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INDEX OF LANGUAGES

African languages, 124. See also Arabic; Bete; Dschang-Bamileke; Hausa; Igbo; Kikuyu; Kimatuumbi; Luganda; Margi; Tiv; Tonga; Yala Ikom; Y oruba; Zulu

Aklan, 156 Amoy, 124 Arabic, 18

Bamileke, 64n9. See also Dschang-Bami­leke

Bamileke-Dschang. See Dschang-Bami­leke

Bantu, 75, 154, 163. See also Dschang­Bamileke; Kimatuumbi; Luganda; Proto-Bantu; Tonga; Zulu

Bete, 124

Chad ie, 71. See also Hausa; Margi Chaozhou, 124 Chinese languages, 124

Dschang-Bamileke, 24, 25n9, 29, 33, 38-64,64n9, 79, 142,222-223,235nI2

associative construction, 42-61 Associative V-deletion, 45, 48, 51, 58,

61, 64-65n14 downglide, 39-40, 62 H-deletion, 52, 57, 58 H-spread, 45-46, 49, 52, 57, 58, 59,

60, 66n24 imperatives, 40 L-deletion, 51, 57, 58, 65n21 Lowering, 47-49, 54-55, 57, 58, 60,

65n21 Metathesis, 41-42,45,46,49-50,52,

54-55,57, 58,60, 64n13,66n24

English, 3-4, 20, 25n2, 64nl0, 81,105-106,130,131,133,151

Fasu,159

Hausa,151n5

Igbo,30-31,32,64n4,159

242

Japanese, 160

Kikuyu, 10, 21-23,26n16,26n17, 30,94 Kimatuumbi, 20 Kru,124 Kwa, 106, 108. See also Yala Ikom;

Yoruba

Luganda,155, 160, 161

Malayalam,223 Margi, 3, 21, 71-74, 76, 77, 79-80,

81-82, 89-91, 101n9, 101nl0, 102n26, 102n28, 104-105, 124-125,126-127,130-134,141-142, 160, 195-214,222-223,228,230, 235n7,235nl1,235nI3

Floating H-deletion, 206-207, 209-213

genitive constructions, 201-203, 209, 211

Narrative tense, 207-208 Pa~~ns~207,20~213,235nl1

plural imperative, 89-90 Present tense, 205-207, 209, 213 Progressive, 91 subject c1itics, 203, 208-212, 213 Suffixed object pronouns, 199-201 Tone-spreading, 71, 73-74, 80, 90-

91, IOln11, 150n1, 196, 198-203, 210,212,230-232

Mbam-Nkam, 64n9. See also Dschang­Bamileke

Proto-Bantu, 186

Russian, 152n25

Sanskrit, 24n1

Tiv, 20, 21, 23, 27-29, 30, 33-38, 40, 53, 62, 64n7, 68-71, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82-89, 95, 97-100, 101n15, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130-133, 138-142, 144-149, 152n31, 152n33, 153n34, 153n35, 158-160,

INDEX OF LANGUAGES 243

189-190,215-227,228,232-233, 234nl, 235n17, 235n18, 236n20, 236n21

ablaut, 69, 83, 217-220 Continuous, 97 downstep deletion ('-deletion), 144-

148, 153n34, 153n35 Future, 97.144-145,189-190 General Past, 37, 63, 68-69, 71, 78,

82-83,84,85,86,87,97-99, 145, 153n35,219,225,236n21

Habitual, 70 Habitual 1, 87,100,147-148 Habitual 3, 86-87, 88, 98 Habitual 4, 98, 100, 102n35 H-spread, 34-38, 86, 88-89, 102n22,

102n35, 145-146, 152n33, 153n34, 222,224-226,233, 234n1,236n20, 236n21

Imperative, 70 Past Habitual, 70, 87, 88, 98, 148,

152n33,236n21 Present, 98,100, 102n35 Present Continuous, 36,100, 102n35 Raising, 70-71, 78, 88, 101n6, 219-

221,224,226-227 Recent Past, 36,69,78,83-85,87,95,

97, 101n17, 138-140, 145-146, 149,216-221,226-227

Subjunctive, 70 T-attachment, 84, 101n6, 217, 219-

222,224-227 Tone Simplification, 84-85 V-deletion, 84, 100n2, 101n6, 102n24,

138-139, 140, 146, 149, 152n31, 218-222,224-226,232-233

ronga, 3, 15-16, 21, 74-76, 77, 92, 116,131, 134, 137-138, 139-144, 149, 154, 156, 160-186, 187n4, 187n5, 187n8, 198, 228, 233-234, 236n28

Delinking, 139-140, 166-167, 169, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180,181,182,184,185,187n9,233

Double-Accent Flop, 183-184, 185, 188n17

Downstep Creation, 137-138, 141, 143,149,179-181,183

Final Vowel H-insertion, 182-183 glide formation, 174, 176

H-insertion, 175-177, 178, 187-188n13,236n28

Hortative Affirmative, 178-184, 185 H-spread, 137, 139-140, 141, 144.

166, 169, 170, 174, 175, 176, 179, 180,181,182,184,185,233-234

Imperative, 184-185 Indicative Present Affirmative (Strong),

169-170 Initial H-deletion, 168, 170, 174, 175,

176, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184-185, 188n15,188n18

Meeussen'sRule, 168-170, 171, 174-175,176.177-178,179,180,181-182,183, 185,187n5

Present Indicative, 76 Recent Past (Strong), 173-178, 185,

187-188n13, 233 (see also Tonga, H-insertion)

Recent Past (Weak), 233-234 Remote Dependent Affirmative, 171-

173,198 Stable final vowel accent, 178-184

Yala Ikom, 106-108, 123, 125, 127, 151n4

Yoruba, 20, 24, 25n9, 25n12, 92, 96. 108-123,125,127,131,140-143, 149-150, 151n5, 151n8, 151n9, 151nlO, 151n11, 151n14, 151n18, 151n19, 151n20, 157-160, 191-195, 222-223, 228-230, 232, 234n2,234n3,234-235n4

Contour Simplification, 121-122 Delinking (Standard Yoruba), 113-

115 High Tone Concord, 118-120,

151n17,151n18 H-spread,110-111 H-tone Linking, 119-120 L-deletion, 117-118 L-spread, 112, 151n14, 229, 232,

236n25 Pronoun Contraction, 140-141,

152n28 V-deletion, 96, 108-118, 140-141,

151n14

Zulu,32

INDEX OF NAMES

Abraham, R c., 112, cit., 64n7 Akinlabi, A, 151n10, 151n17, 151n18,

229, 236n25, cit., 25n9, 116, 151n7, 151n12,234n2,236n22

Allen,M.,2 Anderson, S. c., 59, cit., 44,58 Anderson, S. R, 63 Archangeli, D., 135-137, cit., 152n25,

235n16 Armstrong, L. F., 21 Armstrong, R G., 106-107 Arnott, D. W., 30, 34, 99-100, 101n17,

217 Awobuluyi, 0., cit., 118, 151n15

Badejo, B. R, cit., 151n6 Bamgbo~e, A, 112-114, 140-141,

151nlO, cit., 111, 116, 118, 151n6, 151n7,152n28

Barlow, A R, cit., 22 Bloomfield, L., cit., 2, 24n1 Byarushengo, E., cit., 154, 186

Carter, H., 179, cit., 75 Chomsky, N., 1, 102n32, 161, cit., 130,

151n22, 152n25, 154, 186 Clark, M., cit., 159, 163, 187 Clements, G. N., 10, 21, 23, 64n2, 79,

121,125-126, 152n24, 187n7, 234nl, cit., 4, 11, 27, 30, 63, 94, 101n6, 102n29, 102n30, 102n31, 104, 105, l32,189

Courtenay. K., cit., 112, 116, 118

Davy, J. 1. M., cit., 26n16 Dresher, B. E., cit., 25n6

Ford, K., 10,21,23, 64n2, 79, cit., 4,11, 30,94, 104, 105

Fresco, E. M., cit., 118

Goldsmith, J., 10, 11, 79, 81, 84-85, 97-100, 154-155, 161, 164, 166-171, 177-178, 183, 188n17, 222, 235-236n20. cit., 4, 9, 20, 67, 75, 102n29, 102n30, 102n31, 104, 105,

244

163, 173, 187n4, 188n14, 235n8, 236n27

Halle, M., 1,3-4,10-11,15,18,79.95, 102n32, 125, 148, 161,165-166, 177, cit., 19, 23, 25n8, 25n9. 65n19, 65n20, l30, 151n12, 151n22, 152n25, 154, 163,164,173,186,187n3

Harris, J., 19, 198 Hayes, B., 19, 156, 198 Hoffmann, c., 64n7, 101n17, 199, 205,

235n13, cit., 71, 208, 235n11 Hombert, J. M., cit., 151n11 Huang, C. T. J., cit., 27, 63 Hyman, L., 39-40, 44, 59-61, 64n13,

65n17, 65n24, 159-160, 187n5, cit., 58,64n9,64-65nI4,65nI6, 154, 155, 158,186

Kaye, J., 124, cit., 19 Kiparsky. P., 1,2,3,5,7,15,17, 25n2, 93,

128-129.133,142,144, 152n25, 167, 227-228, 231, cit., 9, 24n1, 25n7, 25nl0, 25n15, 31, 97, 151n3, 151n13, 151n22,151n23,152n29,152n27,222

Kisseberth, C. W., cit., I 54, 186 Koopman. H., 124

Ladefoged, P., cit., 32 Laughren, M., 32 La Velie, C. R, cit., 151nl1 Leben, W., 84-85, cit., 191, 2l3, 235n8,

235n12 Lees, R B., cit., 1 Levin, J., cit., 19 Liberman, M., 7-8, 29, 31, 63, 64n10,

cit., 158 Lightner, T. M., 128-130 Loeweke, E., cit., 159 Lowenstamrn, J., cit., 19

Marantz, A, 25n12 Martinet, A, cit., 2 Mascaro, J., cit., 3, 228 May,J., cit., 159 Meeussen, A. E., 163, cit., 75

INDEX OF NAMES 245

McCarthy, J., 18-19, 235-236n20 Mohanan, K. P., 1,2,3-4,5,6,7, 25n4,

25n14, 102n32, 223, cit., 9, 24nl, 32, 67,97, 101n13, 161, 187n6

Mohanan, T., 3, 25n14, 223 Myers, A., 22, 26n16, cit., 26n17

Nurse, D., cit., 26n16

Odden, D., cit., 27, 63, 102n29, 102n30, 163

Oyelaran, 0., 141, cit., 118, 151n6, 152n28

Piil)ini, cit., 24n 1 Pesetsky, D., 3, 5, cit., 97 Pierrehumbert, J., 7-8, 63, 64n10, cit.,

25n15,29,81 . Prince, A., cit., 158 Pulleyblank, D., cit., 25n15, 235n14,

235n15,235n16,236n23

Rotenberg, J., cit., 97 Rubach, J., cit., 3

Sapir, E., cit., 2 Schachter, P., cit., 104

Selkirk, E., cit., 97 Siegel, D., 2 Simpson,J.,235n14 Stahlke, H., cit., 118 Stanley,R.,128-130 Steriade, D., cit., 15 Stevick, E. W., 186 Stewart, J. M., 59, cit., 58, 64n2

Tadadjeu, M., 39-40, 44, 58, 59, 60, 64n9, 64-65n14, 65n16, 65n18, 65n24

Trubetzkoy, N. S., cit., 2

Valinande, N., 186 Vergnaud, J.-R., 10-11, 15, 18, 79, 95,

148, 161, 165-166, 177, cit., 19,23, 25n8, 163,164, 173

Ward,l.C., 151n9,cit., 112,151 Whitney, W. D., cit., 24n1 Williams, E. S., 9, 10, 11, 71, 79, 89,

102n26 Williamson, K., cit., 64n4 Wright, M., 124

Yip, M., 30,125-126, 152n24, cit., 132

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Accent, 20, 75, 154-186, 187n4. See also Diacritics, accentual; Pitch­accent

as tones, 76 culminative function of, 158 rules, 167, 171, 177-178, 183-185,

186 subordination, 158-159, 187n5 vs. tone, 158-161

Air-stream mechanisms, 32 Allophonic rules, 8 Alpha notation. See Polarization rules Aspiration, 8 Assimilation, 106, 154 Association Conventions, 9-12, 20, 67,

68, 71, 73-96, 105, 109-110, 115, 150, 151n8, 151n19, 156-157, 167-168, 170, 171-173, 186, 187n7, 189, 192-193, 195-197, 198,200,206-207,211,220-221, 225, 230-232. See also Linking Convention; Prelinking; Relinking Condition

formulation of, 78, 96 Asymmetries, 205

morphological, 76-77, 90 tonal, 91,118,141,160-161

Automatic spreading. See Spreading, automatic

Autosegmental phonology, 9, 24, 103, 222. See also Tiers; Association Conventions

Basic Tone Melody, 161, 187n7 Benin, 108 Binarity,61 Boundary symbols, 24, 25nll, 97-99 Bracket erasure, 5-6, 25n4, 208, 210-

212,235n14

Cameroon, 64n9 Clitics, 235n14. See also Margi, subject

clitics Constraints, 235-236n20

lexical, 143, 215-223 (see also Struc­ture preservation)

246

on linkings, 23-24, 35, 222, 224-225 on underspecification, 133-136, 142,

186 Contour tones, 24, 33-34, 79-80, 84-

85, 101n15, 104, 113, 215-223, 225-227. See also Constraints, on linkings; Falling tones; Rising tones; Yoruba, Contour Simplification

Conventions vs. rules, 187 n 7, 213 Core. See Phonemic core Crossing Constraint, 13, 56, 97. See also

Well-formedness Condition CV-skeleton. See Skeletal tier. Cycle, 3-5, 20-21, 67-77, 172-173.

See also Rule application, cyclic; Strict cycle.

Dahl's Law, 21-23, 26n16 Default rules, 15-17,68,69,81,82-

83, 84, 86, 90, 91, 92, 103, 104-106,122,127-128,130-133,134, 150, 155, 160, 174, 176, 177, 17~ 18~ 181, 18~ 194, 198-200,203-207,209,210,225,228-229, 233. See also Constraints, on underspecification; Default values; U nderspecification

formulation of. 126 ordering of, 93-95, 101 n22, 103. 115,

136-143.150 skeleton-driven, 16

Default values, 14-19, 24, 123-133, 164-165,190

autosegmental nature of. 16, 148-150 Delinking, automatic, 35 Diacritics, 156-160

accentual, 24, 154-155, 158-160, 163-164,168,170.173.177,185. 186

metrical, 156-157 Disjunctive ordering. See Rule ordering,

disjunctive; Elsewhere Condition Dissimilation. 198. 204. 213, 214 Distinctive features. See Features Distinctness. 128, 131, I 34. 228. 230-

232

INDEX OF SUBJECT 247

Downdrift. See Downstep DowngIide. See Dschang-Bamileke, down­

glide Downstep, 27-66, 79, 82, 84, 86, 87,

102n34, 145, 149, 226. See a~o Tiv, downstep deletion (-deletion); Tonga, Downstep Creation double, 44,60-61

ofL-tones, 47-49 of M-tones, 115-116

Elsewhere Condition, 93-94, 95, 137-140, 143, 144, 151n19, 152n27, 177-178, 223, 225, 227-228, 230, 232. See also Distinctness

Epenthesis, 162-163 Exceptions, 7, 8,22,29,190-191,197,

215 Exponential decay, 63-64 Extrametricality, 19, 172, 198, 200, 208,

214. See also Extratonality Extratonality, 19, 172-173, 187-

188n13, 198-203, 205-214. See also Peripherality Condition

Falling tones, 106-107, 11 0-111, 113-114, 139, 149. See also Contour tones; Tiv, T-attachrnent; Yoruba, H-spread

Feature matrices, 16 Features, 130, 131, 133,231

binary vs. ternary, 125, 127-130, 133, 135-136,141,150,204

hierarchical, 125, 132, 152n24 segmental, 105-106 tonal, 24, 29, 30, 59, 125-133, 152n24

(see also [Raised] feature; [Upper (register)] feature)

Feet. See Metrical theory; Tonal feet Floating tones, 10-11, 28-29, 33-61,

64n2, 69,106-107,166,167-168, 170-173,217. See also Tiv, down­step deletion (' -deletion)

deletion of, 194 (see also Dschang­Bamileke, H-deletion, L-deletion)

problems with, 49-52

Gradient features, 8, 29-30, 32, 62, 141, 187n5

Grammar, model of, 5, 6, 8, 19, 29, 31-33,62

Grassfields Bantu, 39. See a~o Dschang­Bamileke

Harmony, 154, 189 vowel, 12, 107

Hierarchical features. See Features, hierarchical

[High tone] feature, 125. See also [Raised] feature

Identity rules, 144,228-229,232 Initial Tone Association Rules, 21, 94 Iterative rules, 73, 116 Ivory Coast, 124

Learnability, 227 Level-ordering. See Strata Lexical Entry rule. See Identity rules Lexical identity rules. See Identity rules Lexical representation, 161 Lexical rules. See Rule application, lexical Lexicon

structure of, 2, 6 Linking Convention, 94

Markedness, 15-16, 103, 133, 135. See also Default rules; Default values; Underspecification

Melodies, 161-163 derivation of, 161-162, 166, 170,

177-178,183 tonal, 99, 154-155, 161-164, 185,

186, 192, 194-195, 197, 198, 234nl (see also Basic Tone Melody)

Metathesis rules, 64n11. See a~o

Dschang-Bamileke, Metathesis Metrical theory, 20, 156-158, 186,

187n2, 231. See also Tonal feet Morpheme structure constraints, 22, 24,

167-168 Morphology, 189. See also Rule applica­

tion, morphological conditions on; Word-formation

non-concatenative, 154 Multiple linking, 79-80,81, 121-122

Nasality, 12 Neutralization. See Tonal neutralization Nigeria, 71,106,108 Non-cyclic stratum. See Stratum, non­

cyclic Noun classes, 42, 44, 64n7, 101n17

Obligatory Contour Principle, 191, 213, 235n12

Opacity. See Bracket erasure

248 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Ordering. See Rule ordering

Parameter, 123 cyclic/non-cyclic, 3-5 default rule, 24,142

P-bearing units, 105, 152n25 Peripherality Condition, 19. 172. 198.

200-201,203.207-208,210-212. See also Extratonality

Phonemic core. 14-19. 148-150. 165 Phonetic rules. 7-8, 24. 27-31, 31-

33. 49, 53, 57-58. 59, 62-64. 81, 132, 140-144, 149-150, 151nl1. 189, 206, 209. See also Downstep; Dschang-Bamileke, downglide; Gra­dient features

Phrasal rules. See Rule application, post-lexical

Pitch-accent, 20. 21, 25n 13 Polarity. 52.198,203-214 Polarization rules. 203-204, 212-213.

214 Post-lexical rules. See Rule application,

post-lexical Prelinking, 25n12. 25n13, ISO. 157, 161.

163-164,165,170,189-197,221, 230,235n7

Prespecification, 107 P-segments, 105

[Raised] feature. 125-128, 131-133. 150,153n34

Reduplication, 25n12, 107-108, 151n4. 228-229

Redundancy, 103, 142, 164, 189, 191 Redundancy Rule Ordering Constraint.

152n25. See also Constraints, on underspecification

Relinking Condition. 114-116 Rising tones, 111-112, 120. See also

Contour tones; Yoruba, L-spread Rule application. See also Iterative rules;

Rule ordering across-the-board, 4, 22, 215, 232-234 cyclic, 7. 20. 23. 24. 41. 82. 84. 96,

IOlnIO, 138, 140, 141. 170. 196, 200-201, 215, 224, 230, 233 (see also Cycle; Parameter. cyclic/non­cyclic; Strict cycle)

domain of, 57-58. 214-215 lexical. 1,2,4.5.7,20,24.32.57.58.

13i-i. 140. 142. 152n25. 168. 1 Xl). 2() 1.210-212.215,222-232

morphological conditions on, 207, 213 non-cyclic, 6, 21-23, 71, 74, 215, 223,

233 (see also Parameter. cyclic/non­cyclic; Stratum. non-cyclic)

post-lexical, 1.2.).7,8,20.24,31-32, 39,49, 57-5il. 62-64, 71, 103, 109, 113,137-144, 151n8. 152n25, 189, 201,203,210.213,215.222-228, 232-234

structure-building. 4 Rule ordering. 25n5, 46, 49, 62, 223-

227, 234. See also Default rules, ordering of

disjunctive, 93, 225. 232 (see also Else­where Condition)

extrinsic, 24. 102n22, 136-140, 186. 223-227

Simplicitly criterion, 195. 197 Skeletal tier, 14-19

referring to, 143-148 Slip rule. See Tonga, Downstep Creation SPE, 1, 5, 15. See also Chomsky, N.;

Halle,M. Spreading, 110. 122, 170,228

automatic, 10-11, 12,67,78,80-96, 104.108,155,166.190-191

bidirectional, 89-91 directionality of, 89. 91 ordering of, 94-95 underspecification and, 91-92

Strata. 2-3.4, 24nl non-cyclic, 21

Stratum Domain Hypothesis, 6 Stress, 19. 81, 156-159. 172. 198, 200.

208 Strict cycle. 3, 215. 227-234, 236n25 Structure-preservation, 7, 20, 24, 25n14,

215, 222-223. 233-234. See also Constraints, lexical; Constraints, on linkings

Syllables. 4, 7, 19, 59. 108-109, 156. 215-222,225. 235-236n20

Syntax. I. 5.6,19.31,32.118, 151n16. 213,235n15

Ternary power. See Features. binary vs. ternary

Tiers. 9-19, 98. 129. See also Skeletal tier

Tonal featurcs. See Features, tonal Tonal feet. 27-29. 33. 37-38. 39. 40.

42.53-56.6-' Tonal melodies. See Melodie~. lonal

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 249

Tonal neutralization, 99-100, 117, 168 Tonal polarity. See Polarity Tonal variables, 24, 99-100, 102n34 Tone

vs. accent (see Accent, vs. tone) where assigned, 20, 25n13

Tone-bearing unit, 19,216,221

Underlying forms, 65n15, 103, 104, 105, 116, 151n22, 154, 161, 190, 193-194,223

Underspecification, 15-17, 24, 103-150, 151n22, 160-161, 164, 186, 190,192,194-195,204-205,214, 234nl. See also Constraints, on underspecification; Default rules; Default values; Spreading, under­specification and

Universal Grammar, 15,20,93,95, 123,

126,136,195 Universals, 81-82, 103, 105, 142, 206.

See also Universal Grammar [Upper (register)] feature, 125-133, 137,

150, 153n34, 187n8 Upstep, 63. See also Downstep

Variables. See Tonal variables Vowel harmony. See Harmony, vowel

Well-formedness Condition, 10-11, 21, 80, 81 (See also Crossing Constraint).

formulation of, 78, 96 Word-formation, 1, 21, 169. See also

Noun classes

X-skeleton. See skeletal tier

Zambia, 75,163