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1ndex

t ;;..... A -

Jlbh0l1ative: 339

'ahsolutive-ergative: 235

Acehness: 223

acoustic: 3 5 1

action verb : 1 47, 1 75, 1 93 , 1 96, 2 1 4, 235, 254, 256, 322 �'"'

ACTOR: 1 69, 1 94, 224, 230, 252

addressee: 1 94

'adjectival verb : 1 44, 1 50, 1 5 5

adjective: 1 06, 1 23 , 133, 140, 1 42-144, 1 56, 1 5 8, 1 62, 1 89, 202, 205, 2 1 4, 238,

268, 275 , 300, 327, 33 1-332

adjunct: 1 73, 1 78, 1 86-1 87, 1 98, 208, 2 1 1-2 1 3 , 255, 267-268, 279, 3 1 7, 3 1 9, 348,

350

,adverbial: 1 47-1 48, 174-1 77, 1 97, 203, 249-250, 309, 3 1 4, 322, 329-330

adversity: 238, 269, 349

agent: 143, 1 49, 1 63, 170, 1 94, 220-22 1 , 230, 23 5-236, 238-24 1 , 247, 249, 256,

260, 273, 324

agentive subject: 1 94

agentiveness: 1 69, 240

Ahom: 3 5

alienable: 2 8 1 -282

alternative questions: 178, 1 84, 29 1 , 298

ambiguity: 207-209, 349

anaphor: 144, 225, 234, 247-248

animacy: 240

animate arguments: 240-241

antiphon: 49, 50

areal feature: 97, 22 1 , 297, 340

argument: 35, 1 63, 1 69, 178, 1 84, 1 86-1 87, 1 89, 2 1 3, 226, 228, 230, 233, 236,

239-241 , 243-244, 246-249, 252-253, 26 1 , 263, 267, 269, 28 1 , 283, 287,

290, 3 1 7, 348-349

aspectual markers : 272, 305, 350

4 1 2 INDEX

aspectual izer: 272-273, 276-279, 283, 285, 288

aspiration: 75, 78, 1 09, 1 1 2

attribute: 1 25, 205

Austronesian: 3 5

aux i l iary : 320,

- B -

BA construction: 255-256

Basque: 223

benefactive marker: 322

bi-directional verb: 242

bivalent: 236, 239, 244, 349

body part terms: 334, 336, 337, 344, 3 5 1

bound morpheme: 62, 65, 92, 1 05, 1 1 9, 1 2 1 - 1 22, 1 43 , 1 67, 278, 347

boundary marke: 209-2 1 °

Bouyei: 94, 96, 108-1 1 °

Brazil ian : 223,

- c -

canoni cal form : 1 94, 228

canon ical topic structure: 233-234

Cantonese: 243

case marker: 309, 3 1 5, 3 1 8 , 343, 3 5 1

category shift: 3 1 0, 328

Caucas ian: 223

causal ity: 1 0 I , 286-287

causative: 223, 254-255, 269, 349

causative construction: 223, 254-255, 269

causative verbs: 254, 349

China: 33, 39, 44, 48, 73

Chinese loans: 1 00, I I I , 1 1 7- 1 1 8

classifier: 3 3 , 1 20-1 2 1 , 1 5 1 - 1 52, 1 5 8, 1 70, 1 74, 1 78, 224, 269, 309, 349

classi fier reduplicates : 224

clausal marker: 273, 275

clause l inker: 28 1-282, 293 , 330, 349

cleft construction: 267

coalescence: 3 1 9-320, 330, 333

co-atiiculatory: 1 07

coda: 75, 77, 8 1 , 84-88, 1 08, 1 1 0-1 1 1 , 1 1 3-1 14, 1 1 7, 1 49, 346

cognates: 34, 35, 345

comparative clause: 203

comparative constructions: 284

comparative m arker: 200, 284, 348

comparative predicate: 1 97

comparee: 1 97, 22 1 , 348

INDEX 4 1 3

complement: 1 24, 1 55, 1 98- 1 99, 208, 2 1 4, 2 1 6, 2 1 8-2 1 9, 25 1-252, 256-257, 3 1 4,

32 1 , 33 1-332

complementary d istribution: 93, 1 30, 1 77, 297, 346

complementiser: 206, 2 1 8

compound: 143-1 44, 1 54- 1 5 8, 1 6 1-1 64, 1 66-1 67, 325, 337, 347

conjunction: 1 83-1 84, 1 88, 3 09, 343, 35 1

consonant: 75, 77, 79-82, 85, 88-89, 95, 99, 1 08, 1 1 6, 1 47- 148, 330, 346, 3 5 1

Constituent order: 22 5, 269, 349

content morpheme: 120

content word: I 1 9, 1 2 1 , 1 83

contour: 1 0 1-1 03, 1 1 8, 346

Contour truncates: 1 03

contraction: 1 07, 1 9 1

contrastiveness: 263

coreferentia l : 260, 324

costumes: 69

coverb: 1 76, 1 9 7- 1 99, 2 1 1 -2 1 2, 226-227, 242-243, 255, 279-280, 284, 3 1 7,

323-324, 348-349

current state: 273

customs: 5 I ,

- D -

dative case: 242

Dehong Tai : 1 08- 1 09

deictic: 204, 30 I

4 1 4 INDEX

demonstrative: 1 06, 1 23-124, 1 58, 1 7 1 - 1 72, 1 78, 205, 209-2 1 0, 22 1 , 3 33 , 348

detranstivity: 236

diphthongs: 82-83, 1 1 3

direct object: 1 5 8, 223, 226-227, 242-243, 255, 349

directional: 1 62, 203

directional verb: 203

disambiguate: 242

discourse: 228, 230, 239, 263, 272, 274, 288, 293, 299, 3 1 0, 329, 3 5 0

disjunction: 1 86, 1 88

disposal construction: 255-256, 269, 349

disposal marker: 26 1

ditransitive: 226, 242

ditransitive clause: 242

Dongmen Mulam: 1 08

double object: 242, 323

Du'an : 3 3 , 38

durative aspect: 278

Dushan: 33, 4 1 ,

- E -

echo classifiers: 1 52

economy: 39, 43, 46, 1 03

Edmondson: 36, 65, 82, 9 1 , 96, 98, 1 0 1 , 1 2 1 , 1 54, 1 56, 206

education: 38, 72-73

embedded clause: 206-2 1 0, 253, 28 1 , 289, 324, 348

emphatic marker: 268, 3 00, 320

emphatic particle: 268

empty anaphor: 248

empty object: 248

empty subject: 247-248

endangered language: 345

epigraph: 40

ergative: 223, 225, 230, 235-236, 348

ergative/absolutive pivot: 223, 348

ergativity: 230

Eskimo-Aleut: 223

Existential sentence: 2 1 0, 22 1

exogamy: 55

experiential aspect: 283,

- F -

Fenlongj ie: 48

festival: 4 1 , 48, 69, 276

final particle: 1 97, 256, 27 1-273, 288, 305-306, 3 1 2-3 1 3 , 347, 350

finals: 82-84, 88, 1 08, 1 1 3 , 1 1 5

first language: 45

Focalization: 267

focus marker: 262-263, 267, 350

formulaic language: 340

fossil ized: 3 1 4, 329, 350-35 1

free element: 228-229

INDEX 4 1 5

free morpheme: 62, 65, 1 05, 1 1 9, 1 22, 1 25-126, 129-1 33, 1 44, 1 46, 1 54-1 55

Fregean : 1 54-1 55

fricative: 77, 97, 99-1 1 0, 1 1 6

funerals: 52, 66-67, 69, 374

fuzzy boundary: 347,

- G -

gender: 56, 1 1 9, 125, 1 3 1 , 1 46, 341

general negator: 1 9 1

general questions: 1 78, 1 8 1 , 297

genus proximum et differentia specifica: 1 29

Geyang: 36

givenness: 263

glottal stops: 97

Goddess of B irth: 5 1 , 1 26

grammar: 1 69, 1 77, 2 1 4, 239, 288

grammatical agreement : 1 19, 1 90, 232

grammatical processes: 1 1 9, 246

4 1 6 INDEX

grammatical relations: 158 , 1 70, 22 1 , 223-225, 228, 246, 248-249, 252, 269, 347,

349

grammaticalization: 1 06, 120-12 1 , 309-3 1 0, 3 1 2, 3 1 5, 3 1 9, 322, 324, 326, 328,

343 , 350-35 1

Guangdong: 39, 40, 42-43, 48

Guangxi: 33, 36-39, 4 1 , 48, 53, 1 10, 345

Guizhou: 33 , 4 1 , 43, 345,

- H -

Habitat: 38, 165

Han Chinese: 36, 4 1 , 48, 74, 125

Han Dynasty: 5 1

handicrafts: 50

head: 48-49, 82, 1 1 0, 12 1 , 123-126, 1 3 1 , 137, 14 1 , 1 55, 1 58-1 6 1 , 1 66-1 67, 1 70,

174, 1 77, 205, 2 1 0, 250, 279, 288, 325, 333-334, 347, 370-372, 379, 385,

3 88-39 1 , 394-396

head-first: 167, 170, 325, 347

Hechi : 33 , 38

Hlai : 34-36

Huanjiang: 33, 36-38, 4 1 , 43-44, 50, 52, 7 1 , 97, 2 10, 345

Hui : 40

Hunan: 40,

- I -

idiosyncratic: 1 56

i l literacy rate: 73-74

Imperative: 1 93, 195

Imperative particles: 195

inalienable: 281-282

Inceptive aspect: 288, 3 07

indirect object: 226, 242-243, 349

information packaging: 229, 269, 350

information structure: 233, 265, 348

initials: 77, 79, 8 1 , 90, 93-94, 97-98, 106, 108-1 12, 1 1 4, 1 1 8, 149, 346

instrumental: 28 1 , 3 1 5

intermarriage: 52

IntelTogatives: 1 77

Intransitive clause: 243-245

intransitive subject: 223, 235

it-cleft construction: 262, 267,

- K -

Kadai: 3 5-36, 75, 1 08

INDEX 4 1 7

Kam: 33-3 6, 54-55, 65, 75, 88, 9 1 , 94-96, 98-99, 1 08-1 1 0, 1 1 7, 172-1 73 , 345-

347

Kam-Tai: 33-36, 54-5 5, 65, 75, 9 1 , 94-95, 99, 1 08-1 09, 1 1 7, 1 72, 345-347

Kazak: 40

Khamti: 3 5

kinship: 55-56, 58-59, 62-63, 145, 24 1

Kuomintang: 40,

- L -

labialization: 75, 87

labialized: 75, 79-80, 346

Laibin Zhuang: 97, 1 09

Language maintenance: 45

Lao: 35, 262-263

Latin: 223

Left-dislocation: 234

left-headed: 1 57

lexicalization: 1 06, 3 09, 3 1 9, 328, 332-333, 337, 343, 350-3 5 1

Linnaean binomial system: 1 29

locative: 2 1 1 , 22 1 , 230, 240, 245

Longzhou: 1 09

Luocheng : 33, 38

Luodian: 96,

4 1 8 INDEX

- M -

macrorole: 224, 236

main clause: 206-209, 253, 289, 3 1 5, 329-330

Mak: 34-36

Manchu: 40

Mandarin: 45--46, 73, 84, 1 0 1 , 1 14-1 1 7, 1 54, 1 85, 1 87-1 88, 2 1 0, 236, 255, 269,

273 , 341

manner marker: 220, 3 1 5-3 1 6

Maonan population: 36-37, 40, 43

marker of comparison: 1 97

marriage: 52-55, 24 1

matri l ineal : 55, 58

metaphoric meanings: 1 64

Miao: 34, 44, 48

migration: 4 1

modifier: 1 23, 1 47, 1 55, 1 59-1 6 1 , 1 70, 1 74, 1 77

Mongol ian: 40

monosy llabic particles : 302

monotransitive clause: 240

monovalent: 236, 240-24 1 , 243-244, 349

monovalent verb: 240-24 1 , 243-244, 349

mood: 289, 347

morphological operation: 1 05, 1 1 9-1 20, 1 5 1

morphological operators: 1 23

morphology: 1 1 9, 1 29, 1 55, 1 66, 3 1 0

movement: 1 79-1 80, 227, 233 , 267-268, 347

Mulam : 34, 36, 44, 94, 96, 98, 1 09, 345

multi-prefix: 1 2 1

multiverb constructions: 247, 28 1 ,

- N -

Nandan: 33 , 38, 1 8 1 -1 82, 1 85 , 1 87, 1 92, 264, 286

Nanning: 1 23 , 1 76, 1 85, 1 87, 263-264, 267, 28 1 , 294

nasal : 77, 86-87, 90, 98, 1 08, 1 1 7

nasalized: 75-76, 79, 90, 92-94, 96, 98, 1 1 7, 346

nasals: 75, 85-86, 90, 92, 97, 1 09, 1 1 7-1 1 8, 346

INDEX 4 1 9

negative: 1 78, 1 8 1 - 1 83, 1 86, 1 88-1 93, 1 95, 1 98, 2 1 6, 2 1 8-2 19 , 22 1 , 265, 274-

275, 288, 297, 329, 347-348

negative adverb: 1 83, 1 89, 1 90, 1 92, 1 98, 2 1 8, 265, 274, 297, 347

negative imperative: 1 9 1 , 1 93 , 195

negator: 1 92, 1 95, 2 1 6-2 1 7, 220, 265

neutral ization: 223 , 269, 348

new information: 1 78, 2 1 1-2 12, 22 1 , 233, 26 1 -262, 264-265, 348

nominal ization: 120, 25 1

nominal izer: 1 33, 167, 2 1 0, 326, 347

nominative/accusative pivot: 223-225

non-canon ical form : 228

nonneutral context: 1 85

northern Zhuang: 1 09

noun phrase: 145, 205-206, 2 1 0-2 1 3 , 232, 238, 247, 255, 300, 3 1 9, 325, 347

nucleus: 84, 86

Nung: 35,

- 0 -

object: 68, 7 1 , 1 06, 120, 1 25, 1 34-1 3 5, 1 44, 1 49, 1 55, 1 57, 1 63 , 1 69-1 70, 1 73 ,

205, 207, 2 1 3, 2 1 5, 224-227, 229-230, 232-233, 235, 239-243 , 247-249,

253-257, 259-263, 274, 278-279, 284, 3 14, 3 1 9, 32 1-323, 326, 330, 332,

349

object raising: 68, 7 1 , 1 20-12 1 , 1 34-1 37, 2 1 4, 225-227, 243, 247, 284, 326, 349

Oceanic languages: 252

one-place clause: 243

open class: 309-3 1 0, 320, 344, 350-35 1

ordinal suffix: 14 1

ordinals: 1 4 1 ,

- p -

palatal ization: 75

palatalized: 75, 77, 79-80

Pama-Nyunga: 223

420 INDEX

paradigmatic shift: 320

passive: 235-239, 269, 322, 324, 349

passive markers: 237-238, 269

passivity: 236, 239, 269

PATIENT: 1 70, 239-24 1

patrilineal : 55, 58

penultimate pmiicles: 289

perfect: 27 1-273 , 283, 297, 303, 305, 3 1 2, 350

perfect and current relevance: 273

phonetics: 82

phonology: 75, 1 00, 1 08, 1 14, 1 17, 346, 35 1

phrasal marker: 273-275

pitch: 9 1 , 1 00

pivotless: 223

Pochuan: 45

Po lygamy: 53

population: 36, 4 1 , 43-44

Portuguese: 223

possession: 68, 1 45, 22 1 , 226-227, 230, 242, 323

possessive: 145, 1 73 , 255, 300

possessive construction: 1 45

possessive verb: 3 00

postmodification: 1 74, 22 1 , 348

postpositive standard: 22 1 , 348

postverbal object: 248

postverbally: 224, 349-350

pragmatics: 305

predicates: 1 59, 1 78, 1 8 1 , 1 84, 1 87, 1 92, 290

prefix: 62, 1 07, 1 20-1 33, 1 38, 140-1 45, 1 67, 1 77, 204, 309, 325-326, 344, 347

prefixation: 1 20

preglottalized: 90, 92, 95-97

Premodification: 205, 348

preposition: 227, 242, 3 17, 322, 324, 338

prepos itive attributive: 1 74

prepositive standard: 22 1 , 348

presentative sentences: 2 1 1

preverbally: 177, 224, 253 , 26 1, 350

INDEX 42 J

pronoun: 1 40, 1 43, 158, 170-1 7 1 , 1 73 , 1 78, 1 80, 205-207, 2 1 0, 22 1 , 282, 299,

326, 338-340, 347-348

proto-Kam-Sui: 98

purposive construction: 2 16-2 1 9

purposive marker: 2 14, 2 1 6-2 1 7, 2 19, 276,

- Q -Q iubei Zhuang: 1 1 0

- R -

reanalysis: 3 10

redemptive: 5 1

redupl icated: 149, 1 52-1 53 , 224, 277, 285

reduplication: 15 1 - 1 52, 277

reduplication of verbs: 1 5 1

reflexive pronoun: 1 43

register: 38, 103-1 04, 1 1 8, 346

relative clause: 1 69- 1 70, 205-207, 2 1 0, 221 , 348

religion: 70, 345

resultative: 163, 2 14, 2 1 7-2 1 9, 22 1 , 256, 28 1 -282, 3 1 4, 348

resultative complement: 2 1 9, 3 1 4

resultative constructions: 2 14, 2 1 7, 2 1 9, 22 1 , 348

resultative marker: 2 1 8-2 1 9, 281

rhetorical question: 297, 306

ritual: 48-5 1, 66-68, 70, 142, 1 5 8-1 59, 346

role-identifying mechanism: 225

Rongshui: 38

Russian: 40,

- s -

Saek: 3 5

sandhi: 1 0 1- 1 05, 1 18, 1 9 1 , 346

sandhi pattern: 1 03-104, 346

422 INDEX

Sandu: 96

Sanfang: 96

Sanj iang Sui: 108

Sanskrit: 223

scope of negation: 1 92, 22 1 , 347

semantic ambiguity: 207

semantic analysis: 56, 1 66, 247

semantic b ivalence: 239

semantic b leaching: 3 1 0, 324, 3 26, 328

semantic fields: 1 6 1 , 334

semantic relations: 1 55 , 1 62, 1 66, 223 , 236, 240-24 1 , 249, 284

semantic valence: 236

semantics: 287, 35 1

sentence final particles: 1 8 1 , 1 83, 1 95, 22 1 , 302, 347

separator: 1 88

serial verb: 1 63, 1 84, 208, 209, 223-224, 246-247, 249, 252-253

Shan: 35

shared information: 2 1 1 , 348

Si'en : 44, 50

simple initial consonants: 75-77

simple vowel: 8 1-82, 1 13

S initic: 223

S ino-Tibetan : 34-35, 1 52

Sipsonbanna Tai: 1 08

Sipsongpanna: 1 09

social interaction : 45

song: 45, 49-50, 53, 127, 1 49, 1 79, 249-250, 252, 279, 40 1 , 403

sound change: 1 1 7, 330

sound system : 75

Southwestern Mandarin: 84, 90

speaker: 33, 36-37, 4 1 , 44, 78, 84, 88, 96, 1 0 1 , 125, 1 39, 1 80-1 8 1 , 1 85, 1 93 ,

1 95-1 96, 204, 2 1 1 , 262, 272, 282, 290-291 , 294-296, 299,-30 1 , 303-305,

334, 338-340, 342-345

special questions: 1 78, 291

standard Chinese: 45

INDEX 423

stative verb: 300

story: 4 1 , 50, 1 35 , 2 1 2, 3 1 4, 3 32, 348, 3 53 , 3 59, 3 73-374, 379-3 80, 386, 400

stress: 1 54

style: 74

SUBJECT: 1 5 6-1 57, 1 70, 229-230, 235, 349

subject and object: 223, 225, 267, 269

subject and topic: 229

subjectless: 245

subordinate clause: 205

successive aspect: 285

suffixation: 1 20, 146

Sui: 3 3-36, 70, 94, 96, 98, 1 0 1 , 1 08-1 1 0, 1 2 1 , 1 72, 337, 345

superlative markers: 348

suprafixation: 1 20, 1 67

suprasegmental features: 1 0 5 , 1 54

SVO: 1 69

syllabic: 75, 77

syntactic argument: 244

syntactic boundaries: 3 1 0

syntactic'monovalence: 252

syntactic passive: 349

syntactic role: 208, 249, 269, 349

syntactic valence: 236, 349

syntax: 46, 1 44, 1 55, 1 66, 1 69, 1 77, 236, 3 1 0, 3 1 8, 347, 3 5 1

systematics: 1 29, 1 32,

- T -

taboo : 69-70, 342

tag question : 1 78, 1 89- 1 90

Tai-Kadai: 35, 75, 1 08-1 09, 1 52, 346

Tam Family Saga: 47

Tan Canyuan: 40

taxonomic: 1 32

temperature: 38

Temporal: 1 76, 249, 3 5 0

424 INDEX

temporal adjunct: 263

temporal-aspectual : 305

tense: 1 1 9, 1 69, 1 9 1 , 27 1-272, 309, 347

tentative aspect: 1 53, 276, 3 1 0

Thai : 82, 92, 205-206, 233, 236, 348

theme: 284

three-place clause: 242

Tian'e: 33 , 38

Tibetan: 35, 40

tonal assignment: 93, 97

tonal system : 9 1 , 93, 97, 1 08, 1 1 1

tone: 75, 77, 88, 90-93, 95-103, 1 05-1 1 1 , 1 1 8, 147- 148, 1 77, 1 9 1 , 289, 29 1-292,

298-299, 302, 330, 346

tone sandhi : 75, 1 0 1 , 1 9 1 , 346

tonogenesis: 93

topic: 7 1 , 2 1 1-2 1 3 , 228-230, 233-234, 236, 348

topical ization: 233

Topical ized topic structure: 233

topic-prominent: 229

Torch Festival: 4 1

trace: 1 78-1 79, 23 3-234, 248, 256-257, 269, 3 1 9, 349

transitive clause: 223, 225, 236, 240, 24 1 , 349

transitive object: 223, 235

transitive verb: 1 44, 2 1 3 , 236, 239, 247, 254-255, 33 1

transitivity: 223 , 239, 349

typological features: 35, 1 1 7, 1 86, 346,

- u -

Uigur: 40

undergoer: 1 63, 1 69, 224,

- v -

valence increase: 24 1

valence-decreasing: 1 67, 347

verb agreement: 223 , 347

INDEX 425

verbs of attain ment: 3 00

voiced: 75-76, 78-79, 92, 95, 99-1 00, 1 06, 1 08-1 09, 1 1 2 , 330, 346, 3 5 1

voiceless: 75-76, 79, 85, 94, 95, 99- 1 00, 1 06, 1 08-1 09, 1 1 2, 330, 346

vowel : 75, 8 1 -82, 84-9 1 , 97-9 8, 1 08, 1 1 0, 1 1 4-1 1 8, 1 49

vowel length : 87, 9 1

vowel symbo l ism: 1 49,

- w -

Wh ite Tai : 35

word formation: 1 1 9, 1 66, 347

Wuming Zhuang: 1 02, 1 04, 1 08,

- x -

X-bar theory : 1 24

X ishuangbanna: 1 09,

- y -

Yangchang Bouyei : 1 08

Yanghuang: 33-34, 4 1 , 345

Yao : 34, 44, 48, 5 1 , 70

Yao K ing: 70

Yi shan : 33, 38 ,

- z -

zero i n itials: 8 1

zero projection: 1 24

zero-argument clause: 244

zero-topic: 2 1 2, 348

zero valent verb: 1 5 1 , 244

Zhou Qufe i : 39

Zhuang: 33-3 6, 38, 44-48, 52, 66, 70, 72-74, 94, 96-97, 1 08-1 1 1 , 1 72- 1 73, 2 1 9,

245, 297, 300, 345