Changing the Christian church in the 1500s

•Law Student

• Entered law to please his father

• Dissatisfied

•Revelation

• Almost struck by lightning

• Finds salvation in St. Anne

• Becomes a monk

•Justification by Faith

• A person is just through faith in God

Martin Luther

•Conflict with the church

•Pope Leo X

• St. Peter’s Basilica

•Indulgences:

• Remission of sins through payment

•John Tetzel

• Church’s agent

•October 31, 1517

• 95 Theses

• Nailed to the church

Luther's Protest

•Printing of 95

theses

• Mass circulation

•Leo X attempts to

stop Luther

• Condemns his actions

•1521:

excommunicated

• Formally denounced and refused access

•Worms Diet

• Luther refuses to recant

• Frederick of Saxony

• German bible

Breaking with Rome

•First Protestant

faith

• Non-Catholic Christianity

•Faith alone

• No more is needed to be saved

•Accessibility

• Local language

•Vocations

• All are members of the church

•Radical reform

• Peasant uprising 1525

• More conservative after uprising

Lutheranism

Protestantism

Salvation

Religious Authority

The Church

Highest form of Christian

Salvation

Religious Authority

The Church

Highest form of Christian

Catholicism

Fracturing the New Faith

Divisions appear in

the Protestant

movement

Huldrych Zwingli

Switzerland

Complete break from Catholicism

Theocracy

Defeated by Catholics 1531

Swiss Reformers

•The Institutes of the

Christian Religion

• Calvinist theology

•Predestination

• Omnipotence

•“City of God”

• Consistory

• Daily Lives

•John Knox

• Scotland

• “as they do not deny God.”

John Calvin

Radical Reformers

•Anabaptists

• Adults

• Freedom

• Persecuted

• Munster

• Zealots

• 1531

England's Church

•King Henry VIII

• Needs an heir

• Wants to divorce Catherine of Aragon

• Pope refuses

•Act of Supremacy

1534

•Catholicism in all

but name

•Henry consolidates

power

Reaffirming Catholicism

•Italy 1545-1563

•Reform Catholic

Church

• Latin bible

• Church =Bible

• No more indulgences

• Seminaries

The Council of Trent

•Church Court

• End heresy

• Censorship

•Index of Forbidden

Books

The Inquisition

•Ignatius of Loyola

•Jesuits

• Charity

• Education

•Missionaries

Spreading Catholicism

•Charles V

•Peace of Augsburg

•Protestant North

•Catholic South

•Religious Warfare

• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

A Divided Europe

1485 - 1603

Henry Tudor’s victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth

The end of the War of the Roses

Married Elizabeth of York

Three children:Arthur

Margaret

Henry

Reigned from 1485 until his death in 1509

Arthur should have been next but he died young

His younger brother, Henry, was next in line

Arthur’s widow, Catherine of Aragon became Henry’s first wife

He wanted a son and heir to the throne

He married six times

Three children:Mary

Elizabeth

Edward

In 1547 he became king when he was only nine years old

He reigned with the help of his advisors

Illness caused him to die after only six years

Great granddaughter of Henry VII

Edward VI wanted her to be queen

She was for only nine days

Unpopular

Married Prince Phillip of Spain

No children

Reigned for five years (1553 to 1558)

A strong ruler with the courage of her father

Some people think she was the greatest monarch

Never married

She ruled for 45 years

As Elizabeth had no children, the crown passed on to the Stuart family

In 1603 James I became king