referencing 2014 short

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Referencing

Getting used to clickers: “What does the cohort look like?”

What is referencing?

Why do we reference?

Examples of using the Harvard !"!# $ethod

"lagiarism

%ey &otes



Are you?

'( $ale

)( *emale



How old are you?

'( +ounger than ),years(

)( ),-)' years old(

.( ))-). years old(

/( )/-)0 years old(

0( )1-., years old(

1( .,-/, years old(

2( 3lder than /,years(



Which subject did you study for your previous

degree?'( 4usiness(

)( Economics(

.( *inance and5or

!ccounting(/( Engineering(

0( $aths or relatedsu67ects#

1( &atural 8ciences(

2( 9iterature or 9angu

ages(

( 8ociology or "olitics(

;( 3ther su67ect(



Where do you come from?



Where do you come from?

'( <8! or =anada()( 8outh5=entral

!merica(

.( $iddle East

/( &orthern !frica(

0( 8outhern !frica(

1( Western Europe(

2( =entral or EasternEurope(

( 8outh East !sia(;( !sia exc( 8E!#

',( !ustralia5&ew>ealand(



What is Referencing?

Whenever you use work some6ody else has written or

compiled you need to identify clearly the authors# of

this work or data6ase(

o @eferences in the text

o 8ource underneath ta6les graphs and figures

o 4i6liography at the end of the text

@eferences need to

o identify clearly which information ideas or facts you have

adopted from another author(o ena6le the reader to locate the source from which the

information has 6een taken(

o indicate clearly whether you use the authorAs actual wordsor whether you summarise or synthesise his or her ideasi(e( whether you use direct or indirect Buotes(



During your previous degree, did you receive

guidance on referencing?'( We were given detailed

advice on referencing(

)( We were given some

advice on referencing(.( We were told that

referencing is important6ut we werenAt givenexplicit advice on how to

reference(/( @eferencing was not really

discussed(



How much do you think you know about

referencing?'( C am very confident that C

can reference correctly(

)( C think my referencing is

mostly ok(.( C think my referencing is

pro6a6ly not alwayscorrect(

/( C think my referencing is

rather poor(0( C havenAt done any

referencing 6efore(




3nly use approved referencing techniBues

o +ou need to follow referencing conventions for your direct

and indirect# Buotes graphs ta6les and all other sources of

information consistently

o +ou need to supply all relevant data to identify the sources inthe correct sequence and list the sources in alpha6etical order

6y surname# in the 6i6liography(

Dhe 4usiness 8chool recommends that you use the Harvard

$ethod of referencing also called =am6ridgeA !uthor

FateA or !"!A $ethod#o 9eaves footnotes for additional information

o 9ess messy if you move text using footnote methods of

referencing you need to change referencing links in the text#

o $ore economical use of word count



What style of referencing have you used

previously?'( Harvard method !uthor

Fate !"!#(

)( 3xford method footnotes

and list of references#(.( 9egal method footnotes

only#(

/( Endnote method(

0( 8ome other esta6lished

method(1( C used a “mix and match”

approach(

2( C havenAt done anyreferencing 6efore(



What is Referencing? @eference

!Direct"uote

#ndirect"uote

When there are . ormore authors you

can also use “et al(”- e(g( *ilatotchew et

al( ),,,#(



Direct $uotations

!s a general rule in the <niversity if you copy four ormore consecutive words from a source you shouldidentify this as a direct Buote(

Cf the Buote is not much longer than a line it may 6e

included in the 6ody of the text in Buotation marks( 9onger Buotations are indented and single-spaced(

*or citations of particular parts of the document thepage num6ers etc( should 6e given after the year in

parentheses(



#ndirect $uotations

Cndirect Buotations are e(g( summaries or paraphrases(

Give the citation where it occurs naturally or at the endof the relevant piece of writing( &ote that the readermust 6e a6le to identify which information has 6een

taken from a source(

o Ct is &3D accepta6le to simply identify which sourceswere used to write a chapter or assignment

Cf the text relates to a specific part of the source page

num6ers should 6e given(



%econdary $uotations& Cf you would like to Buote something another author has

Buoted in his or her work you need to indicate this clearly:

“What does it mean to say that the corporate executivehas a social responsi6ilityA in his capacity as 6usiness-

man? Cf this statement is not pure rhetoric it must meanthat he has to act in some way that is not in the interestsof his employers”*riedman ';2,: .. Buoted in $intI6erg ';.: 1#(

Cf you have not read the primary source i(e( *riedman

';2,# yourself never pretend that you did 'nly the secondary source (i)e) *int+berg -./

should be listed in the bibliography)

Dhis also applies to indirect Buotes



How do you reference the following "uote by

%tr0tling, Wijbenga and Diet+ (!11& /? “Jenturecapitalists J=s# increasingly rely on ela6orate formal contractsand incentiviIation through share ownership to manage their

relationships with the entrepreneurial firms in which they invest(”

!( !ccording to 8trKtling et al( ),',:'# “Jenture capitalists J=s#

increasingly rely on ela6orate formal contracts and incentiviIa-tion through share ownership to manage their relationshipswith the entrepreneurial firms in which they invest(”

4( Cncreasingly venture capitalists manage their relationships withentrepreneurial firms via detailed formal contracts and 6yforcing managers to invest in the firmAs shares(

=( 8trKtling et al( ),',:'# argue that venture capitalists moreand more often manage their relationships with entrepreneurialfirms via detailed formal contracts and 6y forcing managers to

invest in the firmAs shares(



2he correct way to reference the "uote by

%tr0tling, Wijbenga and Diet+ (!11& / is to useoption

'( ! only

)( 4 only

.( = only

/( ! and 4

0( ! and =

1( 4 and =

2( ! 4 and =




@eference of original ta6les and graphs




@eference of self-constructed ta6les and graphs



#dentification of tables, 3raphs and

4igures

Graphs diagrams and ta6les which have 6een takenfrom other sources should 6e referenced as though they

were a Buotation( Cf graphs diagrams and ta6les have 6een developed

6ased on information from other sources the referenceshould indicate this(+ou should write a short note 6elow the graph diagram

or ta6le stating e(g(- 8ource: Fatastream data ';;-),,)

- Fiagram adapted from Lensen and $eckling ';21: 01



What is Referencing? 9ist of @eferences at the end



Which of the following statements are correct?

'( ! reference list must only includethose sources C have used(

)( ! reference list should include allsources C have read as well as those Chave actually used(

.( ! reference list can also include othersources which C have read a6out inother peopleAs papers(

/( ! reference list only needs to includepu6lished articles or 6ooks e(g( notwe6-articles or lecture notes#(

0( 'M.1( )M.

2( 'M/

( )M/

;( .M/

',( )M.M/



Why Do We Reference ? !cademic Cntegrity

Lustification e(g(

o !dd validity to an argument

o Cnsurance in case the source we use

misrepresents an issue or data is inaccurate

<niversity @egulations

"lagiarism is a disciplinary offence



Do you know what 5lagiarism means?

'( +es C know exactly whatplagiarism means(

)( C have heard the term “plagiarism” 6efore 6ut Cam not sure what itmeans(

.( C have never heard theterm(



Dhe <niversity views plagiarism as any copying withoutclear identification of the source(

Ct might 6e an attempt to pass off whole sections from a6ook or article or another studentNs essay or dissertationas if these were oneNs own work or it might 6e an

attempt to construct an essay or dissertation 6y linkingtogether various paragraphs and5or sentences from thewritten work of several different people so-calledNscissors and pasteN#(

Ct might consist of word-6y-word Nver6atimN# copying outof passages and sentences or it might consist ofpassages or sentences largely copied out 6ut with a fewwords or phrases changed(

Ct might also 6e that the whole of a studentNs essay ordissertation has 6een copied or plagiarised or that onlyparts of it are taken from the work of another(

Plagiarism



At your previous 6niversity, what were thepenalties for plagiarism (choose the highest/?

'( C donAt think there were anypenalties(

)( 8tudents were given a ver6alor written warning(

.( "lagiarism could lead to aloss of marks(

/( Cf a student was caughtplagiarising the assessmentwould 6e marked ,(

0( Cf a student was caughtplagiarising they could failthe degree(

1( 8tudents could 6e expelledfor plagiarism(



5lagiarism as an intentional attempt to deceive& Exclusion from the <niversity no degree no references#

5lagiarism due to lack of attention failure toreference 6y accident rather than design only affecting a

small part of the work#:o Work will 6e remarked without taking any text which has

6een plagiarised into account or a mark of , is awarded(Even in the first case given the inevita6le “holes” in thetext this usually leads to failure(

o Dhis is likely to affect the "E@83&!9 @E*E@E&=E8 mem6ersof staff write for you for 7o6s or further education# as thisreflects poorly on your a6ility to follow instructions yourdiligence and integrity(

7o plagiarism& !pology O Work will 6e marked as usual(

Penalties for Plagiarism



At your previous 6niversity, do you think staffactively checked for plagiarism?

'( +es staff used a softwareto identify plagiarism(

)( +es although staff did notuse a plagiarism software(

.( &o C think if staff foundplagiarism it was 6yaccident(

/( &o C think staff did not

care a6out plagiarism(



Which of the following statements is correct?

'( Ct is ok for me to ask anotherstudent to see his5herassign-ment to get someideas on what to write(

)( Ct is ok for me to give an-

other student my assignmentto help him5her get started(

.( ' 6ut only if the student isfrom another <niversity(

/( ) 6ut only if the student is

from another <niversity(0( ' and )

1( . and /

2( &one of the a6ove(



7ote8

!lways provide the necessary reference data for direct indirectO secondary Buotes as well as for all graphs and ta6les P referto the guide on referencing posted on F<3

!lways provide the necessary 6i6liographical data in the correctseBuence# for all of your sources P refer to the guide on

referencing posted on F<3 $ake sure you read the relevant notes on plagiarism in your

programme hand6ook(

Cf you are unwell e(g( ill or suffering from personal pro6lems#you should ask the programme office and your college for

guidance on how to account for 8erious !dverse =ircumstancese(g( 6y applying for extensions retaking exams etc(#

o 8erious !dverse =ircumstances are no 7ustification forplagiarism

o 8tudents who help others cheat can also 6e expelled



"lease also remem6er that <niversity rules stipulate thatyou are not permitted to use the same work more thanonce in order gain an academic award(

+ou are not permitted to use su6stantial parts e(g( of asummative assignment in one module for a summativeassignment in another module or for your dissertation(

+ou can still draw on knowledge or data you have gainedpreviously however it means that you must not “copy andpaste” or 7ust slightly paraphrase parts of a summativeassignment(

Dhis offence is known as “multiple-su6mission” and isdeemed a disciplinary offence i(e( you can get expelledfor it#(

7ote8



7ote8

=onsider the relevance and validity of sources of information:o 8tart your research 6y using academic data6ases e(g(

E48=3 Cngenta 8cience Firect etc(#(

o @emem6er that articles on private we6-sites even if they areacademic working papers or conference manuscripts usually

have not gone through a rigorous review(=onsider e(g( that Wikipedia says a6out itself that it is a

Qfree encyclopaedia that anyone can editQ( Dhis meansthat the information contained is not proof-read or peerreviewed M the founder of Wikipedia says that not even

school-children should use it for homework( <se the literature to demonstrate your understanding:

o Fo not use many or lengthy direct Buotes( Dhis 7ust shows

only that you can identify an interesting argument presented

6y some6ody else not your understanding of the argument(



7ote8 <se the literature to demonstrate your understanding cont(#:

o Fo not 6e driven 6y the article i(e( do not 7ust descri6e and

summarise the findings of one article after the other( Dhis

merely shows that you understand the main gist of the

paper 6ut provides no evidence that you can apply the

information critically on your own(o @ead a num6er of articles and identify the relevant

arguments raised in them which relate to the topic you are

researching(=onsider whether different authors take similar or different

viewpoints on certain arguments and why this might 6e(

Femonstrate a critical understanding 6y contrasting different

views and evaluating the strength of arguments(

P Cdentify the validity of the argument including e(g( is it

raised 6y few or many researchers credi6ility of authors#

P Dake account of potential methodological pro6lems sample

timing etc of the research

referencing 2014 short

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