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Index

Page numbers in bold indicate figures; page numbers in italics indicate tables

Aborigines, Australian 2-3, 4, 16

Abortion, hybrid embryo 95-6 Acacia 3 Accession, characterization of

219 Actinidia deliciosa 44 Adaptability, crop plant 69-70 Aegilops spp., wheat GP II 135 Aegilops longissima 137, 140 Aegilops sharonensis 137 Aegilops squarrosa 19, 25, 154

allopolyploidy in 146 speciation under

domestication 147 subsp. strangulata 25 as weed in tetraploid wheat

fields 148 see also Triticale

Aegilops umbellulata 146 Agava spp. 153 Agriculture

climate change and emergence of 9-11

definition of 4-7 origin of 1- 51 subsistence, crop diversity in

118--19 Agrobacterium tumefaciens

110--11, 110 Agrostema githao 163 Agrostis tenuis 138 Albinism, seedling 96, 99 Albumin, chickpea 20 Alfalfa 77, 87, 107, 144

see also Medicago sativa Alkaloid, low 65 Allelic distribution types,

collection of 217 Allelic frequency variation 122,

123 Allium spp. 143, 162 Allium cepa 174 Allogamy 72 Allopolyploidy 18--19, 79-80,

144--6 Allozymes 124 Almond 134

bitter 34, 197, 199 characteristics of 197 crossability 197 domestication of 199 evolution of 195--200 grafting of 198 hybrids of 196 interfertility with Prunus

persica 27 pollination of 199-200 self-incompatibility in 117 species, wild 196, 198, 199

and hybrids 196-7 species sections in 196

taxonomy of 195 wild progenitor / origins of

197-9 see also Amygdalus communis

Amaranth 87, 120, 183 Amiad experiment, Israel 221-2 Amygdalin 34 Amygdalus bucharica 196,197-8 Amygdalus communis 195--200

see also Almond Amygdalus fenzliana 198-9 Amygdalus korschinskyi 198,

199 Amygdalus spinosissima 196,

197-8 Amygdalus webbii 198 Amylase, alpha 25 Ancestry, proof by breeding

experiments 29-30 Aneuploidy 143-4 Animal rearing, early 13--15 Anthoxanthum odoratum 138 Apocynum cannabinum 153 Apple 42, 79 Artemisia 10 Artemisia herba-alba 159 Autopolyploidy 76-9, 144 Avena spp. 184-8

biological and morphological species of 185

cultigens as species 146 interspecific hybridization in

94 pollination 184 spikelet disarticulation in 128 see also Oats

Avena abyssinica 37, 40--1 barley mimicry by 165

Avena agadiriana 214 Avena atlantica 184-5, 214 Avena barbata 40--1, 94, 157, 187 Avena canariensis 214 Avena clauda 128, 187 Avena damascena 140

hybrid sterility in Avena canariensis x 142

Avena eriantha 128 Avena fatua 40, 158, 186, 217 Avena insularis 187, 188 Avena longiglumis 140, 145, 213 Avena macrostachya 184 Avena magna 44-5, 90, 94, 187,

188 Avena murphyi 44-5, 90, 94,

187, 188 Avena nuda 184, 185 Avena prostrata 128, 140, 145 Avena sativa 184, 185--9

allopolyploidy in 146 gene transfer in 44 genomes of 187 hexaploid, origins of 186-8

hybrids from 187-8 synonyms for 130 weed-domesticated crops 40 wild progenitor of 186 see also Oat, common

Avena sterilis 40, 157, 161, 186 Avena strigosa 128, 179, 184-5,

187 ecotypes of 213 homologous pairing in 145 spontaneous chromosome

breakage in 140 see also Oat, sand

Avena vaviloviana 40--1 Avena ventricosa 187, 214 Avocado 42 Awns, genes for 66

Bananas 202-6 autopolyploidy in 77, 144 characteristics of 202-3 classification of by ploidy

203-4 domestication of 204 edibility, selection for 204 genomes of 203 hybridization of 205 taxonomy 206 triploid 204-5 wild progenitors for 203--5 see also Musa spp.

Barley 177-9 agriocrithon type 86 breeding of 179 brittle 6-rowed as weed 160 center of origin of, Vavilov

52 center of variation of 104 distribution range of 177 domestication of 33, 178--9 esterase genes in

cultivated / wild, compared 37-8

hybridization of cultivated/wild 86

irradiation of 81 lack of GP II in 135 mimicry of 165 pollination of 177 rachis selection in 177-8 spike axis fragility in 31 spikelets, genes for 66 as weed 177

Barley, cultivated 177-9 early migration of 102, 103 gene flow to wild progenitor

from 87 introduced into America 153 introduced into Spain 101 mutations in 38 2-, 4-, 6-rowed in Ethiopia

117-18

wild progenitor of 33, 177 see also Hordeum vulgare

Barley, wild 8, 9, 13, 31, 52 back mutation 89 chloroplast genome of 20-1 chromosome elimination in

cultigen crosses with 95 cpDNA variation in 124-5 firing and 16 taxonomy of 18 as weed 159 see also Hordeum spontaneum;

other individual species

Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) 115

Bean, broad 171-4 lack of GP II 135 outcrossing 82 seed size in 69, 69 wild progenitor of 18, 134-5,

173-4 see also Bean, faba; Favism;

Vicia Jaba Bean, common

genetic drift and 124 regional races of 45--6, 106 reproduction barriers to 147 seed size in 69 see also Phaseolus vulgaris

Bean, faba 171-4 botany of 173 characteristics of 172 classification of, intraspecific

171-2 crossability with V.

narbonensis 26 cytology of 173 early remains of 172-3 phylogeny of 173 pollination of 172 subspecies 171-2, 173 see also Bean, broad; Vicia

faba Bean, horse, see Bean, broad Bean, lima 46, 69

see also Phaseolus lunatus Bean, runner 46

see also Phaseolus coccineus Bean, tepary 29, 46, 48, 58, 69

see also Phaseolus acutifolius Beans, phaseolus 176

seed coat colour / tannin in 66

Beet 117, 121, 159--{j() red 183

Bermuda grass 162 Beta vulgaris 120 Bitterness 117, 190, 197, 199 Blastophoga psenes 116 Blueberry 44 Bone fragments 14-15 Bottle gourd 103, 152-3 Brassica spp.

chloroplast genome of 21 chromosome numbers in 22,

143 crop types and geographic

origin in 68 morphological changes in

domesticates 68, 183 tetraploid 22, 148-9

Index

origination under cultivation 147

Brassica campestris 21, 111, 120, 143

chromosome number / characteristics 22,148

crop types and geographic origins 68

see also Turnip Brassica carinata 21, 147, 148 Brassica cretica 27 Brassica insularia 27 Brassica juncea 21, 148, 149 Brassica napus 21, 22, 111, 121,

147, 148, 149 see also oilseed rape

Brassica nigra 21, 143, 148 Brassica oleracea 21, 22, 120, 143,

148 geographic origin and types

68 subsp. oleracea 27

crops originated from 122 see also Cabbage

Brassica rupestris 27 Breeding, manipulating genetic

variation by 107-9 Breeding experiments 26--30 Breeding systems 82 Broccoli 121, 183 Bromus secalinus 158 Brussels sprout 69, 121 Budding 43 Bushmen, !Kung 1-2

I'C dating 17, 32 Cabbage 43, 121, 183

annual/biennial 117 hearting in 69 interfertility with wild 27 see also Brassica spp.; Cole

Camelina sativa 164, 188 Camerarius 84 Cannabis sativa 120

see also Hemp Capsicum spp. complex 73, 130

interfertile species within 146 Capsicum annuum 20, 73, 130

chromosome variation in 124 introduction to Ethiopia 101

Capsicum chinense 20, 73, 130 Capsicum Jrutescens 73, 130 Capsicum minimum 124 Carrot 117, 191-2

annual/biennial 191-2 characteristics of 191 colour of root 87, 191, 192 domestication of 192 wild subspecies 191-2 see also Daucus carota

Carthamus spp. 27, 143 see also Safflower

Cassava 42, 174 hybridization of 106 wild progenitor of 134-5 see also Manihot esculenta

Casuarina tree 16 Catastrophic sexual

transmutation (CST) theory 182

Cauliflower 121, 183

249

Celery 44 Centaurea cyanus 163 Centers of domestication 51-60 Centers of origin

Harlan 53, 60 Vavilov 52-3, 55-9

Centers of variation 104 Cereals, Old World

domesticate 8 Ceylanpinar project, Turkey

222 Chaenactis 143 Chenopod 3, 10, 183 Chenopodium album (fat hen)

158 Cherry, autopolyploid 79 Chess 158 Chickpea 174-6

albinism of seedling 99 center of variation for 104 characteristics of 175 chloroplast genome of 20 chromosome rearrangements

in 73-4,176 cross-compatibility of 175--6 day-length and 176 domesticated groups 174 domestication of 176 early migrations of 102 early remains of 174-5 epicotyl/ flower colour in 66 isozyme diversity in 23 nuclear DNA content of 176 seed protein in 20 seed size in 69, 69 wild 27, 175, 176

see also Cicer spp. see also Cicer arietinum

Chili pepper 20, 21, 73, 101 chromosome variation in 124 see also Capsicum spp.

Chloris gayana 144 Chlorophyll production 67 Chloroplast DNA, see cpDNA Chloroplast genome, similarity

of 20-1 Chromosomal breakage,

spontaneous 139-40 Chromosome elimination 95 Chromosome

mutation / rearrangement 62, 70-4, 139-42

see also individual species Chromosome numbers

ancestry and 19 change of 143-6 doubling of 99, 144-6

artificial 79 high 76 see also under individual

species/ genera Chromosome pairing, irregular

at meiosis 99 Chromosome variation 123-5 Cicer arietinum 174-6

subspecies 23 see also Chickpea

Cicer bijugum 174, 175 Cicer echinospermum 27, 28, 174,

175,176 Cicer judaicum 174, 175 Cicer pinnatifidum 174, 175

250

Cicer reticula tum 27, 28, 174, 175,176

Cicer yamashitae 175 Citron 130 Citrus spp. 43, 130

autopolyploid 79 species complex in flux 130

Citrus maxima 130 Citrus medica 130 Citrus reticulata 130 Clarkia franciscana 140 Clarkia rubicunda 140 Clarkia xantina 137--8 Climate change, role of 9-11 Clover, white 144 Coffee (Coffea arabica) 105, 188 Colchicine 79, 95 Colchicum autumnale 79 Cold tolerance 211 Cole 120, 121

see also Brassica spp.; Cabbage

Collecting 212-15 Collections 210--12 Color, genes and 66 Conservation

biodiversity 220--1 ex situ, of fruit tree clones

219 in situ 220--2

Convolvolus aroense 157 Copper tolerance 138 Com, Mexican crop variation

in 118 Com cockle 163 Cornflower, blue 163 Cotton

cpDNA in 20--1 diploid 25-6

migrations of 103, 104 New World tetraploid 151-3 species origination under

cultivation 147 see also Gossypium spp.

Cowpea 176 cpDNA variation 124-5 Cranberry 44 Crepis spp.

hybrid seedling lethality 99 Robertsonian translocation in

143 Crescentia cujete 153 Crop diffusion 101-7 Crop loss, total (USA) 161 Crop migration and diversity

104-7 Crop plants

adaptability of 69-70 ancestry of, proof by

breeding experiments 29-30

botanical families containing major 48-50

botany of 46--51 breeding systems of 82 characteristics introgressed

from GP II 91-2 genera containing 46 gene flow to wild

progenitors 87 high chromosome numbers

and 76

Index

origin of polyploid 77 Vavilov centers and 55-9

replacement by new introductions 102

species numbers worldwide 46--7

taxa of, primary / secondary gene pools 132-3

wild relatives of, see Wild progenitors; Wild relatives

Crops, primary domestication of 32-9

after cultivation 36--9 before cultivation 34-5

Crops, secondary, domestication of 39-41

Crossability, wild progenitor / cultigen 26--30

Cross-compatibility 90 Cross-fertilization 82-3 Cross-incompatibility 90-4 Cucumis melo (muskmelon)

104-5 Cultigens as species 146 Cultivars, multiline 109 Cultivation

meaning of 5, 6 tools for 8

Cyamopsis spp. 41 Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda

grass) 144, 162 Cyperus rotundus (nutsedge)

162 Cytogenetic sterility 99 Cytoplasmic male sterility

(CMS) 159

Dactylis glomerata 144 Damson plum 134 Darnel 162 Darwinian fitness 113 Date palm 42-3, 83-4 Daucus capillifolius 192 Daucus carota 191-2

see also Carrot Day length 105, 176 Descurania sophia 163 Diagnostic characters 128 Dioscorea rotundata 42 Diversity

increased under domestication 61-112

migration and 104-7 reducing / maintaining under

domestication 113-26 DNA

chloroplast, see cpDNA direct delivery of 111

DNA markers 124 Documentation 218 Domestication

centers of 51-<>0 characteristics controlled by

single recessive genes 67 deliberate 44-5 diversity increase under

61-112 diversity reduction under

113-26

genetics of traits associated with 63-4

gradual 41-3 meaning of 5, 6 multiple 45-6 mutation rates and 62, 65 patterns of 32-46

primary crops 32-9 secondary crops 39-41

speciation under 127-55 time/ place of 31-2

Dordogne cave paintings 1 Dwarf crop varieties 116

Echinochloa crus-galli 164 Ecological adaptation 120 Ecological barriers, speciation

and 138 Einkorn wheat 46

see also Triticum monococcum Elecharis dulcis 3 Electrophoresis

enzyme 22 isozyme 88-9 seed protein profiles from 20

Eleusine coracana 179 see also Millet, finger

Elymus fractus 140 Embryo

development failure of 93-4 hybrid

abortion of 95-6 rescue of 96

nucellar in seed 43 Embryo culture 97--8 Enzyme variation 124 Enzymic gene frequency,

comparison of 22~ Epicotyl colour 66 Eragrostis abyssinica 101 Esterase

barley 37--8 wheat 25

Ethiopia 104, 118 Eucalyptus 16

F2 breakdown 100 Faba bean, see Bean, faba; Vida

Jaba Fat hen, see Chenopodium album Fatuoids in oats 158 Favism 172 Fenugreek 26, 99, 174 Fertilization, double 94 Festuca pratensis 142, 154 Fig pollination 116 Fire 4,16 Fitness, Darwinian 113 Flax 102, 120, 121

false 188 mimicry of 164 see also Linum ustatisimum

Flixweed 163 Flower colour, chickpea 66 Flowering time, selection for

105-6 Fodder collection 15 Foraging

massive 16 transition to farming from

9-15 Founder effect 122

Fragaria spp. 116 Fragaria x ananassa 116

see also Strawberry Fruit setting, selection for 116 Fusarium oxysporum f. cubense

206

G6PD deficiency 172 Garlic, wild 162 Gazelle 15 Gene banks 218

seed viability in 219 Gene cloning 110 Gene combinations, new 107--8 Gene flow, crop plants to wild

progenitors 87 Gene mutation 61-72 Gene pool

primary (GP I) 132-3, 134-5 reduction in variation in 109 secondary (GP II) 90, 132-3,

134,135 characteristics introgressed

to crop plants from 91-2 Gene pool system 134-5 Gene silencing 66-7, 111 Gene transfer, oat 44-5 Genes

domestication characteristics controlled by 67

modifier 68 Genetic drift 121-5 Genetic engineering 109 Genetic identity, Nei's 22-3,

24-5 Genetic resources 209-22

cultivated vs. wild 212 field work 215-18 habitat assessment 216 sampling 216-18 wild

delimiting geographical distribution of 213-14

ecological preferences of, identifying 214-15

identifying/locating/ collecting 212-15

recognizing morphology of 213

Genetic variation manipulation of by breeding

107-9 Genetics, domestication traits

and 63-4 Genome, chloroplast 20-1 Geographical isolation 136 Gennination

selection for quick 65 spread over time 161

Gennplasm, cultivated 209-12 rationale for further

collection 210-12 sampling 211-12

Gigantism 6 Ginger 174 Glycine max 176

see also Soybean Glycine soja 124 Goss, John 84 Gossypium spp.

evolution and phylogeny 151 hybrids 100

Index

interfertility within cultigen 146

New World, origin of 151-3 origination under cultivation

as species 147 see also Collon

Gossypium arboreum 25-<i, 151 Gossypium herbaceum 21, 25-<i,

151,152 migration of 103, 104

Gossypium hirsutum 151, 152 Gossypium raimondi 21, 151, 152 Grafting 43, 198 Grape 116, 136, 200-2

autopolyploid 79, 202 characteristics of 201 cultivation of 201 early remains of 200-1 mutation, hennaphrodite 39 pollination of 201 seedless 201-2 in USA 106-7, 202 wild progenitor 201

speciation of 130 see also Vitis vinifera

Groundnut 69 Guar 41

Hagenia abyssinica tree 101 Haplopappus gracilis 143 Harlan centers 53, 60 Hazelnut 7 Helianthus annuus 21, 124

see also Sunflower 'Helpful monsters' 65, 117 Hemolytic syndrome 172 Hemp 120, 120-1

see also Cannabis saliva Herbarium material 214 Herbert, William 84 Herbicide resistance 111, 166-9,

167, 168 Hennaphrodites 39, 82 Heterosis 108--9 Heterozygosity 83 Homologous pairing 145 Homologous variation, law of

44 Hops 82 Hordeum spp.

cultigens as species 146 taxonomy of 18 see also Barley

Hordeum agriocrithon 18, 177 Hordeum bulbosum 95 Hordeum distichum 18, 177 Hordeum hexastichum 18, 177 Hordeum irregulare 177 Hordeum spontaneum 31, 33,

52 back mutation 89 morphological similarities

with 2-row cultivated 17-18

as weed 159 wild progenitor 177 see also Barley, wild

Hordeum tetrastichum 177 Hordeum vulgare 177-9

x H. marinum 95 subsp. spontaneum 124-5 see also Barley

251

Hulah Lake 10-11, 13 Human migration, crop

distribution and 101-7 Humanoids, early 1 Hunter-gatherers, economy of

1-4 Hybrid embryo, see Embryo Hybrid progeny (sub-)lethality

100 Hybrid sterility 99-100 Hybrid vigour, see Heterosis Hybridization 81-90

in Avena 94 cultigen/ wild progenitor

26-30,85-9 crop plant as seed parent

86-9 wild form as seed parent

85-{5 within cultigen 83-5 spontaneous 85 see also Introgression

Hybrids, weed 159-{50

I, see Genetic identity, Nei's IBPGR 210,219 Inbreeders 82-3 Inbreeding depression 108 Incompatibility, unilateral (UI)

93 Incongruity 93 Interfertility, see Hybridization Introgression 88--9

barriers to 90-100 between crop plant and wild

progenitor 89 between more distant

relatives 89-90 of characteristics from

secondary gene pool 91-2

Inversion paracentric 70, 72, 139 pericentric 79, 73, 139

IPGRI 210, 219 Ipomoea batatas 103, 189

see also Sweet potato Ireland, potatoes in 101 Isolation

geographical 136 between sympatric

populations 136--8 Isozyme diversity 23-{) Isozyme electrophoresis 88--9

Johnson grass 162 Jojoba 44 Juglans regia 198

Kalahari desert 1 Kale 121, 183 Karyotype, ancestry and 19 Kikuya grass 156 Kiwifruit 7, 44 Knight, Thomas Andrew 84 Kohlrabi 68, 121, 183 Kon-Tiki expedition 103 !Kung Bushmen 1-2

Lactuca spp. 137, 189-90 Lactuca sativa 189-91

see also Lettuce

252

Lagenaria siceraria 103, 152-3 x L. spherica 99 see also Bottle gourd

Land races vs. modern hybrids 117-18

Lathyrus sativus 174 Lead mines 138 Legumes

wild I early cultivated distinctions 31-2

Lens culinaris 21, 23, 137, 176

chromosome variation in 123, 141

hybrids 96 Lens ervoides 96, 214 Lens lamottei 141 Lens montbretii 216 Lens nigricans 96, 100, 141 Lens orientalis 14, 16, 19, 28,

123-4 Lens tomentosus 141 Lentil

center of variation for 104 chloroplast genome 20, 21 chromosome variation in 27,

28 cpDNA variation in 125 day light sensitivity of 105 early migration of 102 epicotyl colour 66 isozyme diversity 23 pod indehiscence in 39, 44,

68,213 seed dormancy and 34-5 seed mimicry 165 seed size in 69, 69, 88, 116 wild 14, 16

cytogenetic variability in 19

see also Lens orientalis Lettuce 43, 117, 189-91

bitterness in 190 characterics of 189 day light sensitivity of 105 early types of 189 interfertility 190 latex formation in 190 wild relatives of 189-90 see also Lac/uca sativa

Lingonberries 44 Linum ustatisimum 120 Locations 214 Lolium perenne x Festuca

pratensis 142, 154 Lolium temulentum 156, 157, 162 Lupinus spp. 44

Macadamia nut 7, 44 Maize 179-83

characteristics of 179-80 chloroplast genome 21 early remains of 180 gene flow from crop plant to

wild 87 as 'helpful monster' 117 heterosis in 108--9 hybrid breeding of 182-3 introgression in 88--9 kernel types in 119, 180 morphological differences,

crop and wild 18

Index

origins 180 of ear by CST 183

pollination of 180 preferential hybridization 83 in Pyrenees 102 seed retention genes in 65 species 181 teosinte and 34, 65, 87-8, 89 see also Teosinte; Zea mays

Mandarin 130 Mango (Mangifer indica) 43 Manihot esculenta 42, 106, 174

see also Cassava Manihot glaziovii 106 Maturity, uniform, selection for

116 Medicago falcata 107 Medicago sativa 107

see also Alfalfa Meiotic irregularities 99-100 Mendel, Gregor Johann 66, 84,

85 Mendelian inheritance 167, 168 Migration, crop

diversity and 104-7 Millet 3

finger 179 pearl 117, 179, 183

shibras in 159 Mimicry 163--5 Mongongo nut 2 Multiline cultivars 109 Musa spp. 202--{;

see also Bananas Musa acuminata 203--5 Musa balbisiana 203--5 Muskmelon 104-5 Mutagens 80 Mutation breeding 80-1 Mutations

chromosome 62, 70--4 effect of 61-81 gene 61-72 gene silencing by 66-7 induced 80-1 polygenic 68 in quantitative traits 67-70 rates of 62

Nahal Oren 13 Naked grain, selection for 65--{; Natufian sites 11-13 Naudin, Charles 84-5 Nei's genetic identity 22-3,

24- 5 Neolithic Revolution 4 Netive Hagdud 31 Nicotiana spp. 149-51 Nicotiana tabacum

speciation of under domestication 147, 149-51

wild progenitor of 135 see also Tobacco

Nicotine-containing species 150 Nutsedge 162

Oak 10,11 Oat, common 40, 184, 185--9

allopolyploidy 146 synonyms for 130 see also Avena sativa

Oat, sand 179, 184-5, 187 ecotypes of 213 see also Avena strigosa

Oats 8, 184-9 diploid 140 fatuoids in 158 gene transfer in 44-5 oil content of 88 ploidy of 67, 94 pollination 184 speciation of wild progenitor

130 spikelet morphology 213 tetraploid 40-1, 90 as weed 40 wild, habitat of 213

see also Avena spp. Oilseed rape 121

BASTA tolerant gene 111 see also Brassica napus

Olive 42 Onion 134-5, 174 Orchard -grass 77 Orotes river study 11 Oryza barthii 147 Oryza gIaberrima 147 Oryza sativa 179

see also Rice Outbreeders 82 Overdominance hypothesis

108

Pachytene 70 Palynology 9-11 Paracentric inversion 70, 72,

139 Parthenocarpy 116 Parthenogenesis 95 Parthinium hysterophorus 157 Passport data 218, 219 Pea

center of variation for 104 day length sensitivity of 105 early migration of 102 grass 174 hybridization of 84 seed types 32, 67 see also Pisum sativum

Peach 134 early migration of 103 interfertility with almond

27 self-compatibility 116-17 see also Prunus persica

Pear 79 Pennisetum americana 179 Pennisetum cIandestinum 156 Pepper 130

see also Capsicum spp. Peppermint 81 Pericentric inversion 70, 73,

139 PhaIaris paradoxa 163 PhaIaris tuberosum 157 PhaseoIus spp., see Beans,

phaseolus PhaseoIus acutifolius 46, 176

see also Bean, tepary Phaseolus coccinius 46, 96, 176

see also Bean, runner Phaseolus Iunatus 46, 176

see also Bean, lima

Phaseolus vulgaris 176 genetic drift and 124 hybrids 96 regional races of 45~, 106 see also Bean, common

Phylloxera root aphid 202, 212 Pineapple 79 Pisum sativum 176

x V icia Jaba 95 see also Pea

Plantain 202-3 see also Bananas

Platanus spp. 136 Plum 134

cherry 188-9 damson 134 European 146, 188-9 see also Prunus spp.

Pod indehiscence 39, 44, 68 Pollen profiles 9-11 Pollen-pistil relationships 90,

93 Pollination 81-3

artificial 83--4 Polyembryony 43 Polyethylene glycol (PEG)

111 Polygenes 108 Polymorphism 120 Polyploidy 66--7, 74-80, 77, 78,

202 ancient 76 morphological comparisons

18 see also Allopolyploidy;

Autopolyploidy Pomelo 130 Postzygotic barriers 94-100 Potato 79, 193-5

autopolyploidy 77, 144 cytology of 194-5 frost-resistant 195 groups in 130, 193--4, 195 introduction into Europe

101 in Ireland 101 origins of 194, 195 taxonomy of 193 wild progenitor 135

speciation of 130 see also Solanum tuberosum

Propagation 41-3, 162 Protoplasts 111 Prunus amygdalus, see

Amygdalus communis Prunus cerasifera 188-9 Prunus domestica 146, 188-9 Prunus insititia 134 Prunus persico 27, 117, 195

see also Peach Pulses

seed size 69, 69 Pyrus amygdaliformis 198

RachiS, brittle / tough 33, 177-8 Radiocarbon dating, see 14C

dating Radish 117, 124 Raphanus sativus 124

see also Radish Reciprocal translocation 72, 75,

139

Index

Reed rhizomes 3 Reproductive isolating barriers,

see RIBs Rescue collections 211 RIBs 90-100, 135-8, 139, 144

instantaneous 138--46 Rice

African 147 gene flow from crop plant to

wild 87 migration of 105 mimicry of 164 purple-leaved 86 red (weed) 87 wild 86

American (Zizania aquatica) 44

see also Oryza spp. Ricinodendron rautanenii 2 Robertsonian translocation 70,

74, 143 Rubber 44 Rye 52, 141-2

auto tetraploid 79 modes of origin of 188 weed 40 wheat hybrid, see Triticale wild 14 see also Secale spp.

ryegrass, annual 162

Safflower 27 Sageret, Augustin 84 Salvia sclarea 99 Sampling 211-12, 216--18

two-stage 217 Seasonal barriers 137-8 Secale spp. 135, 141-2

spike, brittle/tough 164-5 see also Rye

Secale africanum 141-2 Secale cereale 14, 141-2, 154, 162

mode of origin 188 seed mimicry 164-5

Seeale montanum 52, 141-2 Secale sylvestris 141-2 Secale vavilovi 141-2 Sedge 3 Seed, carbonized 13, 31 Seed colour 120 Seed dispersal mechanism

38-9, 62, 117, 163 Seed dormancy 16, 34-5 Seed lethality 99 Seed mimicry 164-5 Seed protein profiles 20 Seed retention, genes for 65 Seed size 69, 88, 115--16 Seedcoat colour 66 Seedling lethality 96--9 Selection 113-21

for alkaloid, low 65 coefficient of 114 directional 115 disruptive 115, 120-1 for germination, quick 65 human

intentional 117-19 unintentional 115--17

for naked grain types 65~ natural, in crop evolution

114-15

for seed dispersal mechanism 62,117

stabilizing 115

253

Seifer 82, 83 Self-fertilization 137 Self-(in)compatibility 93 Septoria leaf disease 116 Sesamun indicum 39, 134-5,

174 Shibras 159 Silena linicola 164 Simmondsia chinensis 44 Solanum spp. 194-5 Solanum pennellii 93 Solanum tuberosum 193-5

cultivar groups of 130, 193 wild progenitor of 135 see also Potato

Sorghum 87, 102, 103, 105 seed colour in 120 as weed 159

Sorghum bieolor 179 Sorghum halepensis 162 Soybean 69, 176

cultivar maturity groups by area 71

day length and 70, 105 GP II, lack of 135 enzymic gene variation in

124 see also Glycine max

Speciation 127-55 allopatric 135 gradual 135-8 instantaneous 138-9 process of 135-8 sympatric 135 under domestication

146--54 via autopolyploids 144

Species, concept of 127-35 biological 128-9 in crop plants 130-5 evolutionary 129 morphological 127-8 phenetic/ taxonomic, see

morphological Spergula maxima 164 Spike rush 3 Stem-rooting 42 Sterility

cytogenic 99 hybrid 99-100

Storage techniques, samples 219

Strawberry 77, 116, 144 Sugarbeet 44, 87, 87, 159~0 Sunflower 21, 87, 117, 124,

183 Sweet potato 188-9

spread, theoretical 103, 104

see also Ipomoea batatas

Tannin 66 Tea 79 Tef 101 Tell Abu Hureyra 12, 14, 15,

174-5 Teosinte 18, 34, 65, 87-8, 88-9

see also Maize Tissue culture 110

254

Tobacco 147, 149-51 chlorophyl production genes

in 67 wild progenitors of 135

distribution of 150 see also Nicotiana tabacum

Transgenesis 109-12 Translocation

reciprocal 72, 75, 139 Robertsonian 70, 74, 143

TrigoneUa spp. 26, 174 see also Fenugreek

Triticale 80, 93, 153-4 Triticum cultigens as species

146 see also Wheat

Triticum aestivum 135, 147-8 see also Wheat, bread

Triticum boeoticum 14 cross-compatibility with

T. urartu 93, 142 Triticum dicoccoides 13, 52,

221-2 seed dormancy in 34 seed size in 116

Triticum durum 52 Triticum monococcum 46, 179 Triticum tauschii 147 Triticum timopheevi 46 Triticum turgidum 46, 116, 146,

148 varieties in Ethiopia 117-18

Tsukada study 10, 11 Turnip 120, 121

see also Brassica campestris

Unilateral incompatibility (UI) 93

UV radiation 139

Vaccinnium spp. 44 Variation

homologous 44 maintenance of 117-18 manipulation by breeding

107-9 by transgenesis 109-12

Vavilov centers of origin 54, 55-9

Vernalization lOS-{; Vetch 207-8

chromosome numbers in 143-4,207

cytogenetics of 207-8 domestication of 208 hybridization of 207-8 mimicry in, as weed 208 species of 208 taxonomy of 207

V icia faba 171-4 crossability 26

with Pisum sativum 95

Index

subspecies 171-2, 173 see also Bean, broad; Bean,

faba Vicia galilea 173, 174 Vicia hyaenisciamus 173 Vicia johannis 172, 173, 174 Vicia montbretii 216 Vicia narbonensis 18, 26, 99, 172,

173 Vicia sativa 143-4, 207-8

domesticated syndrome and 37

seed mimicry and 165 subsp. amphicarpa 207 see also Vetch

Vigna unguiculata 176 Vitis labrusca 107 Vitis vinifera 200-2

early introduction to USA 106-7

subsp. sylvestris 201 see also Grape

Watermelon, sweet 34 triplOid 79

Weeds 156-70 adaptation to domestication

by 89 biological characteristics of

106-3 definition of 156-7 derivatives 158--9 domestication of 39-41 evolution of 163-9 germination of 160-1 growth of 161-2 herbicide resistance in 166-9 hybrids 159-60 introduction of to Americas

147 mimicry in 163-5 NPK content of 161 origin of 157--60 propagation of 162-3 seeds, number produced per

plant 162 Wheat

alpha amylase and esterase variation in 25

bread 19, 135, 147-8 center of variation for 104 diploid 179 early migration of 102, 103 flowering time, selection for

lOS-{; GP II of 135 haploid formation 95 hexaploid 19,66-7

speciation of 147-8 polyploid, taxonomy of 131 rachis, selection for tough 33 x rye hybrids, see Triticale

seed size in 116 species numbers in crops,

reduction of 130 spike axis of, fragile 31 tallness and septoria leaf

disease in 116 tetraploid 19, 66-7, 146 varieties of 117-18 vernalization and lOS-{; wild 8, 9, 13, 14, 16

Amiad experiment with 221-2

early selection criteria for 36-7

seed dormancy in 34 see also Triticum spp.

Wild genetic resources, collecting 212-15

Wild progenitors 17-26 biochemical similarities 20 chloroplast genome

similarities 20-1 crop plant gene flow to 87 cultigen hybridization with

26-30 as cultigen subspecies 28 cytological similarities 19-20 enzymic gene freqency

comparisons 22-26 extinct / missing 28 lack of 134-5 morphological similarities

17-19 as seed parent in

hybridization 8s-{; speciation of 130

Wild relatives habitats of 214-15, 215-16 Nei's genetic identities of

24-5 Winter hardiness 107 Worms, stomach 101

X-rays as mutagen 80-1

Yam 3, 4, 42, 77 see also Dioscorea rotundata

Zea diploperennis 181 Zea mays 179-,'\3

subsp. mexicana 21 subsp. parviglumis 21 see also Maize

Zea mexicana 18, 181 as possible wild progenitor

181-2 see also Teosinte

Zea perennis 181 Zeribar, Lake 11 Zinc 138 Zizania aquatica 44