REFERENCES

1. Fawell J, Bailey K, Chilton J, Dahi E, Fewtrell L, Magara Y, editors. Fluoride

in drinking water. World Health Organization. London: IWA Publishing; 2006.

2. Ayoob S, Gupta AK. Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Review on the Status

and Stress Effects. Crit Rev Environ Sci Techno!. 2006; 36(6):433-87.

3. Taiyuan Declaration on Water Quality and Arsenic. Inter-Regional

Conference on Water Quality and Arsenic Mitigation. Taiyuan, China. 2004.

Available from: http://www.unicef.org/china/media_1163.html

4. Susheela AK. A Treatise on Fluorosis. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Fluorosis

Research and Rural Development Foundation; 2003.

5. Fluoride in water: An overview. UNICEF Programme Division, WES Section,

New York: UNICEF; 1999.

6. World Bank Report on Nalgonda water problem. Available from: http://www.

nalgonda.org/fluorosis/world%20bank.htm

7. Fluoride and arsenic in drinking water. World Health Organization: Geneva;

2004. Available from: http://www.who.inticeh/publications/en/ 08fluor.pdf

119

8. Shivashankara AR, Shankara SYM, Rao HS, Bhat PG. A clinical and

biochemical study of chronic fluoride toxicity in children of Kheru Thanda of

Gulbarga District, Kamataka, India. Fluoride.2000; 33(2):66-73.

9. Gopalakrishnan P, Vasan RS, Sarma PS, Thankappan KR. Prevalence of

dental fluorosis and associated risk factors among school children in

Alappuzha district, Kerala. Nat Med J Ind. 1999; 12(3): 99-103.

10. Mackay KM, Mackay RA. Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry. 4th

ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 1989.

11. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Fluorides: Environ Health

Criteria 227.World Health Organization. Geneva 2002. Available from:

http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc227.htm

12. Nommik H. Fluorine in Swedish agricultural products, soil, and drinking

water. Acta Polytech Scand.1953; 127:1.

13. Murray JJ, editor. Appropriate Use of Fluorides for Human Health. World

Health Organization, Geneva. 1986.

120

14. Singh SP, Khare P, Satsangi GS, Lakhani A, Kumari SS, Srivastava SS.

Rainwater composition at a regional representative site of a semi-arid region

of India. 2001; Water Air Soil Pollut. 127: 93-108.

15. Hem JD. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of

Natural Water. Water Supply Paper 2254. 3rd edition. Washington D C: US

Geological Survey; 1989.

16. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Fluorine and Fluorides:

Environ Health Criteria 36.World Health Organization: Geneva; 1984.

Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc36.htm

17. Lakdawala DR, Punekar BD. Fluoride content of water and commonly

consumed foods in Bombay and a study of the dietary fluoride intake. Indian J

Med Res. 1994; 61 :1679-87.

18. Fung KF, Zhang za, Wong JWC. Fluoride contents in tea and soil from

tea plantations and the release of fluoride into tea liquor during infusion.

Environ Pollut. 1999; 104: 197-205.

19. Simpson A, Shaw L, Smith AJ. The bio-availability offluoride from black

tea. J Dent. 2001; 29(1): 15-21.

121

20. Ismail A, Bandekar RR. Fluoride supplements and fluorosis: A meta­

analysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1999; 27: 48-56.

21. Okamura T, Matsuhisa T. The content of fluorine in cigarettes. J Food

Hyg Soc Jpn. 1965; 6: 382-5.

22. Full CA, Parkins FM. Effect of cooking vessel composition on fluoride. J

Dent Res. 1975; 54: 192.

23. Power GRI, Gay JDL. Sodium fluoride in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Clin Invest Med. 1986; 9: 41-3.

24. Dinman BD, Backenstos DL, Carter RP. A five year study of fluoride

absorption and excretion. J Occup Med. 1976; 18: 17-20.

25. Ekstrand J, Alvan G, Boreus LO, Norlin A. Pharmacokinetics of fluoride in

man after single and multiple oral doses. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1977; 12:

311-7.·

26. Messer HH, Ophaug RH. Influence of gastric acidity on fluoride absorption

in rats. J Dent Res. 1993;72(3):619-22.

122

27. Whitford GM. Effects of plasma nuoride and di§}tary calcium concentration

on GI absorption and secretion of fluoride in the rat. Calcif Tissue Int. 1994;

54: 421-5.

28. Whitford GM, Pashley DH, Reynolds KE. Fluoride tissue distribution:

Short-term kinetics. Am J Physiol. 1979; 236:141-8.

29. Weatherell JA, Robinson C, Patterson C. The uptake and action of

fluoride in dental enamel. J Clin Periodontol.1979; 6(7): 53-60.

30. Ekstrand J, Boreus LO, de Chateau P. No evidence of transfer of fluoride

from plasma to breast milk. BMJ. 1981; 283(6294): 761-2.

31. Oliveby A, Lagerl6f F, Ekstrand J, Dawes C. Studies on fluoride

concentrations in human submandibular/sublingual saliva and their relation

to flow rate and plasma fluoride levels. J Dent Res.1989; 68(2):146-9.

32. Whitford GM. Intake and metabolism of fluoride. Adv Dent Res. 1994; 8(1):

5-14.

33. Mcivor ME. Acute fluoride toxicity: pathophysiology and management.

Drug Saf. 1990; 5: 79-85.

123

34. Klein H, Palmer CE, Knutson JW. Studies on dental caries, dental status

and dental needs of elementary school children. Pub Health Rep.1938; 53:

751-65.

35. Shellis RP, Duckworth RM. Studies on the cariostatic mechanisms of

fluoride. Int Dent J. 1994 Jun; 44(3 Suppl1 ):263-73.

36. Featherstone JD. Prevention and reversal of dental caries: role of low

level fluoride. Community Dent Oral Epidemio!. 1999; 27: 31-40.

37. Murray JJ, Rugg-Gunn AJ, Jenkins GN. 1991 Fluorides in Caries

Prevention. 3rd ed. Oxford: Wright; 1999.

38. Booth JM, Mitropoulos CM, Worthington HV. A comparison between the

dental health of 3-year old children living in fluoridated Huddersfield and non­

fluoridated Dewsbury. Community Dent Health. 1989; 9: 151-7.

39. Hunt RJ, Eldredge JB, Beck JD. Effect of residence in a fluoridated

community on the incidence of coronal and root caries in an older adult

population. J Pub Health Dent.1989; 49: 138-41.

40. Murray JJ. Adult dental health in fluoride and non-fluoride areas-Part-3

Tooth mortality by age. Br Dent J. 1971; 131: 487-92.

124

41. Fluorides and Oral Health: Report of a Who Expert Committee on Oral

Health Status and Fluoride Use (Technical Report Series846). World Health

Organization: Geneva. 1994.

42. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. World Health

Organization: Geneva. 1996.

43. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Achievements in public

health, 1900-1999: Fluoridation of drinking water to prevent dental caries.

Morbid Mortal. Weekly Rep. 1999; 48(41): 933-40.

44. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 1999b Ten Great Public

Health Achievements United States, 1900-1999. MMWR CDC Surveillance

Summaries 48, 241-43.

45. One in a Million-The facts about water fluoridation. British Fluoridation

Society: Manchester; 2004.

46. Lennon AM, Whelton H, O'Mullane D. Ekstrand J. Nutrients in drinking

water- chapter 14, fluoride. World Health Organization: Geneva; 2005.

125

47. McDon~gh M, Whiting P, Bradley M, Cooper J, Sutton A, Chestnut I, et al.

ASystematic Review of Public Water Fluoridation BMJ. 2000; 321 (7265):

855-9.

48. Whelton H, Crowley E, O'Mullane D, Cronin M, Kelleher V. Children's oral

health in Ireland 2002: Preliminary results. Irish Government Department of

Health and Children. 2003

49. Yiamouyiannis J. Water fluoridation and tooth decay: Results from the

1986-1987 National Survey of US schoolchildren. Fluoride. 1990; 23: 55-67.

50. Ziegelbecker R. Fluoridated water and teeth. Fluoride. 1981; 14: 123-8.

51. Ziegelbecker R, Ziegelbecker RC. WHO data on dental caries and natural

fluoride levels. Fluoride. 1993; 26: 263-6.

52. Diesendorf M. How science can illuminate ethical debates: A case study

on water fluoridation. Fluoride. 1995; 28: 87-104.

53. Sheiham A. Changing trends in dental caries. Int J Epidemio!. 1984;13:

142-7.

126

54. Diesendorf M. The mystery of declinin9.tooth decay. Nature. 1986; 322:

125-9.

55. Thylstrup A. Clinical evidence of the role of pre-eruptive fluoride in caries

prevention. Special issue. J Dent Res. 1990; 69: 742-50.

56. Armfield JM, Spencer AJ. Consumption of non-public water: implications

for children's caries experience. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004;32:

283-96.

57. Brunelle JA, Carlos JP. Recent trends in dental caries in U.S. children and

the effect of water fluoridation. J. Dent. Res. 1990; 69: 723-7.

58. Colquhoun J. Is there a dental benefit from water fluoride? Fluoride. 1994;

27: 13-22.

59. Spencer AJ, Slade GO, Davies M. Water fluoridation in Australia.

Community Dent Health. 1996; 13(2): 27-37.

60. Medical Research Council 2002 Working Group Report: Water

Fluoridation and Health p. 47. MRC, London.2002.

127

61. McKay FS, Black GV. An investigation of mottled teeth: An endemic

developmental imperfection of the enamel of the teeth, heretofore unknown in

the literature of dentistry. Dent Cosmos. 1916; 58: 477-84.

62. McKay FS. Mottled enamel: A fundamental problem in dentistry. Dent

Cosmos. 1925;67(9): 847.

63. Moller PF, Gudjonsson SV. Massive fluorosis of bones and ligaments.

Acta Radiol. 1932; 13: 269-94.

64. Aoba T. The effect of fluoride on apatite structure and growth. Crit Rev

Oral Bioi Med. 1977; 8(2): 136-53.

65. Fejerskov 0, Manji P, Vaelum V. The nature and mechanisms of dental

fluorosis in man, Special issue. J Dent Res. 1990; 69; 692-700.

66. Susheela AK, Bhatnagar M. Structural aberrations in fluorosed human

teeth: Biochemical and scanning electron microscopic studies. Curr Sci. 1999;

77: 1677-80.

67. Mwaniki DL, Courtney JM, Gaylor JD. Endemic fluorosis: an analysis of

needs and possibilities based on case studies in Kenya. Soc Sci Med 1994;

39: 807-13.

128

68. Clark DC, Berkowitz J. The influence of various fluoride exposures on the

prevalence of esthetic problems resulting from dental fluorosis. J Public

Health Dent 1997; 57:144-9.

69. Mothusi B. Psychological Effects of Dental Fluorosis. Department of

Health, North West Province, South Africa.

70. Larsen MJ, Kirkegaard E, Poulson S. Pattern of dental fluorosis in a

European country in relation to the fluoride concentration of drinking water.

Journal of Dental Research.1987; 66: 10-12.

71. McKnight CB, Levy SM, Cooper SE, Jakobsen JR. A pilot study of esthetic

perceptions of dental fluorosis vs. selected other dental conditions. J Dent

Child 1998; 65: 233-8.

72. Rahmatulla AH. Clinical Evaluation of two different techniques for the

removal of fluorosis stains. Egypt Dent J. 1995; 41 (3): 1287-94.

73. Selwitz RH, Nowjack-Raymer RE, Kingman A. Prevalence of dental

caries and dental fluorosis in areas with optimal and above-optimal water

fluoride concentrations; A 1O-year follow-up study. J Public Health Dent. 1995;

55:2,85-93.

129

74. Subbareddy W, Tiwari A. Enamal mottling at different levels of fluoride in

drinking water in endemic area. J Indian Dent Assoc. 1985; 57: 205-12.

75. Wang GO, Huang YZ, Xiao BY, Qian XC, Yao H, Hu Y, et al. Toxicity from

water containing arsenic and fluoride in Xinjiang. Fluoride. 1997; 30:2, 81-4.

76. Dean HT: Classification of mottled enamel diagnosis. J Am Dent Assoc.

1934; 21: 1421-26.

77. M011er IJ. Fluorides and dental fluorosis. Int Dent J. 1982;32(2):135-47.

78. Thylstrup A, Fejerskov O. Clinical appearance of dental fluorosis in

permanent teeth in relation to histologic changes. Community Dent Oral

Epidem. 1978; 6: 315-28.

79. Horowitz HS, Driscoll WS, Meyers RJ, Heifetz SB, Kingman A. A new

method for assessing the prevalence of dental fluorosis - the Tooth Surface

Index of Fluorosis. J Am Dent Assoc. 1984; 109: 37-41.

80. Pendrys DG, Risk of enamel fluorosis in non fluoridated and optimally

fluoridated populations: considerations for the dental professional. J Am Dent

Assoc.2000; 131(6): 746-55.

130

81. Rozier RG. Epidemiological indices for measuring the clinical

manifestations of dental fluorosis; Overview and critique. Adv Dent Res. 1994;

8 (1): 39-55.

82. Dean HT. The investigation of physiological effects by the epidemiological

method. In: Moulton RF, editor. Fluorine and dental health, Washington, DC,

American Association for the Advancement of Science,1942.

83. Grynpas MD. Fluoride effects on bone crystals. J Bone Min.

Res. 1990; 5: 8169-75.

84. Krishnamachari KA. Skeletal fluorosis in humans: A review of recent

progress in the understanding of the disease. Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1986;

10(3): 279-314.

85. Reddy DR, Deme SR. Skeletal Fluorosis. In Chopra JS, Sawhney IMS.

editors. Neurology in Tropics. B.1. Churchill Livingstone, New Delhi, India:

1999; 82-92

86. Li Y, Liang C, 81emenda CW, Ji R, Sun S, Cao J, et al. Effect of long-term

exposure to fluoride in drinking water on risks of bone fractures. J Bone

Mineral Res. 2001 ;16(5): 932-9.

131

87. Yiamouyiannis J, Burk D. Fluoridation and cancer: age-dependence of

cancer mortality related to artificial fluoridation. Fluoride. 1977; 10: 102-24.

88. Knox EG. Fluoridation of Water and Cancer: A Review of the

Epidemiological Evidence, Report of the Working Party on the Fluoridation of

Water and Cancer. HMSO: London;1985.

89. Smith A. An examination of the relationship between fluoridation of water

and cancer mortality in 20 large US cities. N Z Med J. 1980; 91: 413-16.

90. Takahashi K, Akiniwa K, Narita K. Regression analysis of cancer

incidence rates and water fluoride in the U.S.A. based on IACRIIARC (WHO)

data (1978-1992). International Agency for Research on Cancer. J Epidemiol

2001; 11:4 170-9.

91. Bucher JR, Hejtmancik MR, Toft JD, Persing RL, Eustis SL, Haseman JK .

Results and conclusions of the National Toxicology Program's rodent

carcinogenicity studies with sodium fluoride. Int J Cancer. 1991; 48(5):733-7.

132

92. Hoover RN. Devesa SS. cantor KP. Lubin JH Fraum..eni JF. Auoridation

of drinking water and subsequent cancer incidence and mortality. Review of

Fluoride Benefits and Risks. Report of the Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Auoride

of the Committee to Coordinate Environmental Health and Related Problems.

Washington, DC:US Department of Health and Human Services; 1991. E1-51.

93. Freni SC, Gaytor DW. International trends in the incidence of bone cancer

are not related to drinking water fluoridation. Cancer.1992;70(3): 611-8.

94. Spak CJ, Sjostedt S. E1eborg l. Tissue response of gasbic mucosa after

ingestion of fluoride. B Moo J. 1989; 298: 1686-7.

95. Susheela AK, Das TK, Gupta IP. Fluoride ingestion and its correlation with

gastrointestinal discomfort. Fluoride. 1992; 25:15-22.

96. Susheela AK, Jethanandani P. Circulating testosterone levels in skeletal

fluorosis patients. Clin Toxicol. 1996; 34 (2):183-9.

97. Wang AG, Xia T, Chu Ql, Zhang M, Liu F, Chen XM, et al. Effects of

fluoride on lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and apoptosis in human embryo

hepatocytes. BiomOO Environ Sci. 2004; 17(2): 217-22.

133

98. Gibson S. Effects of Fluoride on the Immune System. Complimentary Med

Res. 1992; 6(3) : 111-3.

99. NRC [National Research Council] (1993) Health Effects of Ingested

Fluoride, Commission on Life Sciences 51-72. National Academy Press I

Washington, OC-125-8, http://www.nap.edu/books/030904975X1html

100. Pandit CG, Raghavachari TNS, Rao OS. Endemic fluorosis in South

India: A study of the factors involved in the production of mottled enamel in

children and severe bone manifestations in adults. Indian J Mee Res. 1940;

28: 533-58.

101. Krishnamachari KAVR. Further observations on the syndrome of

endemic genu valgum of South India. Ind J Med Res. 1976; 64: 284-91.

102. Chen YC, Lin MO, Xia YO, Gan WM, Min 0, Chen C. Nutrition Survey In

Dental Fluorosis-Afflicted Areas, Fluoride. 1997; 30(2): 77-80.

103. Shaw JH, Gupta OMP, Meyer MF. High Fluoride Content of Teeth from

Communities with Low Fluoride Water Supplies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1956; 4:

246-53.

134

104. Chan JT, Yip TT, Jeske AH, The role of caffeinated beverages in dental

fluorosis. Med Hypotheses. 1990; 33(1): 21-2.

105. Everett ET, McHenry N, Reynolds H, Eggertsson J. Sullivan C,

Kantmann EA, et al. Dental Fluorosis: Variability among different Inbreed

Mouse Strains. Research Reports Biological J Dent Res. 2002:81(11 ):794-8.

106. Danilov IP, Protasov VV, Lotosh EA, Luzina FA. Genetic markers of

occupational susceptibility to fluorosis. Med Tr Prom Ekol. 2001; (7): 30-3.

107. Asoku TJ, Zoakah AI. Risk factors associated with dental fluorosis in

central Plateau, Nigeria. Community Dent oral Epidemiol. 2008; 36 (2): 144-8.

108. Pontio-Loyola AP, Medina-Solis CE, Borges-Yanez SA, Patino-Marin N,

Islas Marquez A, Maupome G. Prevalence and severity of dental caries in

adolescents aged 12 and 15 living in communities with various fluoride

concentrations. J Public Health Dent. 2007; 67(1): 8-13.

109. Martinez-Mier EA, Soto-Rojas AE, Urefia-Cirett JL, Katz BP, Stookey GK.

Dental fluorosis and altitude: Oral Health Prev Dent. 2004; 2(1): 39-48.

110. Galagon DJ, Lamson GG. Climate and endemic dental fluorosis. Public

Health Rep. 1953; 68(5): 497-508.

135

111. Quality criteria for water, Washington, DC, Environmental protection

agency,1976(EPA-440/9-76-023).

112. Jolly SS, Singh 10, Prasad S, Sharma R, Singh 8M, Mathui ac. An

epidemiological study of endemic fluorosis in Punlab.--mdtan--JMed Res. 190;

57(7):1333-46.

113. Belyakova TM, Zhavoronkov AA. A study of endemic fluorosis on the

continents of the terrestrial globe. USSR Academy of Sciences. Proceedings

of the Biogeochemical Laboratory. 1978;15: 37-53.

114. Water-related diseases - fluorosis; the disease and how it affects people.

World Health Organization. Geneva. 2005. Available from:

http://www.who.intlwater_sanitation_health/diseaseslfluorosislenl

115. Liang C, Ji R, Cao S. Epidemiological analysis of endemic fluorosis in

China. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 1997; 15(2):

123-38.

116. Wang GQ, Huang YZ, Xiao BY, Qian XC, Yao H, Hu Y, et al. Toxicity

from water containing arsenic and fluoride in Xinjiang. Fluoride. 1997; 30(2):

81-4.

117. HDR (2002) 149-152. UNDP - the Human Development Report

136

118. Mosha HJ. Endemic dental fluorosis an<tthe possibilities of defluoridation

and fluoridation of water supplies in Tanzania. Odonto-Stomatologie Tropicale.

1984: 7(2); 89-96.

119. UNICEF. State of the art report on the extent of fluoride in drinking water

and the resulting endemicity in India. Report by Ftuorosis Research & Rural

Development Foundation for UNICEF, New Delhi;1999.

120. Handa BK. Geochemistry and genesis of fluoride-containing ground

waters in India. Groundwater. 1975 ; 13:(3) 275-281.

121. Editorial. National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, India.

Newsletter. Vol.1X No:1, Jan-March 2007. Available from:

W'NW.nihfw.org/pdf/newsletter_Jan-March 07.pdf

122. Chandra S, Sharma R, Thengoanker VP, Chaturvedi SK. Determination

of optimal fluoride concentration in drinking water in an area in India with

dental fluorosis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1980: 8(2): 92-6.

123. Susheela AK, Bhatnagar M, Aravind Kumar. Status of drinking- water in

the mega city Delhi. Proceedings of 22nd WEDC conference: Reaching the

Unreached : Challenges for the 21st century. 1996. New Delhi: 355-7.

137

124. Chakma T, Singh SB, Godbole S, Tiwary RS. Endemi<; fluorosis with

genu valgum syndrome in a village of district Mandla, Madhya

Pradesh. Indian Pediatr. 1991; 34: 232- 6.

125. Fluoride Distribution and fluorosis in some villages c..f Banswata District ~

of Rajasthan. Indian J Environ Htth. 1997; 39(4): 281-8.

126. Somvanshi PK, Chanbey BS, Phadake RV, Sakharde PM. Fluorosis in

Maharashtra. J Assoc Physicians India. 1990; 38(3): 217-9.

127. Karthikeyan G, Shunmugasundarraj A. Isopleth mapping and in-situ

fluoride dependence on water quality in Krishnagiri Block of Tamil Nadu in

South India. Fluoride.2000; 33(3): 121-7.

128. Choubisa SL, Choubisa L, Choubisa OK. Endemic fluorosis in Rajasthan.

Indian J Environ Health. 2001; 43(4): 177-89.

129. Khandare AL, Rao GS, Lakshmaiah. Effect of tamarind ingestion on

fluoride excretion in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002; 56: 82-5.

130. Sharma SK. High Fluoride in Ground water cripples life in parts of India.

Diffuse Pollution Conference DUblin 2003.

138

131. Chandra~hekar J, Anuradha KP. Prevalence of dental fluorosis in rural

areas of Davangere, India. Int Dent J. 2004; 54: 235-9.

132. Bharati P, Kubakaddi A, Rao M, Naik RK. Clinical symptoms of deotal

and skeletal fluorosis in Gadag and Bagalkot districts of Kamataka.

J Hum Ecol. 2005; 18(2):105-7.

133. Harikumar R, Khandare Al, Brahmam GNV, Venkaiah K, Gal Reddy CH.

Sivakumar B. Assessment of current status of fluorosis in North-Western

districts of Tamil Nadu using community index for dental fluorosis. J Hum Ecol.

2007; 27(1): 27-32.

134. Pereira AC, Moreira BH. Analysis of three dental fluorosis indexes used

in epidemiologic trials. Braz Dent J. 1999;10(1):29-37.

135. Ekstrand J. Ehmebo M. Influence of milk products on fluoride

bio3vailability in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1979;16(3):211-5.

136. Xiong X,liu J, He W, Xia T, He P, Chen~ et al. Dose-effect relationship

between drinking water f]ooride levels and damage to liver and kidney

functions illl children. Environ Res. 2007;103(1 ):112-6.

131. Grace M. Fads on filuoridation. Sr Dent J. 2000; 189(8): 405

139