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    References

    1. Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013). "Amphetamine,

     past and pesent ! a phamaolo#ial and linial pespeti$e". J.

    %s&hophamaol. 27 (') *+!

    +'. doi10.11**02'+--1113-232.%/ 3'''1+. %/D 233+'2. he inta$enous use o d4amphetamine and othe stimulants still

     pose ma5o saet& is6s to the indi$iduals indul#in# in this patie.

    Some o this inta$enous a7use is dei$ed om the di$esion o

    ampoules o d4amphetamine, 8hih ae still oasionall& pesi7ed

    in the 9: o the ontol o se$ee naoleps& and othe disodes o

    e;essi$e sedation. ... ohe

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    h&do;&lase atal&Eed the emo$al o the po4> h&do#en atom and

    the podution o 14noephedine, (2S,1>)424amino414h&do;&l414

     phen&lpopane, om d4amphetamine.

    7. Ho8itE D, Ale;ande >@, Lo$en7e# @, :eise H> (/a& 1+*3).

    "Human seum dopamine44h&do;&lase. >elationship toh&petension and s&mpatheti ati$it&". i. >es. 32 () +!

    ++.doi10.11'101.>IS.32..+. %/D *13201. Su75ets 8ith

    e;eptionall& lo8 le$els o seum dopamine44h&do;&lase ati$it&

    sho8ed nomal adio$asula untion and nomal 4h&do;&lation

    o an administeed s&ntheti su7state, h&do;&amphetamine.

    8. :ue#e S:, @illiams DI (June 200). "/ammalian Fa$in4ontainin#

    monoo;enases stutueuntion, #eneti pol&mophisms and

    ole in du# meta7olism". %hamaol. he. 106 (3) 3*!

    3-*.doi10.101'5.phamthea.200.01.001. %/ 1-2-'02. %/D 1

    +2201-.

    " Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by !"

    #. ashman J>, ?ion# N, ?u L, Jano8s6& A (/ah 1+++). "N4

    o;enation o amphetamine and methamphetamine 7& the human

    Fa$in4ontainin# monoo;enase (om 3) ole in 7ioati$ation and

    deto;iation". J. %hamaol. I;p. he. 288 (3) 121!

    12'0. %/D 1002*-''.

    1$."%hamaolo#& and =iohemist&". Amphetamine. %u7hem

    ompound. National ente o =iotehnolo#& nomation.>etie$ed 12 Kto7e 2013.

    11.Santa#ati NA, onsis$alle G (Septem7e

    2002). "Simultaneous detemination o amphetamine and one o its

    meta7olites 7& H%L 8ith eletohemial detetion". J. %ham.

    =iomed. Anal. 30 (2) 2*!2. doi10.101'S0*314*0-(02)003304

    -. %/D 121+1*0+.

    12."%hamaolo#&". amphetaminede;toamphetamine. /edsape.

    @e7/D. >etie$ed 21 Janua& 201'. Knset o ation 30!'0 min

    13./illihap JG (2010). "hapte + /ediations o ADHD". n /illihap

     JG. Attention Deit H&peati$it& Disode Hand7oo6 A %h&siianCs

    Guide to ADHD (2nd ed.). Ne8 o6, 9SA Spin#e.

     p. 112.S=N +*-11+13+'-.

    a7le +.2 De;toamphetamine omulations o stimulant mediation

    De;edine M%ea62!3 h MDuation!' h ...

     Addeall M%ea62!3 h MDuation!* h

    De;edine spansules M%ea6*!- h MDuation12 h ...

     Addeall ?> M%ea6*!- h MDuation12 h

    &$anse M%ea63! h MDuation12 h

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1161%2F01.RES.32.5.594https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4713201https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2005.01.001https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15922018https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15922018https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10027866http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=3007#section=Pharmacology-and-Biochemistryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0731-7085(02)00330-8https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0731-7085(02)00330-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12191709http://reference.medscape.com/drug/adderall-amphetamine-%20%20dextroamphetamine-342997#10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441913968https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1161%2F01.RES.32.5.594https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4713201https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2005.01.001https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15922018https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15922018https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10027866http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=3007#section=Pharmacology-and-Biochemistryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0731-7085(02)00330-8https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0731-7085(02)00330-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12191709http://reference.medscape.com/drug/adderall-amphetamine-%20%20dextroamphetamine-342997#10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441913968

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    14.=ams /, /ao A>, Do&le >L (Septem7e 200-). "Knset o eOa& o

    lon#4atin# ps&hostimulants in pediati attention4

    deith&peati$it& disode". %ost#ad. /ed. 120 (3) '+!

    --. doi10.3-10p#m.200-.0+.1+0+.%/D 1--2-2*.

    15."Addeall > %esi7in# nomation" (%Detie$ed

     Janua&201. onentations o (1)4amphetamine delined less

    apidl& in the plasma o human su75ets maintained on an al6aline

    diet (uina& pH P *.) than those on an aid diet (uina& pH Q ').

    %lasma hal4li$es o amphetamine an#ed 7et8een 1'431 h -411

    h, espeti$el&, the e;etion o (1) in 2 h uine 8as

    *0R.

    17./i#not IJ (Kto7e 2012). "A patial #uide to the theap& o

    naoleps& and h&pesomnia s&ndomes". Neuotheapeutis 9 ()

    *3+!*2.doi10.100*s13311401240104+. %/ 3-0*. %/D 230'

    '.

    18."ompound Summa&". Amphetamine. %u7hem ompound.

    National ente o =iotehnolo#& nomation. 11 Apil 201.

    >etie$ed 1* Apil201.

    1#.oshida (1++*). "hapte 1 9se and /isuse o Amphetamines An

    ntenational K$e$ie8". n :lee H.  Amphetamine /isuse

    ntenational %espeti$es on uent ends. Amstedam,

    Nethelands Ha8ood Aademi %u7lishes.

     p. 2. S=N +*-+0*020-10. >etie$ed 1

    Deem7e201. Amphetamine, in the sin#ula om, popel&

    applies to the aemate o 24amino414phen&lpopane. ... n its

    7oadest onte;t, ho8e$e, the tem Mamphetamines an e$en

    em7ae a la#e num7e o stutuall& and phamaolo#iall&

    elated su7stanes.

    2$."%opeties %edited ! I%Suite". Amphetamine. hemspide.

    >etie$ed' No$em7e 2013.

    21."hemial and %h&sial %opeties". Amphetamine. %u7hem

    ompound. National ente o =iotehnolo#& nomation.

    >etie$ed 13 Kto7e 2013.

    22."dentiation". Amphetamine. Du#=an6. 9ni$esit& o Al7eta. -

    etie$ed 13 Kto7e 2013.

    23.Geene SL, :e

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     Austalas 20 () 3+1!02. doi10.11115.1*24

    '*23.200-.0111.; . %/D 1-+*3'3'.

    24."Inantiome". 9%A Gold7oo6. ntenational 9nion o %ue and

     Applied hemist&. doi10.131#old7oo6.I020'+. Ahi$ed om the

    oi#inal on 1* /ah 2013. >etie$ed 1 /ah 201. Kne o a paio moleula entities 8hih ae mio ima#es o eah othe and

    non4supeposa7le.

    25./alen6a >, Nestle IJ, H&man SI (200+). "hapte 13 Hi#he

    o#niti$e %esi7in# nomation" (%D

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    28.>asmussen N (Jul& 200'). "/a6in# the st anti4depessant

    amphetamine in Ameian mediine, 1+2+!1+0". J . Hist. /ed.

     Allied Si. 61 (3) 2--!

    323. doi10.10+35hmas5503+. %/D 1'+2-00.

    2#."on$ention on ps&hotopi su7stanes". 9nited Nations eat&olletion. 9nited Nations. >etie$ed 11 No$em7e 2013.

    3$.@ilens I, Adle LA, Adams J, S#am7ati S, >otosen J, Sa8telle >,

    9tEin#e L, etie$ed1 Deem7e 201. n piniple, NNs ae seleted

    onl& o the ati$e pat o the moleule 8hih is usuall& the 7ase,

    aid o alohol. n some ases, ho8e$e, the ati$e moleules need

    to 7e e;panded o $aious easons, suh as omulation puposes,

    7ioa$aila7ilit& o a7soption ate. n 1+* the e;pets desi#nated o 

    the seletion o NN deided to adopt a ne8 poli& o namin# suh

    moleules. n utue, names o diTeent salts o estes o the same

    ati$e su7stane should diTe onl& 8ith e#ad to the inati$e

    moiet& o the moleule. ... he latte ae alled modied NNs(NN/s).

    34."I$e6eo %esi7in# nomation" (%Detie$ed 11 Au#ust 201.

    35."National Du# ode Amphetamine Seah >esults". National Du#

    ode Dieto&. 9nited States

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    42.:ollins SH (/a& 200-). "A ualitati$e e$ie8 o issues aisin# in the

    use o ps&ho4stimulant mediations in patients 8ith ADHD and o4

    mo7id su7stane use disodes". u. /ed. >es. Kpin. 24 ()

    13!13*.doi10.11-0300*++0-?2-0*0*. %/D 1-3-*0+. @hen

    oal omulations o ps&hostimulants ae used at eommended

    doses and euenies, the& ae unli6el& to &ield eTets onsistent8ith a7use potential in patients 8ith ADHD.

    43.Stoleman % (2010). Stoleman %, ed. In&lopedia o

    %s&hophamaolo#&. =elin, Geman&V London, In#land Spin#e.

     p. *-.S=N +*-30'-'+-+.

    44.=oadle& :J (/ah 2010). "he $asula eTets o tae amines and

    amphetamines". %hamaol. he. 125 (3) 3'3!

    3*.doi10.101'5.phamthea.200+.11.00. %/D 1++-1-'.

    45."Amphetamine". Iuopean /onitoin# ente o Du#s and Du# Addition. >etie$ed 1+ Kto7e 2013.

    46.a$alho /, amo H, osta /, apela J%, %ontes H, >emiWo

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    51./illihap JG (2010). "hapte + /ediations o ADHD". n /illihap

     JG. Attention Deit H&peati$it& Disode Hand7oo6 A %h&siianCs

    Guide to ADHD (2nd ed.). Ne8 o6, 9SA Spin#e. pp. 121!123,

    12!12*. S=N +*-11+13+'-. Kn#oin# eseah has po$ided

    ans8es to man& o the paentsX onens, and has onmed the

    eTeti$eness and saet& o the lon#4tem use o mediation.

    52. Anold LI, Hod#6ins %, ai H, :ahle J, oun# S (

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    in appo;imatel& -0R o ases ompaed 8ith plae7o ontols, in

    the shot tem.

    57./illihap JG (2010). "hapte + /ediations o ADHD". n /illihap

     JG. Attention Deit H&peati$it& Disode Hand7oo6 A %h&siianCs

    Guide to ADHD (2nd ed.). Ne8 o6, 9SA Spin#e. pp. 111!113.S=N +*-11+13+'-.

    58."Stimulants o Attention Deit H&peati$it& Disode". @e7/D.

    Health8ise. 12 Apil 2010. >etie$ed 12 No$em7e 2013.

    5#.Sholten >J, la6e /, Hethein#ton J (Au#ust 200). "he ohane

    olla7oation". Iu. J. lin. Nut. + Suppl 1 S1*!S1+V disussion

    S1+!S1+'. doi10.103-s5.e5n.1'021--. %/D 1'021-3.

    6$.astells ?, >amos4Yuio#a JA, =osh >, No#ueia /, asas / (June

    2011). astells ?, ed. "Amphetamines o Attention DeitH&peati$it& Disode (ADHD) in adults". ohane Data7ase S&st.

    >e$. (')

    D00*-13. doi10.10021'1--.D00*-13.pu72. %/D 21'*-3*0

    .

    61.%un5a S, Shamsee L, Hatlin# L, 9ihu6 L, andemee =, Ni6les J,

    oha S (, De$il7iss D/, =eid#e @ (June 201). "he o#nition4

    Inhanin# ITets o %s&hostimulants n$ol$e Diet Ation in the

    %eontal ote;". =iol. %s&hiat&77

     (11) +0!+0.doi10.101'5.7iops&h.201.0+.013. %/D 2+++*. he

     poo#niti$e ations o ps&hostimulants ae onl& assoiated 8ith

    lo8 doses. Supisin#l&, despite neal& -0 &eas o linial use, the

    neuo7iolo#& o the poo#niti$e ations o ps&hostimulants has

    onl& eentl& 7een s&stematiall& in$esti#ated.

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    liniall& ele$ant doses, ps&hostimulants ae de$oid o the

    7eha$ioal and neuohemial ations that dene this lass o du#s

    and instead at la#el& as o#niti$e enhanes (impo$in# %

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    administation". %hamaotheap& 26(10) 101!

    110. doi10.1+2pho.2'.10.101. %/ 1*+223.%/D 1'+++''0.

    71.@e&andt LL, Kste D>, /aaini /I, Gudmundsdotti =G, /uno

    =A, Ba$as =/, :uha = (Septem7e 201). "%hamaolo#ial

    inte$entions o adolesents and adults 8ith ADHD stimulant andnonstimulant mediations and misuse o pesiption

    stimulants". %s&hol. >es. =eha$. /ana#. 7 223!

    2+. doi10.21*%>=/.S*013. %/ 1'33-. %/D 222--2.mis

    use o pesiption stimulants has 7eome a seious po7lem on

    olle#e ampuses aoss the 9S and has 7een eentl& doumented

    in othe ounties as 8ell. ... ndeed, la#e num7es o students

    laim to ha$e en#a#ed in the nonmedial use o pesiption

    stimulants, 8hih is eFeted in lietime pe$alene ates o

     pesiption stimulant misuse an#in# om R to neal& 3R o

    students.

    72.lemo8 D=, @al6e DJ (Septem7e 201). "he potential o misuse

    and a7use o mediations in ADHD a e$ie8". %ost#ad.

    /ed. 126 () '!

    -1.doi10.3-10p#m.201.0+.2-01. %/D 22+'1. K$eall, the

    data su##est that ADHD mediation misuse and di$esion ae

    ommon health ae po7lems o stimulant mediations, 8ith the

     pe$alene 7elie$ed to 7e appo;imatel& R to 10R o hi#h shool

    students and R to 3R o olle#e students, dependin# on the

    stud&.

    73.=a6en N/ (Janua& 2012). "National Stud& o Su7stane 9se

    ends Amon# NAA olle#e Student4Athletes" (%Detie$ed -

    Kto7e 2013.

    74.Dohet& J> (June 200-). "%hamaolo#& o stimulants pohi7ited 7&

    the @old Anti4Dopin# A#en& (@ADA)". =. J. %hamaol. 154 (3)

    '0'!'22. doi10.103-75p.200-.12. %/ 23+2*. %/D 1-003-2.

    75.%a J@ (Jul& 2011). "Attention4deit h&peati$it& disode and the

    athlete ne8 ad$anes and undestandin#". lin. Spots /ed. 30 (3)+1!'10. doi10.101'5.sm.2011.03.00*. %/D 21'-0. n 1+-0,

    handle and =lai * sho8ed si#niant ineases in 6nee e;tension

    sten#th, aeleation, anaeo7i apait&, time to e;haustion

    duin# e;eise, pe4e;eise and ma;imum heat ates, and time to

    e;haustion duin# ma;imal o;en onsumption (K2 ma;) testin#

    ate administation o 1 m# o de;toamphetamine $esus

     plae7o. /ost o the inomation to ans8e this uestion has 7een

    o7tained in the past deade thou#h studies o ati#ue athe than

    an attempt to s&stematiall& in$esti#ate the eTet o ADHD du#s

    on e;eise. ... n 200-, >oelands and ollea#ues3 studied the eTet o e7o;etine, a pue NI eupta6e inhi7ito, simila to atomo;etine,

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1794223https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1592%2Fphco.26.10.1501https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1794223https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16999660https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164338https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164338https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164338https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164338https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FPRBM.S47013https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164338https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228824https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.3810%2Fpgm.2014.09.2801https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25295651http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/SAHS09.pdfhttp://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/SAHS09.pdfhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2439527https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2439527https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fbjp.2008.124https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2439527https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18500382https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.csm.2011.03.007https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21658550https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1794223https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1592%2Fphco.26.10.1501https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1794223https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16999660https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164338https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164338https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164338https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FPRBM.S47013https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164338https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228824https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.3810%2Fpgm.2014.09.2801https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25295651http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/SAHS09.pdfhttp://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/SAHS09.pdfhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2439527https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2439527https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fbjp.2008.124https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2439527https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18500382https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.csm.2011.03.007https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21658550

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    in + health&, 8ell4tained &lists. he& too e;eised in 7oth

    tempeate and 8am en$ionments. he& sho8ed deeased po8e

    output and e;eise peomane at 7oth 1- and 30 de#ees

    enti#ade. hei onlusion 8as that DA eupta6e inhi7ition 8as the

    ause o the ineased e;eise peomane seen 8ith du#s that

    aTet 7oth DA and NI (/%H, amphetamine, and 7upopion).

    76.>oelands =, de :onin# J,

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    musle #l&o#en (=e#stom Hultman, 1+'*) o ineased

    adio$asula, meta7oli, and themoe#ulato& stain (A77iss

    Lausen, 200V /eeusen et al., 200'7). n eent deennia ho8e$e,

    it 7eame lea that the ental ne$ous s&stem pla&s an impotant

    ole in the onset o ati#ue duin# polon#ed e;eise (:lass et al.,

    200-), etainl& 8hen am7ient tempeatue is ineased ... 4H,DA, and NA ha$e all 7een impliated in the ontol o

    themoe#ulation and ae thou#ht to mediate themoe#ulato&

    esponses, etainl& sine thei neuons inne$ate the h&pothalamus

    (>oelands /eeusen, 2010). ... his indiates that su75ets did not

    eel the& 8ee poduin# moe po8e and onseuentl& moe heat.

    he authos onluded that the _saet& s8ith` o the mehanisms

    e;istin# in the 7od& to pe$ent hamul eTets ae o$eidden 7&

    the du# administation (>oelands et al., 200-7). a6en to#ethe,

    these data indiate ston# e#o#eni eTets o an ineased DA

    onentation in the 7ain, 8ithout an& han#e in the peeption oeTot. ... he om7ined eTets o DA and NA on peomane in the

    heat 8ee studied 7& ou eseah #oup on a num7e o

    oasions. ... the administation o 7upopion (DANA eupta6e

    inhi7ito) si#niantl& impo$ed peomane. oinidin# 8ith this

    e#o#eni eTet, the authos o7se$ed oe tempeatues that 8ee

    muh hi#he ompaed 8ith the plae7o situation. nteestin#l&, this

    oued 8ithout an& han#e in the su75eti$e eelin#s o themal

    sensation o peei$ed e;etion. Simila to the meth&lphenidate

    stud& (>oelands et al., 200-7), 7upopion ma& dampen o o$eide

    inhi7ito& si#nals aisin# om the ental ne$ous s&stem to easee;eise 7eause o h&pethemia, and ena7le an indi$idual to

    ontinue maintainin# a hi#h po8e output 

    8$.:essle S (Janua& 1++'). "Du# theap& in attention4deit

    h&peati$it& disode". South. /ed. J. 89 (1) 33!

    3-. doi10.10+*0000*'1141++'0100040000. %/D -'-+. state

    ments on pa6a#e insets ae not intended to limit medial patie.

    >athe the& ae intended to limit laims 7& phamaeutial

    ompanies. ... the

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    84.INGHS

    I;tended4elease oal suspension ontains 2. m# amphetamine

    7ase pe mL.

    88.>ame& J, =ailen I, Lo6e& >< (200'). ">hinitismediamentosa" (%D

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    #2.Ha7el LA, oope @K, So; /, han :A, ae7el /A, Smith DH, Ahaoso N, 9atsu , Go AS,

    Sidne& S, N#u&en4Hu&nh /N, >a& @A, Sel7& J (Deem7e

    2011). "ADHD mediations and is6 o seious adio$asula e$ents

    in &oun# and middle4a#ed adults". JA/A 306 (2) 2'*3!2'-3. doi10.10015ama.2011.1-30.%/ 33030-. %/D 221'1+'.

    #3.KConno %G (etie$ed - /a& 2012.

    #4.hilds I, de @it H (/a& 200+). "Amphetamine4indued plae

     peeene in humans". =iol. %s&hiat& 65 (10) +00!

    +0.doi10.101'5.7iops&h.200-.11.01'. %/ 2'+3+'. %/D 1+111

    2*-.his stud& demonstates that humans, li6e nonhumans, pee a

     plae assoiated 8ith amphetamine administation. hese ndin#s

    suppot the idea that su75eti$e esponses to a du# onti7ute to

    its a7ilit& to esta7lish plae onditionin#.

    #5./alen6a >, Nestle IJ, H&man SI (200+). "hapte 1

    >einoement and Additi$e Disodes". n S&do A, =o8n

    >. /oleula Neuophamaolo#& A etie$ed 3 /ah 201. Amphetamine use disodes ...

    3,*-- (3,2!,1)

    #8.:anehisa La7oatoies (10 Kto7e 201). "Amphetamine ! Homo

    sapiens (human)". :IGG %ath8a&. >etie$ed 31 Kto7e 201.

    ##.Nehio / (/ah 200-). "/a#nesium in du#

    dependenes". /a#nes. >es. 21 (1) !1. %/D 1-*12+.

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3350308https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3350308https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2011.1830https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3350308https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22161946http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/special_subjects/drug_use_and_dependence/amphetamines.htmlhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693956https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693956https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2008.11.016https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693956https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19111278https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19111278https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071481274https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40263-013-0084-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23757186http://www.thelancet.com/cms/attachment/2023546115/2043770889/mmc1.pdfhttp://www.thelancet.com/cms/attachment/2023546115/2043770889/mmc1.pdfhttp://www.thelancet.com/cms/attachment/2023546115/2043770889/mmc1.pdfhttp://www.thelancet.com/cms/attachment/2023546115/2043770889/mmc1.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736(14)61682-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340604https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25530442https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25530442http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?hsa05031http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?hsa05031https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557129https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3350308https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3350308https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2011.1830https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3350308https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22161946http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/special_subjects/drug_use_and_dependence/amphetamines.htmlhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693956https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693956https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2008.11.016https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693956https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19111278https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19111278https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071481274https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40263-013-0084-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23757186http://www.thelancet.com/cms/attachment/2023546115/2043770889/mmc1.pdfhttp://www.thelancet.com/cms/attachment/2023546115/2043770889/mmc1.pdfhttp://www.thelancet.com/cms/attachment/2023546115/2043770889/mmc1.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736(14)61682-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340604https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25530442https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25530442http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?hsa05031http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?hsa05031https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557129

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    1$$. >uce J: (No$em7e 201). "/oleula neuo7iolo#& o

    addition 8hatCs all the ()

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    onduted #eneall& epot a edution in du# a$in# and 7ette

    teatment outomes ... a6en to#ethe, these data su##est that the

     potential 7enets o e;eise duin# elapse, patiulal& o elapse

    to ps&hostimulants, ma& 7e mediated $ia homatin emodelin#

    and possi7l& lead to #eate teatment outomes.

    1$5.  Bhou , Bhao /, Bhou , Li > (Jul& 201). "Se; diTeenes in

    du# addition and esponse to e;eise inte$ention einoement and Additi$e Disodes". n S&do A, =o8n

    >. /oleula Neuophamaolo#& A

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    1$#. "Glossa& o ems". /ount Sinai Shool o /ediine.

    Depatment o Neuosiene. >etie$ed + iad /, =o GD, /endeE JA,

    udeau LI (Au#ust 200-). "Glutamate in dopamine neuons

    s&napti $esus diTuse tansmission". =ain >es. >e$. 58 (2) 2+0!

    302.doi10.101'5.7ainese$.200*.10.00. %/D 1-02+2.

    112. :anehisa La7oatoies (10 Kto7e 201). "Amphetamine !

    Homo sapiens (human)". :IGG %ath8a&. >etie$ed 31

    Kto7e 201.

    113. >enthal @, Nestle IJ (Septem7e 200+). "homatine#ulation in du# addition and depession". Dialo#ues lin.

    Neuosi. 11 (3) 2*!2'-.%/ 2-32'. %/D 1+-**+.

    >etie$ed 21 Jul& 201.

    114. Nestle IJ (Kto7e 200-). ">e$ie8. ansiptional

    mehanisms o addition ole o Delta

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    +-. doi10.11'annue$.neuo.2+.01'0.11300+.%/D 1'**'+*

    .

    11#. >o7ison AJ, Nestle IJ (No$em7e 2011). "ansiptional and

    epi#eneti mehanisms o addition". Nat. >e$. Neuosi. 12 (11)

    '23!'3*.doi10.103-nn3111. %/ 32*22**. %/D 21+-+1+.

    12$. Steine H, an @aes (Janua& 2013). "Addition4elated #ene

    e#ulation is6s o e;posue to o#niti$e enhanes $s. othe

     ps&hostimulants". %o#. Neuo7iol. 100 '0!

    -0. doi10.101'5.pneuo7io.2012.10.001.%/ 32**'. %/D 230-

    2.

    121. /alen6a >, Nestle IJ, H&man SI (200+). "hapte Si#nal

    ansdution in the =ain". n S&do A, =o8n >. /oleula

    Neuophamaolo#& A etie$ed 31 Kto7e 201.

    123. :im , e&lan /A, =aon /, Sands A, Nain A, Geen#ad %

    (, Lehman /N,

    oolen L/ (KS.--1412.2013. %/ 3-'0-.%/D 23

    2''*1.

    127. =eloate LN, @eems %@, ase& G>, @e77 , oolen L/(

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    132. /alen6a >, Nestle IJ, H&man SI (200+). "hapte

    I;itato& and nhi7ito& Amino Aids". n S&do A, =o8n

    >. /oleula Neuophamaolo#& A e$.(2)

    D003021. doi10.10021'1--.D003021.pu72. %/D 1+3*0*+

    .

    134. "Addeall > %esi7in# nomation" (%Detie$ed 2' , Nestle IJ, H&man SI (200+). "hapte 1

    >einoement and additi$e disodes". n S&do A, =o8n

    >. /oleula Neuophamaolo#& A es.1

     (3) 1-1!1+.doi10.100*=

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    142. "Addeall ?> %esi7in# nomation" (%DiEEo G>, =enadi G, /eui

    N= (Jul& 2011). "Iletoph&siolo#ial eTets o tae amines on

    mesenephali dopamine#i neuons". etie$ed2+ /a& 201.U toniall& ati$ates in8adl& eti&in# :() hannels, 8hih

    edues the 7asal in# euen& o dopamine (DA) neuons o the

    $ental te#mental aea (A)

    146. /a#uie JJ, Da$enpot A% (2 Deem7e

    201). "A1 eepto". 9%HA> data7ase. ntenational 9nion o =asi

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    147. 9ndehill S/, @heele DS, Li /, @atts SD, n#am SL, Amaa

    SG (Jul& 201). "Amphetamine modulates e;itato&

    neuotansmission thou#h endo&tosis o the #lutamate tanspote 

    IAA3 in dopamine neuons".Neuon 83 (2) 0!

    1'. doi10.101'5.neuon.201.0.03. %/ 1+00.%/D 20331

    -3. A/%H also ineases intaellula alium (Gne#& et al., 200)

    that is assoiated 8ith almodulinam: ati$ation (@ei et al.,

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    15$. "SL1- amil& o $esiula amine tanspotes". 9%HA>

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    >etie$ed13 No$em7e 201.

    151. "SL1A1 solute aie amil& 1 (neuonalepithelial hi#h

    aOnit& #lutamate tanspote, s&stem ?a#), mem7e 1 M Homosapiens (human) ". N= Gene. National ente o =iotehnolo#&

    nomation. >etie$ed11 No$em7e 201. Amphetamine modulates

    e;itato& neuotansmission thou#h endo&tosis o the #lutamate

    tanspote IAA3 in dopamine neuons. ... intenaliEation o IAA3

    ti##eed 7& amphetamine ineases #lutamate#i si#nalin# and

    thus onti7utes to the eTets o amphetamine on

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    152.  Bhu HJ, Appel D, Gjndemann D, /a6o8itE JS (Jul&

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    153. >&ttin# I, Audus :L (Janua& 200). "No$el o#ani ation

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    154. naEu /, a6eda H, /atsumi&a (Au#ust 2003). "Mhe ole o

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    tl&, it 8as demonstated that A>, as a neuotophi peptide, had a

    ee7opoteti$e a#ainst oal ishaemi sto6e and inhi7ited theneuoto;iit& o 4am&loid potein, 8hih oused attention on the

    ole o A> in the ental ne$ous s&stem (NS) and neuolo#ial

    diseases. 3. n at, little is 6no8n a7out the 8a& in 8hih A>

     peptide inteats 8ith its eeptos, initiates do8nsteam asades

    and nall& e;ets its neuopoteti$e eTet unde nomal o

     patholo#ial onditions. he liteatue indiates that thee ae man& 

    atos, suh as e#ulation o the immunolo#ial s&stem and

     potetion a#ainst ene#& ailue, that ma& 7e in$ol$ed in the

    ee7opotetion aToded 7& A> 

    158. >o##e G, Jones D, Hu7et G@, Lin , :uha /J (Kto7e

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    studies on A> (oaine4 and amphetamine4e#ulated tansipt)4

     peptide4indued ell si#nallin# ha$e demonstated that A>

     peptides ati$ate at least thee si#nallin# mehanisms.

    !102 inhi7ited $olta#e4#ated L4t&pe a2 hannels ...

    15#. Lin , Hall >A, :uha /J (Kto7e 2011). "A> peptide

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    https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2012/10/319_111757.htmlhttps://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2012/10/319_111757.htmlhttp://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/topics/import/http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/topics/import/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-24.html#h-28http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/geldigheidsdatum_03-08-2009https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534/Html/Text#_Toc420496378https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534/Html/Texthttps://web.archive.org/web/20140308001155/http:/narcotic.fda.moph.go.th/faq/upload/Thai%20Narcotic%20Act%202012.doc._37ef.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140308001155/http:/narcotic.fda.moph.go.th/faq/upload/Thai%20Narcotic%20Act%202012.doc._37ef.pdfhttp://narcotic.fda.moph.go.th/faq/upload/Thai%20Narcotic%20Act%202012.doc._37ef.pdfhttp://web.archive.org/web/20070804233232/http:/www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drugs-law/Class-a-b-c/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drugs-law/Class-a-b-c/http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01255#identificationhttp://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.SearchAction&SearchTerm=Adzenys&SearchType=BasicSearchhttp://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/204326s000lbl.pdfhttp://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.SearchAction&SearchTerm=Dyanavel&SearchType=BasicSearchhttp://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.SearchAction&SearchTerm=Evekeo&SearchType=BasicSearchhttp://www.lenntech.com/calculators/molecular/molecular-weight-calculator.htmhttp://www2.mallinckrodt.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2147491568http://www.tocris.com/dispprod.php?ItemId=5305#.VXpspvlVikohttps://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2012/10/319_111757.htmlhttps://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2012/10/319_111757.htmlhttp://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/topics/import/http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/topics/import/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-24.html#h-28http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/geldigheidsdatum_03-08-2009https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534/Html/Text#_Toc420496378https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534/Html/Texthttps://web.archive.org/web/20140308001155/http:/narcotic.fda.moph.go.th/faq/upload/Thai%20Narcotic%20Act%202012.doc._37ef.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140308001155/http:/narcotic.fda.moph.go.th/faq/upload/Thai%20Narcotic%20Act%202012.doc._37ef.pdfhttp://narcotic.fda.moph.go.th/faq/upload/Thai%20Narcotic%20Act%202012.doc._37ef.pdfhttp://web.archive.org/web/20070804233232/http:/www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drugs-law/Class-a-b-c/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drugs-law/Class-a-b-c/http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01255#identificationhttp://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.SearchAction&SearchTerm=Adzenys&SearchType=BasicSearchhttp://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/204326s000lbl.pdfhttp://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.SearchAction&SearchTerm=Dyanavel&SearchType=BasicSearchhttp://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.SearchAction&SearchTerm=Evekeo&SearchType=BasicSearchhttp://www.lenntech.com/calculators/molecular/molecular-weight-calculator.htmhttp://www2.mallinckrodt.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2147491568http://www.tocris.com/dispprod.php?ItemId=5305#.VXpspvlViko

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