Reflections on Bean/Cowpea and Pulse CRSP Research Achievements in Genetic

Improvement and Varietal Development in Common Bean and Wisdom for the Future

James BeaverUniversity of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR

State of the Art in Bean and Cowpea Research and Development. 1980. Compiled by Dr. M.W. Adams

• Four teams traveled to African and Latin America to visit bean research programs– Gather bean production data– Identify the principal constraints to bean production and

utilization– Assess local capacity to conduct collaborative research

State of the Art in Bean and Cowpea Research and Development. 1980. Compiled by Dr. M.W. Adams

• Activities of most bean research programs limited to the collection and evaluation of landrace varieties and testing breeding lines from CIAT.

• National bean research program constraints included:– Professional time diluted by other assignments– Insufficient number and formal training of researchers– Constant scarcity of financial resources

State of the Art in Bean and Cowpea Research and Development. 1980. Compiled by Dr. M.W. Adams

• Most frequently cited constraints for bean production were diseases and insect pests.

• Next most often cited constraints– Inferior variety performance (landraces)– Lack and/or high cost of high quality seed– Drought– Low soil fertility and poor BNF

Bean breeding in 1980

• U.S. bean breeding programs focused on specific market classes of beans – narrow germplasm base.

• Limited understanding of the inheritance of many traits and of host/pathogen interactions

• Genetic maps limited to a few linkage groups• No molecular markers for traits of economic importance• No cell phones, internet or email for communication - telex• Paper punch cards and computer centers to analyze data

Change in bean production (MT) in Central America

Source: FAOSTAT

Change in area (1000 ha) planted in beans in Central America

Source: FAOSTAT

George Hosfield, Jim Kelly and Ken Grafton in ND

Fazenda Cambondo, Quibala, Angola- In some countries where land and water is more abundant, larger-scale production of beans and other staple crops may play an important role in “feeding the future” and/or producing high quality seed.- The DGP CRSP and national bean research programs should be willing to help address the needs of both small and large-scale producers.

Training – an important CRSP achievement

Impact of B/C and DGP CRSPs on breedingprograms of past and current partners

Mexico Trained INIFAP scientists still active in bean research (Jorge Acosta)

Brazil Trained EMBRAPA scientists still active in bean research (Josias Faria).

Dominican Republic

Trained INIFAP scientists still active in grain legume research (Graciela Godoy, Fernando Oviedo) and seed production (Eladio Arnaud). Improved facilities currently used by the breeding program

Ecuador Trained INIAP scientists still active in bean research (Angel Murillo). Improved facilities currently used by the breeding program.

Impact of B/C and DGP CRSPs on breedingprograms of past and current partners

Haiti Gasner Demosthene – NSS bean researcherCentral America Aracely Castro – CIAT soil scientistAngola Monica Mbui and Antonio David- IIA bean and

cowpea researchersMozambique Magalhaes Amade Miguel and Celestina Jochua

IIAM bean researchersMalawi James M. Bokosi - Bunda College of Agriculture still

active in bean research. Rwanda Gerardine Mukeshimana – PhD training at MSUTanzania Sokoine University (Paul M. Kusolwa and Susan

Nchimbi-Msolla) still active in bean research.

Fernando Oviedo – Pigeonpea Breeder in the Dominican Republic

Studies of adaptation and seed yieldKelly, J.D. 2000. Remaking bean plant architecture for efficient production. Adv. Agron. 71:109-143. Wallace, D.H., K.S. Yourstone, J.P. Baudoin, J. Beaver, D.P. Coyne, J.W. White and R.W. Zobel. 1995. Photoperiod x temperature effects on the days to flowering of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). p. 863-891. InM. Pessarakli (ed.) Handbook of plant and crop physiology. Marcel Dekker, New York.Wallace, D.M., J.P. Baudoin, J.S. Beaver, D.P. Coyne, D.E. Halseth, P.N. Masaya, H.M. Munger, J.R. Meyers, M. Silbernagel, K.S. Yourstone and R.W. Zobel. 1993. Improving efficiency of breeding for higher crop yields. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 86:27-40.Beaver, J.S., C. Paniagua, D. Coyne and G. Freytag. 1985. Yield stability of dry bean genotypes in the Dominican Republic. Crop Sci. 25:923-926.

Breeding strategiesKelly, J.D., J.M. Kolkman and K. Schneider. 1998. Breeding for yield in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Euphytica 102:343-356.

Kelly, J.D. 1987. Phenotypic recurrent selection in ideotype breeding of pinto beans. Euphytica 36:69-80.

Macchiavelli, R. And J.S. Beaver. 2001. Effect of number of seed bulked and population size on genetic variability when using the multiple-seed procedure of SSD. Crop Sci. 41:1513-1516.Beaver, J.S. and J.D. Kelly. 1994. Comparison of selection methods for dry bean populations derived from crosses between gene pools. Crop Sci. 34:34-37.

Development of improved disease screening methods

Development of improved disease screening methodsBGYMV Adames-Mora, C., J.S. Beaver and O. Diaz. 1996. Una

metologia de evaluacion del virus del mosaico dorado de habichuela en el invernadero. J. of Agric. of the Univ. of Puerto Rico 80:65-72.

BCMVBCMNV

Kelly, J.D. 1997. A review of varietal response to bean common mosaic potyvirus in Phaseolus vulgaris. Plant Varieties and Seeds 10:1-6.

Root rot Román-Avilés, B., S.S. Snapp and J.D. Kelly. 2004. Assessing root traits associated with root rot resistance in common bean. Field Crop Res. 86:147-156.Schneider, K.A. and J.D. Kelly. 2000. A greenhouse screening protocol for Fusarium root rot in bean. HortScience 35:1095-1098.

Development of improved disease screening methods

Web blight Beaver, J.S., G. Godoy-Lutz, J.C. Rosas y J.R. Steadman. 2002. Estrategias para seleccionar frijol común con mayor resistancia a mustia hilachosa. Agronomia Mesoamericana 13:67-72.

Rust Steadman, J.R., G. Godoy-Lutz, J.C. Rosas and J.S. Beaver. 2002. Uso de un vivero móvil para obtener patrones de virulencia de la roya del frijol común. Agronomía Mesoamericana 13:37-39.

Common blight

Gilbertson R. L., Rand R. E., Carlson E. and D.J. Hagedorn. 1988.The use of dry-leaf inoculum for establishment of common bacterial blight of beans. Plant Disease 72:385-389.

Begomovirus Faria, J.C., R.L. Gilbertson, S.F. Hanson, F.J. Morales, P. Ahlquist, A.O. Lionello and D.P. Maxwell. 1994. Bean golden mosaic gemnivirus type II isolates from the Dominican Republic and Guatemala: Nucleotice sequences, infectious pseudorecombinants, and phylogenetic relationships. Phytopathology 84:321-329.

BCMVBCMNV

Berger, P.H., S. D. Wyatt, P. J. Shiel, M. J. Silbernagel, K. Druffel and G. I. Mink. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of the Potyviridae with emphasis on legume-infecting potyviruses. Archives of Virology 142(10):1979-1999.

Common blight

Zapata, M., J.S. Beaver and T.G. Porch. 2011. Dominant gene for common bean resistance to common bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli. Euphytica 179(3): 373-382.

Studies of plant pathogen variability

Scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Honduras.

Studies of plant pathogen variabilityRust Araya, C. M., Alleyne, A. T., Steadman, J. R., Eskridge, K.

M., and Coyne, D. P. 2004. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Uromyces appendiculatus from Phaseolus vulgaris in the Americas. Plant Dis. 88:830-836.

Antracnose Balardin, R.S., A.M. Jarosz and J.D. Kelly. 1997. Virulence and molecular diversity in Colletotrichum linemuthianum from South, Central and North America. Phytopathology 87:1184-1191.

Web blight Godoy-Lutz, G., S. Kuninaga, J.R. Steadman and K. Powers. 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of Rhizoctonia solani subgroups associated with web blight symptoms on common bean based on ITS-5.8s rDNA. J. Gen. Plant Path. 74:32-40.

Crosses between Middle American and Andean gene pools.

• More stable resistance to several fungal diseases (rust, anthracnose and angular leaf spot) can be achieved by pyramiding genes from Andean and Middle American centers of domestication.

• Bean rust: Bean germplasm developed by USDA-ARS, Michigan State and North Dakota State University scientists resistant to all 90 rust races maintained by the USDA at Beltsville, MD.–BelDakMi RMR 19 - pinto germplasm line

• Ur-3 from ‘Kodiak’ – pinto bean from the U.S (MA)• Ur-4 from ‘Early Gallatin’ – snap bean from the U.S (A)• Ur-6 from ‘Kodiak’ - pinto bean from the U.S (MA)• Ur-11 from PI 181996 – black bean from Guatemala (MA)

Source: Pastor-Corrales et al. 2003. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 46:235-241

Crosses between Middle American (MA) and Andean gene pools

Increased knowledge of the inheritance of disease resistance

Rust (Ur-9) Jung, G., D.P. Coyne, J. Bokosi and J.R. Steadman. 1998. Mapping genes for specific and adult plant resistance to rust and abaxial leaf pubescence using RAPD markers in common bean. JASHS 123:859-863

Antracnose Kelly, J.D. and V.A. Vallejo, 2004. A comprehensive review of the major genes conditioning resistance to anthracnose in common bean. HortScience 39:1196-1207.

BGYMV Osorno J.M., Muñoz C.G., Beaver J.S., Ferwerda F.H., Bassett M.J., Miklas P.N, Olczyk T. and B. Bussey (2007) Two genes from Phaseolus coccineus confer resistance to Bean Golden Yellow Mosaic Virus in common bean. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 132:530-533.

Identification of molecular markers associated with traits of economic value

I gene BCMV(SW13)

Haley, S.D., L. Afanador, and J.D. Kelly. 1994. Identification and application of a random amplified polymorphic DNA marker for the I gene (potyvirus resistance) in common bean. Phytopathology 84:157-160.

QTLBGYMV (SW12)

Miklas, P.N., E. Johnson, V. Stone, J.S. Beaver, C. Montoya and M. Zapata. 1996. Selective mapping of QTL conditioning disease resistance in common bean. Crop Sci. 36:1344-1351.

bgmBGYMV

(R2 → SR2)

Urrea, C.A., P.N. Miklas, J.S. Beaver and R.H. Riley. 1996. A codominant randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker useful for indirect selection of bean golden mosaic virus resistance in common bean. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 12:1035-1039.

Increased resistance to abiotic stress

Drought Frahm, M.A, J. C. Rosas, N. Mayek-Pérez, E. López-Salinas, J. A. Acosta-Gallegos and J.D. Kelly. 2004. Breeding beans for resistance to terminal drought in the Lowland tropics . Euphytica 136:223-232.Schneider, K.A., R. Rosales-Serna, F. Ibarra-Perez, B. Cazares-Enriquez, J.A. Acosta, P. Ramirez-Vallejo, N. Wassimi and J.D. Kelly. 1997. Improving common bean performance under drought stress. 37:43-50.

Heat Porch, T. G. (2006), Application of stress indices for heat tolerance screening of common bean. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 192: 390–394.

Increased resistance to abiotic stress

Low P and drought

Ho, M.D., J.C. Rosas, K.M. Brown, J.P. Lynch. 2005. Root architectural tradeoffs for water and phosphorus acquisition. Functional Plant Biology 32:737-748.Henry, A., J.C. Rosas, J.S. Beaver and J.P. Lynch. 2010. Multiple stress response and belowground competition in mult-lines of common beans. Field Crops Res. 117:209-218.

BNF Graham, P.H., J.C. Rosas, C. Estevez de Jensen, E. Peralta, B. Tlasty, J. Acosta-Gallegos and P. Pereira. 2003. Addressing edaphic constraints to bean production: the Bean/Cowpea CRSP project in perspective. Field Crops Res. 82:179-192.

Dermot Coyne in the Dominican Republic.

Bean Breeding Challenges• Different seed type preferences• Different production practices• Multiple biotic an abiotic constraints

• These factors can limit the impact of individual dry bean bean breeding programs.

• Local bean research programs can exploit G x E and select for adaptation to specific environments

Performance of the five highest yielding soybean and dry edible bean lines planted in trials in northeastern Michigan in 2008 and 2009.

Soybeans (central conventional trial) Navy beans (9101 & 8101)

Yield(kg/ha)

Days tomaturity

Yield/day(kg/ha)

Yield(kg/ha)

Days tomaturity

Yield/day(kg/ha)

20093818 131 29.1 4057 97 41.73730 130 28.7 4011 98 40.93655 133 27.5 3932 97 40.63655 134 27.3 3864 101 38.23641 133 27.4 3784 98 38.8

20084220 133 31.7 2932 95 30.94173 134 31.1 2477 92 26.94166 128 32.5 2375 90 26.54084 145 28.2 2330 91 25.74009 150 26.7 2295 93 24.7

Develop ‘full season’ bean cultivars

• Potential benefits– Longer growing season and greater potential seed

yield– Greater opportunities for biological nitrogen

fixation

• Potential disadvantages– Unanticipated disease or pest problems

A high yield bean production system in Rwanda

Source: Irv WiddersDry Grain Pulse CRSP

3,500-5000 kg/ha

Performance of red kidney beans planted at Isabela, Puerto Rico in October 2008Line Seed yield

(kg/ha)Common bacterial

blight score1

Badillo (ind.) 1722 3.0

PR0443-4 (ind.) 1328 3.8

Montcalm (det.) 1266 5.0

Red Hawk (det.) 1170 7.0

LSD(0.05) 385 1.11 Rated on a scale from 1-9 where 1 = no symptoms and 9 = very severe symptoms.

Intercropping bean and pigeonpea in the Dominican Republic

Intercropping bean and pigeonpea in the Dominican Republic

General constraint: Seed yield of large-seeded determinate Andean bean cultivars tend to be lower and more erratic than indeterminate bean cultivars of Middle American origin.

Michigan - dark red kidney bean yields

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1989 1994 1999 2004 2009

Year

Seed

yie

ld

Source: USDA NASS

1990-1994 1564 kg/ha2005-2009 1308 kg/ha

‘Amadeus 77’ – one of the most widely grown small red bean variety in Central America.

‘Amadeus 77’ and ‘Carrizalito’’– Both ‘Amadeus 77’ and ‘Carrizalito’ are derived from the cross:

Tio Canela 75 / DICTA 105– DICTA 105 was derived from the cross: APN 102 x APN 83

• Both of the APN lines derive their resistance to the Mexican pod weevil (Apion godmani Wagner) from bean accessions from the highlands of Mexico.

– Tio Canela 75 was derived from the cross: DOR 483 // DOR 391 / Pompadour J

• DOR 483 and DOR391 derive a portion of their BGYMV resistance (bgm) from the Mexican bean landrace ‘Garrapato’

• Pompadour J is a red mottled bean landrace from the Dominican Republic (the result of introgression between Andean and Middle American gene pools).

Common bacterial blight

• 1980 - 0nly moderate levels of resistance available in common bean.

• Interspecific crosses with both tepary and scarlet runner beans have been used to develop germplasm with enhanced levels of resistance.

Common bacterial blight

• Singh and Muñoz. 1999. Crop Sci. 39:80-89.– Interspecific crosses and intensive screening for resistance

were used to introgress high levels of common blight resistance from tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifoliusA. Gray) to common bean breeding lines (VAX 1 to VAX 6)

• Zapata, Freytag and Wilkinson. 2004. J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico 88:91–95.– Interspecific crosses were used to introgress common

bacterial blight resistance from scarlet runner bean (P. coccineus L.) to common bean breeding lines (W-BB-11, W-BB-20-1, W-BB-35, W-BB-52, and W-BB-56).

Common bacterial blight

• Beaver et al. 2008. JPR. 2(3):187-189.– Release of ‘Verano’ white bean in Puerto Rico.– High levels of resistance to common bacterial

blight– DOR 364/WBB-20-1//’Don Silvio’/VAX 6

Additional traits in tepary beans that may be useful to dry edible bean breeders

• Ashy stem blight (Macrophomina phaseolina) and Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxisporum) resistance: (Miklas et al. 1998. HortSci. 33:136-139).

• BGYMV : Miklas & Santiago. 1996. HortSci. 31:322-325• Bruchid resistance: Mbogo et al. 2009. Biotechnology

8:285-295).• Heat and drought tolerance: Federici et al. 1990. Agron.

J. 82:896-900.

Additional traits in scarlet runner beans that may be useful to dry edible bean breeders

• White mold resistance: Singh et al. 2009. JPR 3:191-197.• Web blight resistance: Beaver et al. 2008. Ann. Rep. Bean

Improv. Coop. 51:30-31.• BGYMV (bgm-3, Bgp-2): Osorno et al. 2007. J. Amer. Soc.

Hort. Sci. 132:530-533.• Ascochyta blight: Schmit & Baudoin. 1992. Field Crops

Res. 30:155-165.• Al tolerance: Beebe, S., I. Rao, M. W. Blair and L. Butare.

2009. Breeding for abiotic stress tolerance in common bean: present and future challenges. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics. 41: special supplement.

Freddy Saladin in the Dominican Republic.

Weed Infestation - Northern Angola

• Africa is the most rapidly urbanizing continent in the world• Will there continue to be a labor surplus in rural areas?

Mechanized harvest – Dominican Republic

Don’t underestimate the willingness of people to adopt technology.

Take advantage of the network of former CRSP researchers

• Jim Myers - source of bruchid resistance and ‘Rojo’ with bc-12

• Jim Steadman – assistance in screening breeding lines for rust resistance

• Graciela Godoy – collaboration in web blight research and testing advanced lines in the Dominican Republic.

• Eladio Arnaud – source of seed of DPC-40 for Haiti• Jorge Acosta – source of azufrado bean lines used to

develop yellow bean lines for Haiti and Angola

The Black SwanNassim Nicholas Taleb

• Redundancy is more important in nature than optimization (seed programs)– Seed should be produced in different seasons and

regions.– A portion of the basic seed should be produced during

the dry season using irrigation to have a reliable supply of high quality seed.

• Important to develop robust systems that can withstand unlikely negative events – Hurricane Mitch in Central America– Earthquake in Haiti

The Wisdom of CrowdsJames Surowiecki

• Characteristics of wise crowds– Diversity of opinion : farmers or scientists with

different approaches to solve a problem– Independence of action: the ability to test these

different approaches (fail or succeed)– Decentralization : allows specialization and

adaptation to local conditions– Aggregation and sharing of knowledge : DGP CRSP,

Regional Hatch projects, participatory plant breeding, Bean Improv. Coop., PCCMCA

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION