacy 1519: Luther and Catholic debater John Eck 1519: Luther and Catholic debater John Eck

met at Leipzigmet at Leipzig Luther denied authority of pope and Luther denied authority of pope and

infallibility of the General Councilinfallibility of the General Council Luther claimed Council of Constance wrong in Luther claimed Council of Constance wrong in

its condemnation of Jan Husits condemnation of Jan Hus

Papal ResponsePapal Response

Letter from pope sent to LutherLetter from pope sent to Luther Condemned some of Luther’s propositionsCondemned some of Luther’s propositions Ordered his books to be burnedOrdered his books to be burned Gives him two months to recant or be Gives him two months to recant or be

excommunicatedexcommunicated LUTHER BURNS THE LETTER PUBLICLYLUTHER BURNS THE LETTER PUBLICLY Jan 3, 1521: Luther’s excommunication to Jan 3, 1521: Luther’s excommunication to

become final: more than religion: Germany in become final: more than religion: Germany in revoltrevolt

Charles VCharles V

21 years old21 years old First Diet (assembly of First Diet (assembly of

the Estates of the the Estates of the Empire called at WormsEmpire called at Worms

Luther ordered to recantLuther ordered to recant He does notHe does not Charles V declares Charles V declares

Luther an outlawLuther an outlaw Duke Frederick of Duke Frederick of

Saxony protects LutherSaxony protects Luther

Luther at Diet of WormsLuther at Diet of Worms