refining composition skills

1 Refining Composition Skills: Academic Writing and Grammar 6th Edition Instructors Manual with Answer Key

PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

Refining Composition Skills: Academic Writing and Grammar 6th Edition

Instructors Manual with Answer Key Regina L. Smalley Mary K. Ruetten Joann Rishel Kozyrev Contents: Introduction Page 2 Answer Key Chapter 1 Page 2 Chapter 2 Page 3 Chapter 3 Page 8 Chapter 4 Page 11 Chapter 5 Page 17 Chapter 6 Page 23 Chapter 7 Page 27 Chapter 8 Page 32 Chapter 9 Page 40 Chapter 10 Page 45 Chapter 11 Page 52 Chapter 12 Page 59 Refining Grammar Skills Page 67 Appendix 2 Page 88


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

Introduction The Sixth Edition of Refining Composition Skills: Academic Writing and Grammar presents an integrated program of writing for high-intermediate and advanced students of English as a second or foreign language (ESL/EFL). It combines extensive practice in rhetorical strategies and techniques with a review of appropriate grammatical structures and verb tenses. With its extensive appendices, the text can further serve as a handbook for writing, grammar, and mechanics. The primary audience is the academically oriented ESL/EFL student; however, the text also can be useful in developmental writing courses for native speakers who could benefit from more guidance in writing compositions. This instructors manual contains answers to all of the questions in Chapters 112, Refining Grammar Skills, and Appendix 2. Chapter 1: The Writing Process EXERCISE 1 (Page 5) Answers will vary. Students may notice that they have a lot of the same ideas but that the most interesting choices for writing may be in the unique ideas that they list which others did not. EXERCISE 2 (Page 6) Answers will vary. EXERCISE 3 (Page 7) Answers will vary. Students should have at least one question for each question word if possible. Some topics may not lend themselves to all questions words, but encourage students to make a special effort to think of questions with How and Why. EXERCISE 4 (Page 8) Answers will vary.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

Chapter 2: Introduction to the Paragraph EXERCISE 1 (Pages 12-13) 1. This paragraph is about the usefulness of final exams. 2. This paragraph is about a reason why I like the beach. 3. This paragraph is about fad diets. 4. This paragraph is about internal and external causes of behavior. EXERCISE 2 (Pages 15-16) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 2. Cigarettes, Cigarette Smokers, Types of Cigarette Smokers, Nervous Smokers 3. Technology, Computers, Three Uses of Computers, Using Computers for Teaching English 4. Entertainment, Movies, Why People Watch Movies, Movies and Escapism 5. My Hometown, The School District, My High School, My English Class 6. Students responses will vary. EXERCISE 3 (Page 17) 2. Topic: A final advantage Serena Williams has on the court Controlling idea: her constant aggressiveness 3. Topic: A properly planned science course Controlling idea: political implications of experimentation 4. Topic: Einsteins unsuccessful attempt to get nuclear weapons banned Controlling idea: disappointing 5. Topic: One of the biggest problems with athletic scholarships Controlling idea: more attention is paid to sports than to education 6. Topic: words that appear to be equivalent in English and Spanish Controlling idea: deceptive 7. Topic: air pollution Controlling idea: hazardous 8. Topic: Savings bonds Controlling idea: safe 9. Topic: Nicolas Controlling idea: shy 10. Topic: finding a part-time job Controlling idea: problem EXERCISE 4 (Page 18) 1. b 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. a


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 5 (Pages 18-19) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. The Honda Civic is economical to maintain. 2. My hometown has excellent educational facilities. 3. The sports program at this school needs to offer more sports for girls. 4. Playing tennis is an excellent aerobic workout. 5. Driving a car in a blizzard can be hazardous. 6. Hospitals use computers to keep medical and financial records organized. 7. The park offers softball, horseback riding, and tennis. 8. Watching too much television makes people lazy and overweight. EXERCISE 6 (Pages 19-21) Topic is underlined. Controlling idea is highlighted. 1. Ancient Egyptian society as a whole was, perhaps surprisingly, gender inclusive. 2. The most commonly discussed problem that can arise from using social networking sites unwisely is the possibility of meeting someone who intends to do others physical, emotional, or financial harm. 3. Anyone who saw him once never forgot his nose and his body. 4. We write because we want to understand our lives. 5. Wild tigers will probably soon become extinct. (Topic sentence is implied.) 6. The most important reason for a concerned citizen to learn more about marine biology is to be able to make intelligent decisions about the ocean and the environment. (Topic sentence is implied.) EXERCISE 7 (Page 23) Answers will vary. EXERCISE 8 (Page 25) Controlling idea is highlighted. Topic sentence: Smoking cigarettes is hazardous to your health. Support: 1. Studies have linked the intake of tar and nicotine to cancer. 2. Smoking increases the discomfort for people with asthma and emphysema. 3. Smoking can give one a smokers cough and contribute to bronchitis. 4. Studies show that cigarette smokers are more susceptible to common colds and flu. Conclusion: Whether you get an insignificant cold or the major killer, cancer, smoking cigarettes is hazardous. EXERCISE 9 (Page 26) Answers will vary.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 10 (Pages 26-27) 1. Topic Sentence: One of the most acclaimed and beloved of Japanese animators is Hayao Miyazaki . . . Irrelevant: This surprises some people who think animation is only for children. 2. Topic Sentence: The most obvious problem with being unemployed is not having the money you need for daily life. Irrelevant: And even though buying clothes may not be a necessity, it is still important. 3. Topic Sentence: I would not want to live to be 500 years old if I was the only really old person, and if everyone else died at the normal time. Irrelevant: I think now sometimes old people do not like being bothered. Irrelevant: I would be like a freak. 4. Topic Sentence: After many years of working toward eliminating poverty, Dr. Mohammad Yunas does not consider himself a charity worker, but a social business entrepreneur. Irrelevant: Nine borrowers/owners of Grameen Bank were elected to accept the prize with him. EXERCISE 11 (Page 30) 1. Sentence order: 4, 1, 2, 5, 6, 3 The hotel business is just one type of enterprise that has profited by the invention of computers. In the hotel business, computers ease the load at the front desk. With a computer, a clerk can make a reservation easily and quickly, without the use of cards, racks, or registration books. And with a computer, the clerk can get an instant update of the room status. This tells the clerk which rooms are available to guests. So when guests come in to register, their reservations can be checked, and they can be given available rooms without much fuss or bother. 2. Sentence order: 1, 3, 4, 8, 5, 6, 7, 2, 9 Political conventions in America attract all kinds of people besides delegates. Groups who wish to attract attention to their political and social causes demonstrate outside the convention halls. The pro-life people, the pro-choice people, the supporters of strong defense spending, those against strong defense spending, and those for same-sex marriage and those who oppose it are probably the most common groups. Others just like to poke fun at the candidates. For instance, at most conventions you will find at least a couple of people wearing masks of their favorite or least favorite candidates. Others dress in costumes and carry signs with outrageous comments about the candidates or the political process. You are sure to see an artist or two doing chalk portraits of the candidates on the sidewalks. No matter who they are or what their reasons are for going to the conventions, these people always add color to the sometimes predictable conventions.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

3. Sentence order: 1, 7, 8, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 An example of this kind of prejudice happened to me when I was in the fourth grade. My teacher treated me as if I were about two grade levels below my classmates. My family had just moved here from California, and she did not think I was up with the rest of my class. I remember one time when all of the students were being allowed to choose a book they wanted to read. When it was my turn to choose a book, she laughed at me and said, Oh, that one is too hard for you. Ill choose one for you. I was so embarrassed. I thought that she should not embarrass me in front of the class like that. EXERCISE 12 (Page 31) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Young people want to buy clothes, and they want to save money to buy a car or a stereo or a television. For example, my cousin Celia works at a clothing store and buys all her own clothes. And one of my friends bought himself a used car just from the money he made after school. Young people want to make money for their future. An example of this is saving money for an education after high school. My cousin Robert is doing this for his future. 2. The driving lesson I got from my fianc was a very distressing one. I started off very well until my fianc started getting bossy. I did one wrong thing, so he started shouting at me. The little incident occurred when he wanted me to make a U-turn in the middle of the street. As I was trying to do that, I turned the wheels too hard, and the wheels hit the end of the curb. The car stopped right in the middle of the street. Cars were coming in both directions. My fianc started yelling at me as if he were crazy. So I calmly put the car in park and started to get out to let him drive since I obviously wasnt doing it the way he wanted. But he grabbed my arm and told me to finish getting the car out of the middle of the street. I decided after this incident that my fianc was not the right person to teach me to drive. 3. The way women are shown in TV commercials today has changed compared with twenty years ago. Twenty years ago, commercials mostly showed women as brainless housewives. In those commercials, women were concerned about getting the best laundry detergents, the softest toilet paper, or the tastiest soup. They were portrayed as sort of dumb and silly, as if the most important thing in the world were getting hamburger on sale. In commercials today, women are shown as housewives, but they are not portrayed as so dumb. For example, the woman in the commercial I saw last night seemed like a normal, intelligent person. Women in commercials today are not just housewives. They are shown as professional working people, too. For example, in one telephone commercial, a woman with a briefcase is saying goodbye to her child and husband as she is about to catch a plane.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 13 (Page 33) 1. IC Some athletes like the adrenaline rush of competition. 2. IC Team sports help to improve ones ability to cooperate. 3. DC 4. DC 5. IC She is nervous about jumping out of a plane with a parachute. 6. P 7. DC 8. P EXERCISE 14 (Page 34) The fragments are: While dogs and cats are still the most popular pets in the United States. If you like reptiles. Maybe because of their undeserved reputation for being slimy. Which can be disturbing to some owners. Answers will vary. Possible response: Corrections are in bold. When choosing an animal companion, people have many more choices than ever before. While dogs and cats are still the most popular pets in the United States, fish and birds are becoming more prevalent. Turtles and lizards can make good pets, too, if you like reptiles. Snakes are a little less well-liked; this may be because of their undeserved reputation for being slimy. Ferrets are becoming much more common. They are playful and easy to care for, but ferrets do have a strong odor, which can be disturbing to some owners. EXERCISE 15 (Page 35) -Editing The run on sentences are: Adults have greater success when they pick an instrument they really like not just one they think they should learn to play. / Play with a friend it is more fun. The comma splices are: In fact, adults can be good learners, they often have better concentration than younger people. / You can even start a band, you can encourage each other and learn together. Answers will vary. Possible response: Corrections are in bold. Most adults think that they are too old to learn to play a new instrument. In fact, adults can be good learners as they often have better concentration than younger people. The difficulty for most adults is finding the time to practice. Adults have greater success when they pick an instrument they really like, not just one they think they should learn to play. Keeping the instrument in a place where you see it every day helps you to make time to practice. Play with a friend; it is more fun. You can even start a band. You can encourage each other and learn together.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

Chapter 3: The Narrative Paragraph From My American Journey by Colin Powell Comprehension (Page 39) 1. They visited Top Hill because General Powells father was born there. 2. They traveled a long way, first by jeep, then by foot. They were met by government officials and many townspeople. Schoolchildren played music for them. Then General Powell met many members of his family. 3. It is a long trip. Details to support this are: road dwindled to a path; Handsome homes gave way to humble cottages; [Walked] on foot for about fifteen minutes. 4. They met government officials, 200 people, a school band, and Powells family. The first three groups made him feel welcome. Meeting his family made him feel emotional and connected. 5. He had met some before and observed a family resemblance in others. Discussion (Page 39) 1. Answers will vary, but students may comment that he may have wanted to make this trip for a very long time or he may be thinking of his own parents. 2. Answers will vary. Students may find it easier to respond if they have written about this in their journals before it is discussed in class. The Best Part by Mary Kay Mackin Comprehension (Page 40) 1. The best part of Christmas is the fact that her family members traditionally spend the day together preparing for the Christmas dinner. 2. She describes the family together at breakfast, her conversation with her brother, the arrival of the oldest sister and her family, and the activities leading up to the dinner. 3. When I think about it, this fellowship is really the best part of Christmas Day for me. The best part (of Christmas Day) is the controlling idea. Discussion (Page 40) 1. Answers will vary. Students may find it easier to respond if they have written about this in their journals before it is discussed in class. 2. Answers will vary, but students may comment on being with large groups of family that do not always spend time together, peoples expectations that a holiday be perfect, or the amount of planning and preparation required. Ways to relieve the stress may involve planning differently or changing ones attitude.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

The Struggle to Be an All-American Girl by Elizabeth Wong Comprehension (Page 43) 1. Wong and her brother had to go to Chinese school. 2. They didnt want to go. They kicked and screamed and pleaded not to go. 3. Their mother wanted them to go because she wanted them to learn Chinese. 4. At the Chinese school, she learned politeness, reading, and writing in Chinese. In public school she learned to name the satellites of Mars, do the multiplication tables, and write reports on Black Beauty and Little Women. 5. Wongs grandmother was a fragile woman in her seventies with a loud, nagging voice. Wong was embarrassed by her. Her grandmother represented everything that Wong didnt want to be. 6. Her brother was fanatical about speaking English correctly. He treated his mother critically for speaking pidgin English. He was embarrassed by her foreignness. 7. In this sentence, you means Americans; them means Chinese. Discussion (Page 43) 1. Wong preferred tacos to egg rolls; she enjoyed Cinco de Mayo more than Chinese New Year. Other answers will vary. 2. Answers will vary. She may feel that she threw away her heritage, never appreciating it as a child. As an adult, she may have a greater appreciation for what she learned; adults often are better able to see the connection between effort and reward than children are. 3. Answers will vary, although given that the students using this book are working to learn English, they might be expected to support Wongs mothers efforts. Encourage them to play devils advocate and suggest what might have been other useful ways for the children to spend their time. 4. Answers will vary. EXERCISE 1 (Page 43) Answers will vary. EXERCISE 2 (Page 44) 2. getting 3. enormous 4. rate 5. main 6. papers 7. accomplish 8. difficult / complex / important 9. settlement


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

10. lawyers 11. court EXERCISE 3 (Page 46) Changes are underlined. When people here talk of Mardi Gras, they use the expression Mardi Gras Madness. For many people, this delightful madness begins on St. Charles Avenue with the Rex Parade. By nine oclock, the avenue is lined with people of all ages in colorful costumes, from cavemen to Supermen. They stroll among the crowd and chat with friends and strangers alike. Some dance and some drink. At around ten oclock, the excitement mounts as the parade begins. First, there is the welcome sound of sirens. The police on motorcycles always lead the parade to make a path through the jubilant crowd. Then a band usually marches by, playing a popular tune such as the theme from a recent movie. At this time people start clapping and dancing to the music. Next come the masked men on horseback. They wave and the crowd waves back. Sometimes a girl goes up and kisses one of the riders! Finally, someone usually shouts, There it is! It is the first float carrying men in costumes and masks. Immediately, everyone rushes toward the float. They wave their hands and yell, Throw me something, Mister! The men throw beads and souvenir coins to the excited crowd. Usually, they catch the coins, but sometimes one hits the ground. Then several people rush to retrieve it, pushing and shoving if necessary. Then the float passes, but soon another one comes, and the madness continues. After about an hour, the parade passes by, and the first part of Mardi Gras day ends. EXERCISE 4 (Page 47) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Fumiki happily jumps out of bed. Nobutaka wearily drags himself out of bed. 2. Fumiki selects his clothes with care. Nobutaka throws on his clothes. 3. Fumiki cheerfully opens the curtains to let the sunlight in. Nobutaka doesnt open the curtains because the glare of the sun hurts his eyes. 4. Fumiki sips some tea and savors the flavor. Nobutaka gulps the tea down. 5. Fumiki happily says Good morning to his neighbor. Nobutaka grumbles Good morning to his neighbor. EXERCISE 5 (Page 47) Answers will vary. EXERCISE 6 (Page 48) Answers will vary. If students have trouble thinking of a parade, suggest independence day parades around the world, childrens parades, or considering showing a short video of a parade such as the Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City. The assignment could also be broadened to include any kind of outdoor or street festival.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 7 (Page 48) 1. The topic sentence is located at the end of the paragraph. The author placed it there for emphasis. 2. The controlling idea is healthy fear. 3. It is coherent and unified. Ideas are in order of occurrence. EXERCISE 8 (Page 49) Answers will vary. EXERCISE 9 (Page 50) - Editing Corrections are in bold. 1. When they are convincing young people of the value of education, teachers often tell the story of Frederick Douglasss life and many accomplishments. OR When convincing young people of the value of education, teachers often tell the story of Frederick Douglasss life and many accomplishments. (Adverbial clauses/participial phrases) 2. Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) was a famous African-American speaker, editor, and statesman who started out life as a slave. (Capitalization) 3. The woman he served started to teach him the alphabet, but her husband insisted that she stop because teaching a slave to read was against the law. (Punctuation) 4. Having ceased teaching him, she worked hard to make sure he didnt learn anything more. (Adverbial Clauses/participial phrases) 5. Fredrick Douglass, however, already desperately wanted to learn to read. (Verb tense) 6. He made friends with the poor white boys who lived in the neighborhood. (Verb tense) 7. While he was running errands, he traded some food for a quick reading lesson and still made it home in time to avoid suspicion. (Prepositions) 8. Douglass did not tell these boys names in his autobiography because he did not want to cause them trouble. (Punctuation) 9. Douglass taught over forty slaves to read, until their masters found out and violently broke up the lessons. (Punctuation with adverbial clauses) 10. Frederick Douglas has become one of the most well-known Americans of the Civil War era. (Capitalization) Chapter 4: The Descriptive Paragraph Uncle Kwok by Jade Snow Wong Comprehension (Page 55) 1. The main point is that Uncle Kwok is very strange. The first sentence clearly establishes this. 2. She calls him large-framed, awkward, and unshaven. 3. He dresses shabbily. His clothes are worn and do not fit well.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

4. He ambles, drags his feet, saunters, is slow-moving, and strides. 5. First, he enters and hangs up his hat and coat. Then he replaces the soles of his shoes, puts his apron on, and washes his hands and cleans his fingernails. Discussion (Page 56) 1. Answers will vary. Students may need to be reminded that this story is told from the perspective of a child. 2. He hopes that someday his meticulous and consistent behavior will make him prosperous. We understand that he is aware of his behavior and that he has human feelings. 3. His behavior and appearance make him strange, but what makes him especially strange is the fact that he is different from the other workers and different from the people Jade Snow knows. Answers about what makes any person appear strange will vary. The discussion may focus around people students knew and who they would describe as strange, or the more abstract discussion of what makes someone appear to be strange. To direct the discussion one way or the other, you may want to have students write about one question or the other in their journals before the discussion. From Beyond the Sun by Tom Huth Comprehension (Page 57) 1. Finnish Lapland is a quiet, peaceful, beautiful place to ski. 2. Answers will vary. Possible responses: quiet, peaceful, beautiful. 3. He begins to ski in a rhythmic, repetitive way. 4. The scene he views seems magical with only beautiful, snow-covered trees. Nothing but spruce trees mounded with snow; the snow . . . doesnt melt or blow away; there are no shadows . . ., lines, [or] sharp distinctions. 5. Answers will vary. Discussion (Page 57) 1. Answers will vary. Possible responses: The lack of direct sunlight and the snow covered trees. 2. It makes him feel calm and peaceful. Answers to second question will vary. 3. Answers will vary. Encourage students to think about what he is wearing, the temperature, how ones nose feels in cold air, what sounds there might be (birds, sounds of skiing), and whether they are muffled or strong and clear. EXERCISE 1 (Page 58) (Paragraph 2 similes) 1. . . . like so many nuns with their heads bowed in prayer. 2. . . . that look like bobbing human heads, . . . 3. . . . like drunks falling asleep at a bar, 4. like legions of friendly ghosts nodding off to dreamland.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

5. And the smallest trees of all are but stubby white thumbs lost entirely beneath the snow. (Metaphor) 6. The daylight lies as a graying caress . . . (Paragraph 3 simile) EXERCISE 2 (Page 58) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Bill's outfit is quite colorful. He looks like a bowl of brightly colored candies. Bill's outfit is quite colorful. He looks like a brightly colored bird. 2. What beautiful hair you have! Your hair looks like a black silk curtain. What beautiful hair you have! Your hair looks like a braided crown. 3. It's raining very hard. It sounds like someone is dancing on our roof. It's raining very hard. It sounds like rocks are falling instead of rain. 4. Can you smell the orange blossoms on the trees in the garden? The scent is as powerful as too much cheap perfume. Can you smell the orange blossoms on the trees in the garden? The scent is as powerful as a strong wind. 5. Holding the baby bird in her hands, the soft down felt like a whisper. Holding the baby bird in her hands, the soft down felt like a tuft of cotton. EXERCISE 3 (Page 59) 1. difficult 2. begin 3. ancestry/roots/origin 4. long /whole/ difficult 5. complete 6. roots 7. learning 8. history 9. accent 10. complete 11. origins/ ancestry/ roots EXERCISE 4 (Page 61) Answers will vary. Possible response:

My dormitory room, on the second floor of Bienville Hall, is small but comfortable. The dark green walls and white ceiling make me feel as though I live in a cool, private forest. My small but cozy bed, which fills half of the room, is the dominant piece of furniture. The bed has a soft, white down comforter, and my oversized jewel-colored velveteen pillows are an invitation to sit or lounge on the bed while studying or reading. The two large windows over the bed are covered by heavy dark gold drapes, so I can choose to let in the light to brighten the room or close it all out when I want privacy and solitude. Against the wall on your left, behind the head of the bed, is a large bookcase that I have filled with papers, books,


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

and knickknacks that remind me of home. There is just enough room remaining for a small gray metal desk just large enough to hold my computer. The sturdy brown wooden chair next to the desk is perfect for studying. I have decorated the wall above the bookcase and desk with a poster of my favorite painting and of my favorite singer. On the right-hand side of the room is a closet with sliding doors where I stash clothes, shoes, my tennis racket, and other things to keep the rest of my room tidy. Every time I walk into my room, I think, Its good to be home.

EXERCISE 5 (Page 61) Answers will vary. EXERCISE 6 (Page 62) 1. The topic sentence is The kitchen held our lives together. 2. His mother worked in the kitchen, he did homework and even slept there, his father whitewashed the walls, they washed their selves and their clothes there, the family business was conducted there, as evidenced by the receipts, etc. 3. The kitchen table, the mirror on the wall over the table, the white walls, the electric bulb hanging from the ceiling, the gas ring on the wall. The corner where the toilet, sink, and washing tub were located, the shelf above the tub, the things on the shelf. EXERCISE 7 (Page 63) Answers will vary. EXERCISE 8 (Page 64) Answers will vary. Possible response:

Marie can only be described as plain. Her oval face is unremarkable except that her chin seems a bit too long, and her long, thin nose adds to this impression. Her long, thick eyebrows draw attention to themselves and her high forehead. This effect is heightened by how she frequently wears her long black hair pulled back into a severe ponytail as though her hair bothers her but she is too busy to get a more stylish cut. Her lips are rather thin and pale, and she rarely troubles with lipstick. Unfortunately, when she does, the bright pink that she chooses draws attention to itself and makes the rest of her face look pale. Her eyes are a pretty blue, but because she is shy, one only catches their sparkle on the rare occasions when she lets her guard down and laughs. EXERCISE 9 (Page 65) 1. Answers will vary but should generally suggest that Wallace is a mischievous boy. 2. The topic sentence is the first one. The controlling idea (impressive) is stated. EXERCISE 10 (Page 65) Answers will vary.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 11 (Page 66) Adverbs of place are underlined. So this was to be our home for the summer. My husband and I had rented a cabin on a ranch in Colorado, and here we were. As we opened the front door of Spruce Tree Lodge, my first impression was of a dim, cool place inviting us to relax. With some lights on, I was relieved to notice on the wall in front of me the traditional white cabinets, small electric stove, and humming refrigerator that marked a functional kitchen. At least we werent going to be doing all our cooking over a campfire! Against the paneled wall to my left, there was a small sofa made of tan Naugahyde. Even though it was not chic, it spoke of years of comfort and service. Beside it, on a table in the corner, perched a funky old lamp made from a piece of unfinished pine. Both table and lamp were straight out of Salvation Army, but the mood they created was just right for long afternoons of reading novels. On the wall to my right were two big windows with a view of the trees and mountains outside. How glorious! We could sit on the sofa and drink in the timelessness of the mountains while the fir and spruce trees moved in the gentle lull of the wind. In the middle of the room, straight ahead, stood a sturdy oak table with heavy, massive legs and a smooth, worn top. It would serve as a desk, table, and catchall. My husband was already trying out the padded chairs, made of dark brown Naugahyde, that were pulled up around the table ready for use. We smiled. Yes, the cabin would do very nicely. EXERCISE 12 (Page 67) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. car a small car a small car parked next to a fire hydrant a small car with a broken window parked next to a fire hydrant a small blue car with a broken window parked next to a fire hydrant 2. tree a young tree a young leafless tree a young leafless tree surrounded by snow 3. house a large house a large white house the large white farmhouse in which I grew up 4. Answers will vary.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 13 (Page 69) Changes are underlined. One of the ugliest creatures in literature is the monster in the novel Frankenstein, The Modern Prometheus, which was written by Mary Shelley in the nineteenth century. The monster, which was created by Victor Frankenstein when he was a student at a university, has flowing lustrous black hair. The monster has pearly white teeth. These fine features form a horrid contrast with his other features. He has yellow skin that barely covers his facial muscles. His complexion is shriveled. He has hideous, watery, almost colorless eyes that seem to be almost the same color as the sockets that they are set in. Even uglier, perhaps, are his lips, which are straight and black. EXERCISE 14 (Page 70) - Editing Corrections are in bold. 1. Most people think there is nothing to see in the Mohave Desert, so they drive through without stopping. (Subject-verb agreement) 2. They want to spend as little time as possible in this vast flat colorless place. (Order of adjectives) 3. The dry brown earth and the tough plants growing low to the ground seem to repeat for miles. (Order of adjectives) 4. If there are any clouds in the pale blue sky, they are often thin and barely visible. (Subject-verb agreement) 5. However, if you get out of your car and walk around, you will see that the desert is a kaleidoscope whose secret colors and patterns are delightful. (Incorrect subordinator) 6. You will start to notice that all the leaves, which are thick and tough to protect the plant from water loss, come in many shades and textures. (punctuation with non restrictive clause) 7. You can find dark reddish, pocked and angular pieces of lava rock which were discarded by an ancient volcano when it was active. (Incorrect subordinator) 8. Desert plants, which work so hard to produce their tiny flowers, favor the color yellow, but with a little patience you can find purples, whites, pinks, and even reds. (Incorrect subordinator) 9. If you pause and look around, you will start to notice the patterns on the pretty little lichen-covered rocks. (Order of adjectives) 10. Slowly, you will start to notice the different stripes, speckles, and spots on the lizards, the birds, and the other animals who make their home in this place of quiet but striking beauty. (Incorrect subordinator)


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

Chapter 5: The Expository Paragraph Jackie Chan by Lee Server Comprehension (Pages 75-76) 1. Chan means that his films are different because he is different. No other actor could play the main character in his films and create the same effect. 2. Some people didnt like Chans films because they thought kung fu movies should be serious and mysterious or respectful. Long-time fans of kung fu films were most likely to feel irritated. 3. Influences and their effect on Chan:

Impoverished childhoodlearned indomitability Peking Opera Academylearned acting and agility Stuntwork and small roles in filmsplayed opposite other actors, including Bruce

Lee Snake in the Eagles Shadowfirst starring role; began to develop his own style Later hit filmschanged emphasis from fighting to stunts Silent film stars Buster Keaton and Harold Lloydathletic but funny acting style

4. The main idea is stated in the last sentence: Jackie never forgot the human factorhis own charismatic presence, front and center, risking life and limb. 5. The writer tells a story about how Jackie Chan was seriously injured on one movie set. He also explains how Chans acting style developed and describes the elements of a typical Jackie Chan movie. 6. The story that starts the excerpt raises the readers interest and shows why Chan is a different kind of kung fu actor. Discussion (Page 76) 1. Answers will vary. If students language skills are strong enough, encourage them to tell each other about admirable actors from other countries so that they are telling each other new information. For students with weaker skills, you may want to stick to internationally known people, as it may be easier for them to discuss people about whom most students have at least some knowledge. 2. Answers will vary. Some students may argue that knowing about an artists life is not only interesting, it provides insight into why and how they perform or create, while others could argue that the work should be able to stand on its own. A third argument is that we tend to become interested in someones life only after we are drawn into their work. 3. Answers will vary, and will depend on what is happening in culture at any given time. Contemporary music offers many examples of musicians mixing in music from existing music, and there are many artists who take their cue from those who came before (For example, popular musician Lady Gaga is often compared to Madonna).


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

No Funny Business at Newbury Comics by William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, Jack R. Kapoor Comprehension (Page 78) 1. When the business first opened, it sold only comic books in a small upstairs apartment. Now, there are 26 stores and six trucks, and they do business all over New England. 2. The four reasons the business has been successful are that the owners:

focused on a need that they knew how to fill didnt just stick to what they wanted to do, but stocked other things that their

customers wanted to buy were good about delegating responsibility to experts paid careful attention to finances and paid suppliers quickly to maintain good

relationships with them. 3. Answers will vary, but students may comment that they probably arent selling as much music as they used to since that has become digital. The stores are probably selling more clothing, novelty items, graphic novels, and other items popular with college-aged students. 4. They delegated legal responsibilities like negotiating leases, buying decisions like merchandise assortment, and technology design. This helped keep them organized. 5. Because they deal in fashions and fads, paying suppliers protects their relationships with suppliers so that they always get new orders without delay. 6. Fads and fashions change quickly, and the sales that are lost when a popular items is out of stock may never be recovered, as the fad may end before their new stock arrives. Discussion (Page 78) 1. Answers will vary, but students may discuss the ways that people buy music has changed. They may also discuss how people are doing more shopping online, so Newbury Comics may need to pay careful attention to their online presence or find new ways to attract customers into the stores. (Students may want to visit the stores Web site to see if they are right.) 2. Answers will vary, but it stands to reason that since Newbury Comics specializes in music, comic books, and novelty items, their typical customer is interested in these things and is probably a high school student or young adult who has a reasonable amount of disposable income. 3. Answers will vary. Students may tell stories of local businesses from their home country or city. Others may know about businesses like Ben and Jerrys ice cream or Walmart. 4. Answers will vary, but typical answers will include creativity, willingness to work long hours, flexibility, etc. 5. Answers will vary.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 1 (Page 79) Verb Noun Adjective Adverb identify 1. identity

or identification 1. identifiable 2. identical

1. identifiably

1. finance

1. finances 2. financing

financial 1. financially

1. expert 2. expertise

1. expert 1. expertly

locate 1. location

1. located

respond 1. response 2. responsiveness

1. responsive

EXERCISE 2 (Page 80) 1. identity 2. identifiable 3. identify 4. identifiably (or: identified as) 5. identity 6. finance 7. financially 8. finance 9. financing 10. financial EXERCISE 3 (Pages 80-81) 1. concentration 2. pressure 3. problems 4. careers 5. scrutiny 6. competition 7. debate 8. difference


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 4 (Pages 82-83) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Antarctica is a forbidding, dangerous place. 2. The American public has become very concerned with the management of cholesterol levels in the blood. 3. Many people want to work for Google because it is a great place to work. 4. Poor health in a population of frogs can indicate environmental problems. 5. Scientists are developing robots that have human-like qualities. EXERCISE 5 (Page 84) Topic Sentence: Going to college can be expensive. Ineffective Support Effective SupportTuition and room and board aren't cheap.

Tuition and room and board can cost anywhere from $7,500 to $15,000 per term.

For instance, the cost of books and supplies is high.

For instance, books typically cost between $400 and $800 each term. Supplies, too, are not cheap, for as any student knows, paper, notebooks, writing utensils, and the many other supplies needed usually cost more at the college bookstore than at a local discount department store. For instance, a package of notepaper costing $3 at a discount store might cost $5 at a college bookstore.

In addition, there are all kinds of special fees tacked onto the bill at registration time.

In addition, there are all kinds of special fees tacked onto the bill at registration time. A student might have to pay a $300 insurance fee, a $65 activity fee, a $25 fee to the student government association, and anywhere from $100 to $350 for parking.

Students usually have to pay for parking and even for adding and dropping courses after registration.

If a student decides to add or drop a course after registration, there is yet another fee.

EXERCISE 6 (Page 85) Answers will vary. Students should be reminded that the information given is in the present tense; students need to change the tense.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 7 (Pages 86-87) 1. d 2. d 3. c 4. e EXERCISE 8 (Page 87) Answers will vary. EXERCISE 9 (Page 88) 1. The average one-bedroom apartment goes for $1250 a month, whereas only two years ago, it went for $875. 2. The cost of regular gasoline has increased from $3.25 a gallon to $3.85 a gallon in only six months. 3. In addition, my water bill has increased $2 in three months, even though my water consumption has not gone up. 4. Finally, my cable television bill has just jumped up another $4.35 per month for basic service. EXERCISE 10 (Page 89) Answers will vary. Possible responses: Controlling ideas are listed below. 1. kindness a. When he is on the bus, he talks to people who look sad. He tells them funny stories that invariably make them smile. b. Last week, when he heard that his neighbor was sick, he made some soup and delivered it to her, along with a bouquet of flowers. 2. reduce pollution a. Plan trips in your car to limit miles driven or use public transportation. b. Purchase products made of recycled materials. 3. need to be changed a. New parking options must be created so that students do not have to arrive for class an hour early to find parking before class. b. More general education classes must be offered so that students can take the required classes they need in order to graduate on time. 4. a lot about (English) a. I have learned ten new vocabulary words each week. b. I am able to use slang and informal vocabulary much more easily than a year ago. 5. unusual items a. There is a shaver to trim fuzz balls off your sweaters. b. They have glow-in-the-dark sunglasses. EXERCISE 11 (Page 89) Answers will vary.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 12 (Page 91) Answers will vary. EXERCISE 13 (Page 94) Answers may vary. Possible responses: 1. Order of time: b, c, d, a, e, f 2. Order of time: d, b, e, c, g, f, a 3. Order of familiarity: b, d, c, e, a, f EXERCISE 14 (Page 96) 1. For example, For instance, First, To begin with 2. In addition, Moreover, Also, Next 3. In addition, Moreover, Also EXERCISE 15 (Pages 96-97) 1. In the past several years, we have become much more aware of hazardous conditions in the environment. (For example, For instance,) scientists recently reported that ozone, the natural shield protecting us from the suns ultraviolet rays, has declined significantly. They noted that a hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica has developed and blamed the widespread use of certain chemicals for the ozone decrease. (In addition, Also,) scientists have warned us about the greenhouse effect, the gradual warming of the earth because the heat from the suns rays is prevented from radiating back into space by a blanket of artificial gases. The chief gas in the greenhouse effect is carbon dioxide, a byproduct of burning fossil fuels in cars and factories. (Finally,) waste disposal has become a significant problem. We not only have tons and tons and tons of household garbage to get rid of, but we also have hazardous waste from nuclear facilities and plants. While all of these are significant problems that must be solved in the near future, at least we are now more aware of them. 2. When surnames began appearing in Europe 800 years ago, a persons identity and occupation were often intertwined. A surname was a direct link between who a person was and what the person did. (For example, For instance,) Taylor is the Old English spelling of tailor, and Clark is derived from clerk, an occupation of considerable status during the Middle Ages because it required literacy. (In addition,) the names Walker, Wright, Carter, Stewart, and Turner (also) indicate occupations. A walker was someone who cleaned cloth; a wright was a carpenter or metalworker; a carter was someone who drove a cart; a steward was a person in charge of a farm or estate; and a turner worked a lathe. One of the few occupational surnames reflecting the work of women is Webster, which refers to a female weaver.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 16 (Page 97) Editing Corrections are in bold. 1. Wellness implies more than eating balanced meals, avoiding harmful substances, and practicing good grooming; it also means making time for sleep, rest, relaxation, and exercise. 2. Sleep is a time for the body to replenish its energy reserves and to heal itself. 3. The amount of time needed may vary with the individual or even with the day. 4. An infant, of course, needs more sleep than does a young adult. 5. Rest, meaning conscious freedom from activity and worry, is just as important as sleep. 6. Only when a person is relaxed and at inner peace can that person rest. 7. Relaxation means doing something for the fun of it. 8. Examples of relaxation activities include reading a novel (or novels), reading to children, playing cards and other games, fishing, painting, or sewing or other handwork. 9. Many experts agree that the best rest follows planned exercises. 10. During exercise, heart rate and breathing increase, circulation improves, and muscles stretch. 11. Exercise is also a time to free the mind of anxiety-producing thoughts. 12. Whichever form of exercise, rest, and relaxation is best for you, make time for it in each day. Chapter 6: Introduction to the Essay EXERCISE 1 (Page 103) 1. No 2. No 3. Yes 4. No 5. No 6. No 7. Yes 8. Yes 9. No 10. No EXERCISE 2 (Page 104) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Choosing to go to college was a difficult decision. 2. There are three major hazards in storing chemical wastes. 3. Life in the country is better than life in the city. 4. New York City is the most interesting city in the United States. 5. Universities in the United States should require more humanities courses.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 3 (Pages 106-107) 1. computers 2. parents; wrong/mistakes 3. television; pastime/waste of time 4. todays children; future 5. blind person; help EXERCISE 4 (Pages 107-108) 1. Thesis Statement (It does not indicate how the thesis will be developed.) 2. No missing elements (This is a good introductory paragraph.) 3. It does not contain a thesis statement. 4. No missing elements (This is a good introductory paragraph.) EXERCISE 5 (Page 108) Answers will vary. EXERCISE 6 (Pages 110-111) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Why is the city the place for me to live? c. I like the entertainment facilities. 2. What are some other ways to improve your circulation? c. A third good exercise for your heart is cross-country skiing. 3. What skills do teenagers gain from afterschool jobs? c. Interpersonal skills, such as customer service, are also important in all aspects of ones life. 4. What difficulties present themselves to such a student? b. American class expectations often differ from those in foreign classrooms. c. Classes given in English can create problems. 5. Why should foreign language study be required? a. Learning a foreign language helps with the study of ones own language. b. It also allows people to explore books and other resources from a different country. c. Knowing a foreign language is useful in jobs and travel. EXERCISE 7 (Page 111) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. The learner must spend a great deal of time memorizing the irregular spelling of many English words. 2. Nearly everyone who sees the Grand Canyon for the first time reports having felt a bit stunned by the size and majesty of this sight. 3. Because computers are everywhere, many people now respond to work e-mail even when they are on vacation. 4. In the afternoons, teenagers who have places to go after school lets out are common on the buses. 5. The first step is to choose the publishing tool you wish to use for your blog.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

6. Another problem is that they may be used to different cultural rules about how to interact with professors and other students. 7. The most obvious reason for going shopping is to get something that one needs. 8. Prospective students overall impression of a university can be positively influenced by news about a winning sports team. EXERCISE 8 (Pages 112-113) 1. sights of Quebec; interesting 2. Old Quebec City (Controlling idea: living witness of our history); the Saint Lawrence River (Controlling idea: majestic); the Montmorency Falls (Controlling idea: beautiful) 3. The paragraphs are primarily descriptive and expository. EXERCISE 9 (Pages 114-115) 1. three reasons why people save books 2. security 3. reference materials (convenient); to make a good impression (reveal interests); the magic of books (secure) 4. Paragraph 1: I know a family whose library has shelves reaching up to their ceiling; they keep a ladder for climbing up to the high books. Paragraph 2: A doctors Grays Anatomy; A teachers British Literature anthology; lawyers case books; a cooks recipes, etc. Paragraph 3: Some think that a library full of the literary classics, dictionaries, and books about art, science, and history make them look well read. They can subtly reveal their interests in Peruvian art, Indian music, philosophy, or animals without saying a word. Paragraph 4: Each book, whether it's The Treasury of Houseplants or Murder on the Orient Express, has transported the reader to another place. The Standard First Aid and Personal Safety manual, in addition to providing information, reminds me of the first-aid course I took and how assured I felt as a result. Bulfinch's Mythology brings the oral history of Western civilization to my fingertips, reminding me of my link with other times and people. EXERCISE 10 (Page 116) 1. No 2.Yes, because it concludes logically and it does not introduce any new topics. EXERCISE 11 (Pages 116-117) 1. Logical 2. Weakthe conclusion introduces another topic. 3. Weakthe conclusion introduces another topic. 4. Weakthe conclusion introduces another topic. 5. Logical


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 12 (Page 119) Thesis Statement: Why do people save their books? There may be several reasons, but three stand out. I. One reason people save their books is to use them as reference materials.

A. People whose job training included studying a lot of textbook material may save some of those books for future reference.

1. a doctorGrays Anatomy and pharmacology books 2. an English teacherThe Norton Anthology of British Literature 3. a lawyercase books

B. But it isnt only the professionals who save their books. 1. those who like to cookrecipe books 2. those who like electronic equipment

II. Another reason some people save books is to make a good impression.

A. Some think that a library full of the literary classics, dictionaries, and books about art, science, and history make them look well read and, therefore, sophisticated.

1. This impression may be inaccurate. 2. Some have never bothered to read the majority of those books.

B. Also, some people like to reveal to visitors their wide range of tastes and interests.

1. subtly reveal an interest in Peruvian art, Indian music, etc. III. People who enjoy reading have discovered the magic of books.

A. Each book has transported the reader to another place. 1. The Treasury of Houseplants 2. Murder on the Orient Express

B. Each book really represents an experience from which the reader may have grown or learned something.

1. The Standard First Aid and Personal Safety manualreminds me of first-aid course, feeling more assured 2. Bulfinchs Mythologyprovides oral history of Western civilization

Conclusion


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

Chapter 7: The Example Essay How Unwritten Rules Circumscribe Our Lives by Bob Greene Comprehension (Page 125) 1. The customs that govern us are what make a civilization; there would be chaos without them, and yet for some reason we obey them. 2. The thesis is first stated in paragraph 6. It is restated in paragraph 14. 3. waiting at a red light when theres no one around; thousands of sports fans behaving themselves at a game; paying the check at a restaurant 4. All of the examples are from everyday experience. 5. Answers will vary, but generally they come from a broad range of experiences, so are relatively effective. Discussion (Pages 125-126) 1. Unwritten laws represent the collective social conscience. This is stronger than written law. Answers will vary. 2. Answers will vary. International students are likely to point out that some of the unwritten laws (stopping at a red light when no one is around, fans behaving at a game) are not always followed in their countries or not even always followed here. 3. Answers will vary, but they may include things like giving up a seat on public transportation or always carrying flowers upside down. 4. Answers will vary. Laws that have to do with safety and decency toward others are likely to get placed into the civilized column, and others are more likely to be identified as more minor matters. 5. Examples of people not following the rules are most striking whereas examples of people following the rules are very everyday and dont have as much impact on the reader. Americanization Is Tough on Macho by Rose Del Castillo Guilbault Comprehension (Page 128) 1. The word macho has a different meaning to Hispanics from the meaning it has when used by English-speaking people. 2. Macho to Hispanics means manly, responsible, hard-working, a man in charge, a patriarch. Macho to Americans means a chauvinist, a brute, uncouth, selfish, loud, abrasive, capable of inflicting pain, and sexually promiscuous. 3. Sylvester Stallone, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Charles Bronson are given as examples because the characters they play in their movies exude the characteristics that form the American definition of macho. 4. The examples given of the Hispanic definition of macho are Jimmy Stewart, Sean Connery, and Lawrence Olivier. The characters they play in films tend to be reliable, diligent, and strong, more like the Hispanic meaning of the word.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

5. The darker side of macho places men in a traditionally patriarchal position, limiting womens ability to question their lot in life and providing excuses for those who do not live up to the true macho standard. Guilbault cites her uncles as examples. 6. Including the idea of the darker side strengthens her main point by showing where the definition as Americans understand it has its roots. Discussion (Page 128) 1. Answers will vary, but most students will be able to think of examples from cultures they are familiar with which value different behaviors: modesty and submission (for men and women) in Muslim countries, emphasis on the collective in Asian cultures, respect for silence in other countries, etc. 2. Answers will vary. Most students will be able to think of these from their native languages. Some examples are babushkain Russian, this is grandma, but it is a scarf in English. Guru comes from Sanskrit and is often misused in English to refer to any person who is good at doing something and not just a spiritual leader. 3. Answers will vary based on students experience. If the class has many Latino students, it might be helpful to have them write on this topic in their journals before discussing this in class. 4. Answers will vary. EXERCISE 1 (Page 129) 1. hard-drinking: negative Definition: drinks a lot of alcohol 2. hardworking: positive Definition: works diligently and energetically 3. loud: negative Definition: producing a lot of noise 4. abrasive: negative Definition: unkind and rude 5. sullenness: negative Definition: not speaking because of a bad temper 6. translated: denotation Definition: said or written again in another language 7. stoically: positive Definition: without complaining 8. accepting: positive Definition: agreeing 9. quiet: denotation Definition: making a small amount of noise 10. nonassertive: negative Definition: does not state their needs or opinions clearly 11. womanized: negative Definition: has many short sexual relationships with women


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 2 (Page 130) 1. have 2. make/have 3. peace 4. important 5. clear 6. made/had EXERCISE 3 (Pages 131-132) 1. Americans are friendly to strangers. Friendliness. 2. He gives two examples and explains them well. 3. There are enough for a short essay, but more would be better. 4. Yes 5. Yes EXERCISE 4 (Pages 134-135) 1. These items are just superfluous, absurd trifles. Central idea: superfluous 2. Topic Sentence: Unfortunately, some of these clever items that claim to save time might actually end up making us waste time. Controlling Idea: waste time Topic Sentence: . . . some of the items for the bathroom border on the absurd. Controlling Idea: absurd Topic Sentence: Comfort and convenience are carried to extremes in the area of personal care. Controlling Idea: extremes 3. Yes 4. Yes; Yes 5. Yes 6. Thesis Statement: These items are just superfluous, absurd trifles. I. Some of these clever items that claim to save time might actually end up making us waste time.

A. Devices to save time cutting 1. pie slicer

2. apple slicer and corer 3. corn-on-the-cob cutter B. Devices that need batteries 1. electric drink mixer II. Items for the bathroom border on the absurd.

A. For the bathtub 1. inflatable pillow 2. foam rubber pad


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

B. For the toilet 1. plush toilet seat 2. toilet paper container that plays music

III. Comfort and convenience are carried to extremes in the area of personal care.

A. To feel better 1. a vibrating bed 2. a wedge-shaped pillow

B. To look better 1. pills to lose weight 2. a cap to protect your hairstyle 3. a band to keep your chin from sagging 4. a water-filled face mask to protect your eyes

Conclusion EXERCISE 5 (Pages 135-136) 1. Complete 2. Complete 3. Incomplete (Though the example does talk about recycling, it does not clearly show how this is good for the economy.) 4. Incomplete 5. Not an example 6. Incomplete (Though the example does talk about recycling, it does not clearly show how this is good for the economy.) 7. Incomplete (Though the example does talk about recycling, it does not clearly show how this is good for the economy.) 8. Not an example EXERCISE 6 (Page 137) Answers will vary. EXERCISE 7 (Pages 138-140) 1. It is important to choose words carefully, for words can suggest meanings not intended at all; words can also be used to deceive. 2. The paragraphs are organized from the least interesting to the most interesting point. 3. The author gives three examples. Yes. 4. Thesis Statement: It is important to choose words carefully, for words can suggest meanings not intended at all; words can also be used to deceive. I. Take, for instance, the language of advertising.

A. Advertisers obviously want to emphasize the virtues of their products and detract from their faults.

1. virtually trouble free


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

B. Another misleading expression is up to. 1. up to 25% reduction at a car dealership 2. up to 40% off on athletic shoes

II. A second example of words that camouflage meaning is euphemisms.

A. People use all kinds of euphemisms for death. 1. She passed away. 2. He has gone to meet his maker. 3. She is no longer with us.

B. To make certain jobs sound less unappealing, people use euphemisms. 1. janitor = custodial worker

2. trash man = sanitation engineer C. Sometimes euphemisms can be used to camouflage potentially controversial or objectionable actions.

1. politician calls taxes revenue enhancement measures 2. psychologist calls killing animals sacrificing them

3. doctors say terminate a pregnancy instead of abort the fetus III. A final example of language that conveys unintended impressions is sexist language.

A. When someone refers to a grown woman as a girl, the implication is that she is still a child.

1. Ill have my girl type that. B. Other offensive expressions include young thing.

1. Shes a cute young thing. C. The names of many jobs suggest women should not fill these positions.

1. use chair or chairperson, not chairman 2. use supervisor, not foreman

Conclusion. We must always be careful to choose the words that convey what we really mean.

A. If we not want to give offense, then we should always be on guard against sexist (as well as racist) language. B. If we do not want to be misled by advertisements, we must keep our ears open for weasel words. C. When we use a euphemism, we should be aware that we are trying to make an idea more acceptable.

EXERCISE 8 (Pages 140-141) 1. Contradiction: While some people may keep books for practical reference and for conveying an impression, I suspect that there is a deeper reason. 2. Geographical relationship: On the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River, five miles from Quebec, the famous Montmorency Falls are located. 3. Similarity: Comfort and convenience are carried to extremes in the area of personal care.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 9 (Pages 141-143) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Another thing I do to improve my English is work the crossword puzzles in the daily newspaper. 2. Another mythical character that children love is the Easter Bunny. 3. Another of my favorite neighborhoods is Andersonville, just north of Wrigleyville. EXERCISE 10 (Page 143) - Editing

Can you guess how Ethan Nicholas made (verb form) $35,000 in a day? He did it by selling (gerund) thousands of downloads of a game he developed for the Apple iPhone. Ethan Nicholas worked for Sun Microsystems when he started programming his iShoot game for the iPhone. Within six weeks he was ready to submit (infinitive) the finished product to Apple for its approval. That approval was quickly received. (noun clauses) Nicholas priced his game at $4.99 per download, and Apple listed it on its App Store. (For every game sold, Apple receives (subject-verb agreement) 30 percent of the selling price.) The game drew some buyers, but Nicholas believed that (noun clause) even more people would buy it if they could play before they paid. After he submitted a stripped-down version of the game as a free download, 2 million people downloaded it. Do you think the customers enjoyed (verb form) the game so much that they were willing to pay $4.99 for the full-featured version? Yesmore than 10,000 downloaded the game in a single day, putting $35,000 in Nicholass pocket. The experience convinced him to quit (infinitive vs. gerund) his day job to become (infinitive vs. gerund) a full-time app developer. Chapter 8: The Comparison and Contrast Essay Conversational Ballgames By Nancy Masterson Sakamoto Comprehension (Page 150) 1. When Sakamoto first began participating in Japanese conversations, she startled and confused the other participants because she was conversing with American English conversational expectations. 2. She compares a Western-style conversation to a game of tennis. A Western-style conversation is like a game of tennis in that people are expected to lob the topic back and forth, generate excitement, and not necessarily take turns. 3. She compares a Japanese-style conversation to bowling. The participants take turns, start from the same position, and generate an atmosphere of calm expectation. 4. a. In Western-style conversation, turns are not necessary, but they are expected in Japanese-style conversation. b. In Western-style conversations, participants pick up the topic from the position in which it is left by the previous speaker, while in Japanese-style conversations, everyone starts from the same conversational position.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

c. In Japanese-style conversations, there are pauses between the contributions of the participants, but Western-style conversations contain multiple interruptions and rapid-fire commentary. d. In Western-style conversations, everyone is expected to keep the conversation going and not speak for long periods. In Japanese-style conversations, everyone waits while the speaker finishes commenting and pauses to evaluate what has been said. e. A Western-style conversationalist scores poorly if the conversation lulls or fails to develop excitement. A Japanese-style conversationalist is scored on the value of the comments made. 5. The thesis is that differences in conversational styles contribute as much confusion to cross-linguistic communication as do differences in language. The thesis isnt overtly stated, but it is implied in paragraph 3. Discussion (Page 151) 1. Answers will vary, but in addition to different cultural rules, where people have different tolerance for pauses and interruptions, students might want to consider conversations with people from different age groups or social backgrounds. 2. Answers will vary, but they will be somewhat predictable based on students backgrounds. 3. Answers will vary. Home Ground, Schoolyard: a Double Life by Daria Muse Comprehension (Page 152) 1. The topic of the essay is her own behavior. She contrasts the way she behaved at school and on the bus with the way she behaved in her own neighborhood when she was at home. The essay focuses primarily on contrasts. 2. The teachers explained from the very first day that if Darias school behavior did not conform to their expectations, she could lose the privilege of attending this school. Neighborhood girls confronted her and accused her of looking white, leaving her alone only when she showed that she knew how to be tough. 3. Answers will vary. Possible response: School behavior Neighborhood behavior Dress School girl dresses Jeans and T-shirts, black

jacket to cover the dresses Way of talking Polite requests and standard

English compliments More forceful demands and clever, but rougher, using slang

Body language More submissive Harder face


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

Discussion (Page 153) 1. Answers will vary, but it is clear that Daria feared that school behavior would have made her a target for victimization in her tough neighborhood. Had she used neighborhood behavior consistently at school, various kinds of punishment would have undoubtedly followed. 2. Answers will vary. Students should consider the different roles they play in life, such as employee, student, leader, parent, child, grandchild, and how they may act different and choose different behavior, language, and dress in these roles. If they have trouble answering, ask how they dress, speak, and carry themselves when visiting their grandparents as opposed to at work or school. Ask if there are words that they use in some situations but would never use in others. 3. Answers will vary. Students may discover that the flexibility to be successful and wear different masks in different situations is a sign of intelligence and breadth of experience. EXERCISE 1 (Page 153) Synonyms Antonyms display 1. reveal

2. make apparent 1. obscure - 2. conceal -

emerge 1.materialize 2. appear

1. become invisible 2. disappear

objectively 1. impersonally 2. dispassionately

1. with bias - 2. emotionally -

adapt 1. evolve + 2. adjust +

1. remain constant + 2. resist change -

previous 1. prior 2. preceding

1. successive 2. subsequent

EXERCISE 2 (Page 154) 1. rise 2. immediate 3. accept/rise to 4. negative 5. enthusiastic 6. positive 7. biggest 8. presented 9. correct 10. new


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 3 (Page 156) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. d. You can still turn to the instructor for help if you are lost or confused. 2. c. I can read or do work during my commute. d. Public transportation costs less than insurance, registration, gasoline, and parking. 3. b. The number of assignments and opportunities to improve a poor grade c. The degree of independence that students must show in remembering to complete assignments d. The amount of writing that is required EXERCISE 4 (Page 158) Answers will vary. EXERCISE 5 (Pages 159-161) 1. The thesis is their considerable differences in looks, personality, and attitude toward life reflect the differences between Eastern and Western cultures. The points of comparison are looks, personality, and attitude toward life. 2. It focuses on contrast. 3. It follows Pattern A. Answers will vary. Possible answers include that the writer felt that Pattern A emphasizes the contrast for the reader or that it treats the brothers more equally rather than making one first and one second. 4. The topic sentences: In contrast to Nhan, Hung, who is his younger brother by ten years, looks more like an American boxer. Nhan and Hung also differ in personality. Concerning their attitudes toward life, they are as different as the moon and the sun. 5. The conclusion is logical. 6. Thesis Statement: Even though they have the same parents, their considerable differences in looks, personality, and attitude toward life reflect the differences between Eastern and Western culture. I. They differ greatly in appearance.

A. Nhan is short, small, and has a moon-shaped face. His manner of dress is traditional. B. Hung is muscular and large. He prefers to wear sports clothes and casual clothes.

II. They differ in personality.

A. Nhan is patient and quiet. B. Hung is self-centered and independent. III. They differ in their attitudes toward life.

A. Nhan is concerned with spiritual values. B. Hung puts his trust in science and technology.

Conclusion


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 6 (Page 161) Answers will vary. EXERCISE 7 (Pages 161-163) 1. However, what I saw and what I remembered were not the same. I sadly realized that the best memories are those left undisturbed. It is stated at the end of the introduction. 2. Pattern B. This pattern creates a more coherent picture of the past and the more recent past, twenty years later. Yes. 3. It was bright and alive. 4. It was rundown and in disrepair. 5. The branch was a romantic place for exploration. 6. No longer romantic, the branch was now polluted. 7. This paragraph functions as a transition between the past and the present. 8. Thesis Statement: However, what I saw and what I remembered were not the same. I sadly realized that the best memories are those left undisturbed. I. As I remember my old apartment building, it was bright and alive.

A. It was a medieval castle, a pirates den, space station. B. I would steal away with my friends and play in the basement. C. Our favorite place to play was the coal bin; we used it as a rocket ship.

II. The branch near our apartment was a place for adventure.

A. We enjoyed the honeysuckles there. B. Our biggest thrill was the day the police caught an alligator there. III. Unlike before, the apartment building was now rundown and in disrepair.

A. The court was dirty and broken up, and the windows were broken. B. The once-clean walls were covered with graffiti and other stains. C. Instead of medieval knights, etc., there were tough-looking adolescents.

IV. The area where I used to play was hardly recognizable.

A. The branch was polluted and the honeysuckles had died. B. The branch was filled with old bicycles, broken bottles, and garbage.

C. Now one would expect to find rats instead of alligators. D. The once sweet-smelling area now smelled horrible.

Conclusion This essay could also be outlined more briefly this way: Thesis Statement: However, what I saw and what I remembered were not the same. I sadly realized that the best memories are those left undisturbed. I. My old neighborhood in the past was a romantic place.

A. My old apartment building was bright and alive.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

B. The area outside the building was a place of adventure. II. My old neighborhood twenty years later was decayed.

A. My apartment building was now rundown and in disrepair. B. The area outside the building was rundown and polluted.

Conclusion EXERCISE 8 (Page 163) Answers will vary. EXERCISE 9 (Page 165) 1. New Orleans does not have a harsh winter. On the contrary, it is quite mild. 2. New Orleans does not have a harsh winter. On the other hand, its summers are terrible. 3. New Orleans does not have a large population. On the other hand, it is not a village. 4. Many people think that New Orleans is a large city. On the contrary, it has quite a small population. 5. New Orleans was not originally settled by the Spanish. On the contrary, its first European settlers were French. 6. New Orleans is a big seaport. On the other hand, its manufacturing industry is quite small. EXERCISE 10 (Pages 165167) 1. Like Borges, Mishima is considered one of the greatest modern writers. Borges is a great modern writer. Mishima is also considered a great modern writer. Borges is a great modern writer. Similarly, Mishima is considered to be a great modern writer. 2. Unlike Borges, Mishima was educated in his native country of Japan. Borges was educated in Europe, but Mishima was educated in Japan. 3. In his early days, Borges worked as a librarian, in contrast to Mishima who worked for the Finance Ministry. Borges served as a librarian, whereas Mishima worked for the Finance Ministry. 4. Similar to Borges, Mishima was a prolific writer, authoring short stories, poems, plays, essays, and novels. Borges wrote many novels and short stories; likewise, Mishima was a prolific writer. 5. In the same way that Borges was at odds with the policies of the Pern government in Argentina in the 1940s and 1950s, Mishima was critical of the Japanese military policies. Mishima was critical of the Japanese military policies. Similarly, Borges was at odds with the policies of the Pern government in Argentina in the 1940s and 1950s. 6. Mishima performed as an actor; however, Borges did not. Mishima performed as an actor. In contrast, Borges became a professor of literature. 7. Like Borgess works, many of Mishimas works have been translated into English and other languages. In comparison to the works of Borges, many of Mishimas works have been translated into English and other languages.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

EXERCISE 11 (Pages 167-168) Answers will vary. Possible replacements for the italicized sentences in the passage follow. 2. Whereas/While/Although the left hemisphere may be dominant in these types of reasoning, the right hemisphere also reasons. Just as/In the same way that the left hemisphere is dominant in recognizing abstract differences, the right hemisphere tends to recognize sameness. 3. The right brain can interpret tone of voice and facial expressions; however, whenever we use language, both sides of the brain process information. 4. However, that is not so. It is true that the right brain recognizes chords and melodies and seems to mediate pure and slow tones, but the left hemisphere is also involved in music. EXERCISE 12 (Pages 168-169) Answers will vary. Suggested answers follow. Students should be encouraged to write an introduction and conclusion for each essay. The examples below are possible body paragraphs that represent each pattern of organization. Here are example body paragraphs using Pattern A (Point-by-Point):

The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean world from about 500 B.C. to about 500 A.D. The Chinese Empire ruled much of Asia from 221 B.C. to 1911 A.D. There are some interesting parallels between these two empires even though they ended differently.

The first parallel is the time at which both empires began and the way in which they spread. Interestingly, both empires began at about the same time in history. The Roman Empire began in 500 B.C., and the Chinese Empire began a bit later, in 221 B.C. Both empires also began around a small geographical base and then spread out farther and farther to include more territory. For example, the Roman Empire started with Rome as its geographic base and spread to include North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern Europe. Similarly, the Chinese Empire started around the Yellow River and then spread northward to Peking, west to the Central Plain, and south to Canton.

Second, both empires developed higher levels of civilization than the areas surrounding them. The Roman Empire, for example, developed a complex governmental structure and bureaucracy, while the people surrounding it were barbarians and nomads. In the same way, the Chinese Empire became a center for art and philosophy while in the midst of barbarians called Huns and Mongols.

Perhaps the most interesting parallel is the ways that both empires dealt with intruders. Because the barbarians surrounding the Roman and Chinese Empires constantly threatened them, the leaders of both empires devised three ways of handling them. First, they conquered territory whose outer boundaries were natural barriers. For example, the Roman leaders conquered the land in Europe up to the Rhine and Danube Rivers and then used these rivers as barriers against invasion. Likewise, the Chinese


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

leaders conquered territory in order to use the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers as the outer boundaries of their empire.

Second, the leaders of both empires built fortifications to keep out invaders. In the Roman Empire, huge walls were built between the Rhine and Danube and between Scotland and England. Similarly, the Chinese erected the Great Wall to keep invaders out.

The third method of dealing with invaders was to colonize countries on the borders of the empires and use them as buffer states. Many times these countries were midway between barbarism and civilization. As colonies and buffer states, these countries became more and more civilized and thus more likely to protect the empires. Both the Roman and Chinese Empires used these buffer states to help protect their outer boundaries. Here are example body paragraphs using Pattern B (All of One/ All of the Other):

There are some interesting parallels between the Roman and Chinese empires

even though these empires ended differently. The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean world from about 500 B.C. to about 500 A.D. From a geographic base around Rome, it spread out to include North Africa, the Middle East, and northern Europe. It developed a higher level of civilization than the areas surrounding it. It had a complex governmental structure and bureaucracy, while the people surrounding it were barbarians and nomads.

These barbarians were a constant threat to the Roman Empire. Therefore, the leaders of the empire devised three ways to protect it. First, they conquered territory whose outer boundaries were natural barriers. Examples of these are the Rhine and Danube Rivers. They also built fortifications to keep out invaders. They built some, for example, between the Rhine and the Danube and between Scotland and England. Third, they used precautionary buffer states, like colonies, which were midway between barbarism and civilization. These all helped to protect the base of the Empire, Rome itself. However, toward the end of the Empires rule, some of the buffer states revolted. The final collapse occurred when the German and Slavic barbarians broke through the fortifications. In a short two hundred years, the Roman Empire fell to the power of the Germans.

The Chinese Empire shares many similar characteristics with the rise of the Roman Empire. The Chinese Empire began around 221 B.C., a short time after the Roman Empire. Just as the Roman Empire started from a small geographic base and spread out, so did the Chinese Empire. Starting from a geographic base around the Yellow River, it spread northward to Peking, west to the Central Plain, and south to Canton.

Another similarity between the Chinese Empire and the Roman Empire was the high level of civilization both obtained. Just as Rome had a complex governmental structure and bureaucracy, the Chinese Empire became a center for art and philosophy in Asia. Furthermore, the Chinese Empire was surrounded by less civilized people and barbarians in the same way the Roman Empire was.

Perhaps the most interesting parallel is the fact that the Chinese Empire dealt with invading barbarians in the same three ways as the Romans did. First, like the Romans, the


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

Chinese conquered territory whose outer boundaries would serve as natural barriers. For example, just as the Romans used the Rhine and Danube Rivers for this purpose, the Chinese used the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers to serve as natural boundaries. Second, the Chinese built imposing fortifications, for example, the Great Wall, to keep out invaders just as the Romans built walls between England and Scotland to protect their territory. Third, the Chinese colonized buffer states, states midway between barbarism and civilization, to protect their outer boundaries. As colonies, these countries learned much from China, becoming civilized in the process. This technique parallels the actions of the Romans as well. EXERCISE 13 (Page 170) - Editing The differences between a classical music performance and a rock concert are immediately apparent, even to a first time attendee. The expected dress at each kind of concert, for example, couldnt be more different. (comparison) The attire at a classical music concert is as formal as (comparison) the clothing at a rock concert is informal. The behavior of the attendees is (subject-verb agreement) also not very similar. At the classical performance, the audience sits quietly and expectantly. They do not dance or talk (verb form) and may even close their eyes so they can be better (comparisons) listeners. At a rock concert, the crowd dances and sways. Shouting, pushing, and jumping are (subject-verb agreement) common as well. At a classical music concert, it would be very surprising indeed if an audience member began (irregular verb form) to sing along with the performers. On the contrary, rock musicians sometimes point (subject verb agreement) the microphone toward the crowd to encourage them to sing along with favorite lyrics. However, classical concerts were not always so dignified. In the 18th century, the audience clapped, yelled, and sometimes even threw (irregular verb form) food. Even though the manners at these concerts are (subject-verb agreement) not very similar, neither audience is less passionate (comparison) about the music, and their appreciation for the talent and effort of the musicians is similar. (comparison) They simply show (subject-verb agreement) it in completely different ways. Chapter 9: The Classification Essay The Marketing Mix by William Pride and O.C. Ferrell Comprehension (Page 177) 1. The marketing mix consists of the four activities that marketers engage in. The four variables are product, pricing, distribution, and promotion. 2. The result of successful marketing is a product that meets customers needs. 3. A good, a service, or an idea can be a product. 4. A high price can give a product a reputation of luxury and status if the product is worth the premium price. 5. Because of the Internet, marketers can more easily reach customers all over the world.


PHOTOCOPIABLEHeinle

6. Three purposes for promoting a product include increasing awareness of a product or company, educating people about a product or issue, or maintaining customers interest in well-known products. Discussion (Page 177) Answers will vary. Possible responses: 1. Services include www.etsy.com, which provides a marketplace for handmade products, or www.rememberthemilk.com, whic

refining composition skills

Documents