References

127

REFERENCES

Abbott NJ (2004): Evidence for bulk flow of brain interstitial fluid:

significance for physiology and pathology. Neurochem Int; 45:545–552.

Abouleaa AO, et al (1985): Position of cerebellar tonsils in the normal

population and in patients with Chiari malformation: a quantitative

approach with MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr; 6(6):1033-1036.

Adams RD, Fisher CM, Hakim S, Ojemann RG, Sweet WH (1965):

Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with ―normal‖ cerebrospinal fluid

pressure: a treatable syndrome. N Engl J Med; 273:117-26.

Agrawal A, Mittal A, Kohali GB, Sampley S, Gupta A (2012): Chiari III

Malformation. Pediatr Neurosurg. In Press.

Aitken LA, Lindan CE, Sidney S, Gupta N, Barkovich AJ, Sorel M, Wu

YW (2009): Chiari type I malformation in a pediatric population. Pediatr

Neurol; 40(6):449-54.

Algin O, Taskapilioglu O, Zan E, Hakyemez B, Karaoglanoglu M (2011):

Detection of CSF leaks with magnetic resonance imaging in intracranial

hypotension syndrome. J Neuroradiol; 38(3):175-7.

Alperin N, Kulkarni K, Loth F, Roitberg B, Foroohar M, Mafee MF, et al

(2001): Analysis of magnetic resonance imaging-based blood and

cerebrospinal fluid flow measurements in patients with Chiari I

malformation: a system approach. Neurosurg Focus; 11:E6.

References

128

Alperin N, Stelzig C (1999): Does CSF flow reflect the mechanical state of the

craniospinal system? Presented at the 7th International Society of

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 24–28.

Armonda RA, Citrin CM, Foley KT, Ellenbogen RG (2004): Quantitative

cine-mode magnetic resonance imaging of Chiari I malformations: An

analysis of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. Neurosurgery 35:214–224.

Atkinson JLD, Kokmen E, Miller G (2008): Evidence of posterior fossa

hypoplasia in the familial variant of adult Chiari I malformation: case

report. Neurosurgery; 42:401-403.

Badie B, Mendoza D, Batzdorf U (2005): Posterior fossa volume and response

to suboccipital decompression in patients with Chiari I malformation.

Neurosurgery 37:214–218.

Baledent O, Gondry-Jouet C, Meyer ME, De Marco G, Le Gars D, Henry-

Feugeas MC, et al (2004): Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid and

blood dynamics in healthy volunteers and patients with communicating

hydrocephalus. Invest Radiol; 39:45-55.

Baledent O, Gondry-Jouet C, Stoquart-Elsankari S, Bouzerar R, Le Gars

D, Meyer ME (2006): Value of phase contrast magnetic resonance

imaging for investigation of cerebral hydrodynamics. J Neuroradiol;

33:292–303.

Barkovich AJ, Kjos BO, Norman D, Edwards MS (2004): Revised

classification of posterior fossa cysts and cystlike malformations based on

the results of multiplanar MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol. 153; 6: 1289-

1300.

References

129

Barkovich AJ, Millen KJ, Dobyns WB (2007): A developmental classification

of malformations of the brainstem. Ann Neurol; 62(6):625-39.

Bassen H, Schaefer DJ, Zaremba L, Bushberg J, et al (2005): IEEE

Committee on Man and Radiation (COMAR) technical information

statement "Exposure of medical personnel to electromagnetic fields from

open magnetic resonance imaging systems. Health Physics 89 (6): 684–9.

Bateman A, Levi CR, Schofield P, Wang Y, Lovett EC (2005): The

pathophysiology of the aqueduct stroke volume in normal pressure

hydrocephalus: can co-morbidity with other forms of dementia be

excluded?, Neuroradiology; 47:741–8.

Bateman GA (2002): Pulse-wave encephalopathy: a comparative study of the

hydrodynamics of leukoaraiosis and normal-pressure hydrocephalus,

Neuroradiology; 44:740–8.

Behari S, Garg P, Jaiswal S, Nair A, Naval R, Jaiswal AK (2010): Major

surgical approaches to the posterior third ventricular region: A pictorial

review. Journal of Pediatric Neuroscience; 5, (5):98-101.

Bejjani GK (2001): The definition of the adult Chiari malformation: a brief

historical overview. Neurosurgical Focus 11:Article 1.

Bejjani GK (2001): What do tonsillar herniation and idiopathic intracranial

hypertensions have in common? Successful management of recurrent

Chiari malformation with CSF diversion. Transactions of the 12th World

Congress of Neurosurgery, WFNS, Sydney, Australia, 16-21.

Bhadelia RA, Bogdan AR, Wolpert SM, Lev S, Appignani BA, Heilman CB

(2005): Cerebrospinal fluid flow waveforms: Analysis in patients with

References

130

Chiari I malformation by means of gated phase-contrast MR imaging

velocity measurements. Radiology 196:195–202.

Bhadelia RA, Frederick E, Patz S, Dubey P, Erbay SH, Do-Dai D and

Heilman C (2011): Cough-Associated Headache in Patients with Chiari I

Malformation: CSF Flow Analysis by Means of Cine Phase-Contrast MR

Imaging AJNR; 32: 739-742.

Binder DK, Horton JC, Lawton MT, McDermott MW (2004): Idiopathic

intracranial hypertension. Neurosurgery 54 (3): 538–51; discussion 551–

2.

Black P McL (1980): Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: results of

shunting in 62 patients. J Neurosurg; 52:371-7.

Borg J, Campos A, Diema C, Omeñaca N, de Oliveira E, Guinovart J,

Vilaseca M (2011): Spectral counting assessment of protein dynamic

range in cerebrospinal fluid following depletion with plasma-designed

immunoaffinity columns. Clin Proteomics; 8(1):6.

Borgesen SE, Gjerris F (1987): Relationships between intracranial pressure,

ventricular size, and resistance to CSF outflow. J Neurosurg 67:535–539.

Bradley WG Jr, Whittemore AR, Watanabe AS, Davis SJ, Teresi LM,

Homyak M (1991): Association of deep white matter infarction with

chronic communicating hydrocephalus: implications regarding the

possible origin of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Am J Neuroradiol;

12:31-9.

Brodbelt A, Stoodley M (2007): CSF pathways: a review. Br J Neurosurg;

21(5):510-20.

References

131

Bruni JE (2008): Ependymal development, proliferation, and functions: a

review. Microsc Res Tech; 41:2–13.

Bunck AC, Kröger JR, Jüttner A, Brentrup A, Fiedler B, Schaarschmidt F,

Crelier GR, Schwindt W (2011): Magnetic resonance 4D flow

characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid at the craniocervical junction and the

cervical spinal canal. Eur Radiol; 21(8):1788-96.

Caldarelli M, Rea G, Cincu R, Di Rocco C (2002): Chiari type III

malformation. Child‘s Nerv Syst; 18:207–210.

Chauvet D, Sichez JP, Boch AL (2009): Early epidural hematoma after CSF

shunts for obstructive hydrocephalus. Neurochirurgie; 55(3):350-3.

Chern JJ, Gordon AJ, Mortazavi MM, Tubbs RS, Oakes WJ (2011): Pediatric Chiari

malformation Type 0: a 12-year institutional experience. J Neurosurg Pediatr; 8(1):1-

5.

Cinalli G, Spennato P, Nastro A, Aliberti F (2011): Hydrocephalus in

aqueductal stenosis. Child's Nervous System; 27, (10):1621-1642,

Ciołkowski MK (2011): Cavum velum interpositum, cavum septum pellucidum

and cavum Vergae: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2011 Sep 10 (Abstract).

Collmann H, S ِ rensen N, Krauss J (2005): Hydrocephalus in

craniosynostosis: a review. Childs Nerv Syst; 21:902-912.

Corner J, Flórez N, Valero MC, Martí-Bonmatí L, Moratal-Pérez D, Piquer

J, et al (2007): Valoración de la cuantificación fiable de la dinámica del

líquido cefalorraquídeo en el acueducto de Silvio mediante RM en la

hidrocefalia normopresiva idiopática. Neurología; 22:213–20.

References

132

Craven J (2010): Cerebrospinal fluid and its. Circulation. Anesthesia and

Intensive Care Medicine 11:9.

Curry WT, Butler WE, Barker FG (2005): Rapidly rising incidence of

cerebrospinal fluid shunting procedures for idiopathic intracranial

hypertension in the United States, 1988-2002. Neurosurgery 57 (1): 97–

108; discussion 97–108.

Czosnyka M and Whitfield P (2006): Hydrocephalus. A Practical Guide to

CSF Dynamics and Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts. ACNR; 6 (3):14-17.

Czosnyka M, Czosnyka Z, Momjian S, Pickard JD (2004): Cerebrospinal

fluid dynamics. Physiol Meas; 25:R51-76.

Davson H, Segal MB (1996): Physiology of the CSF and Blood-Brain Barriers.

Boca Raton: CRC; pp. 1-822.

Davson H, Segal MB (2006): Physiology of the CSF and Blood-Brain Barriers.

Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Di Rocco C, Frassanito P, Massimi L, Peraio S (2011): Hydrocephalus and

Chiari type I malformation. Childs Nerv Syst; 27(10):1653-64.

Dormont D, Seidenwurm DJ, Davis PC (2007): Dementia and movement

disorders. American College of Radiology (ACR) [Guideline].

Drake JM, Kestle JR, Milner R, Cinalli G, Boop F, Piatt J, et al (2008):

Randomized trial of cerebrospinal fluid shunt valve design in pediatric

hydrocephalus, Neurosurgery, vol. 43, pp. 294–303.

Dziegielewska KM, Ek J, Habgood MD, Saunders NR (2001): Development

of the choroid plexus. Microsc Res Tech; 52:5–20.

References

133

Edsbagge M, Starck G, Zetterberg H, et al (2011): Spinal cerebrospinal fluid

volume in healthy elderly individuals. Clin Anat. 2011 Mar 15.

Egnor M, Zheng L, Rosiello A, Gutman F, Davis R (2002): A model of

pulsations in communicating hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg;

36(6):281-303.

Ekstedt J, Friden H (2004): CSF hydrodynamics for the study of adult

hydrocephalus syndrome. In: Shapiro K, Marmarou A, Portnoy H (eds)

Hydrocephalus. Raven, New York, pp 363–382

Espay AJ, Narayan RK, Duker AP, Barrett ET Jr, de Courten-Myers G

(2008): Lower-body parkinsonism: reconsidering the threshold for

external lumbar drainage. Nat Clin Pract Neurol; 4(1):50-5.

Fazekas F, Ropele S, Enzinger C, Gorani F, Seewann A, Petrovic K,

Schmidt R (2005): MTI of white matter hyperintensities. Brain

128:2926–2932.

Feletti A, Denaro L, Faggin R, Ciccarino P, Rossetto M, d'Avella D (2011):

Cavum septi pellucidi and external ventricular drain failure. J Neurosurg

Pediatr; 8(1):39 (Abstract).

Filippidis AS, Yashar M, Kalani S, Rekate HL (2011): Hydrocephalus and

aquaporins: lessons learned from the bench. Child's Nervous System 27:1,

27-33.

Filly MR, Filly RA, Barkovich AJ, Goldstein RB (2010): Supratentorial

abnormalities in the Chiari II malformation, IV: the too-far-back ventricle.

J Ultrasound Med; 29(2):243-8.

References

134

FitzGerald MJT, Folan-Curran J (2002): Clinical Neuroanatomy and Related

Neuroscience. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders.

Flórez N, Martí-Bonmatí L, Forner J, Aranaa E and Moratal D (2010):

Estimating intracranial fl uid dynamics using quantitative analyses of

phase contrast magnetic resonance images. Radiología; 52(1):51-57.

Flórez YN, Moratal D, Forner J, Martí-Bonmatí L, Arana E, Guajardo-

Hernández U, et al (2006): Semiautomatic analysis of phase contrast

magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrospinal fluid flow through the

aqueduct of Sylvius, Magn Reson Mater Phy; 19:78–87.

Freeman MD, Rosa S, Harshfield D, et al (2010): A case-control study of

cerebellar tonsillar ectopia (Chiari) and head/neck trauma (whiplash).

Brain Injury; 24(7–8): 988–994.

Garg K, Tandon V, Mahapatra AK (2012): Chiari III Malformation with

Proatlas Abnormality. Pediatr Neurosurg. In Press.

Garne E, Loane M, Addor MC, Boyd PA, Barisic I, Dolk H (2009):

Congenital hydrocephalus - prevalence, prenatal diagnosis and outcome

of pregnancy in four European regions. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. In press.

Gisolf J, van-Lieshout JJ, van Heusden K, Pott F, Stok WJ, Karemaker

KM (2004): Human cerebral venous outflow pathway depends on posture

and central venous pressure. J Physiol; 560:317-327.

Glimcher SA, Holman DW, Lubow M, Grzybowski DM (2008): Ex vivo

model of cerebrospinal fluid outflow across human arachnoid

granulations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci; 49:4721-4728.

References

135

Glonek M, Kedzia A, Derkowski W (2003): Planar measurements of foetal

lateral ventricles. Folia morphologica; 62(3):263-5.

Gopen Q, Rosowski JJ, Merchant SN (2007): Anatomy of the normal human

cochlear aqueduct with functional implications. Hearing Res; 107:9–22.

Greenstone MA, Jones RWA, Dewar A, Neville BG, Cole PJ (2004):

Hydrocephalus and primary ciliary diskinesia. Arch Dis Child; 59:481–

482.

Greitz D (2004): Radiological assessment of hydrocephalus: new theories and

implications for therapy. Neurosurg Rev; 27:145-165; discussion 166-

147.

Greitz D, Greitz T, Hindmarsh TV (1997): A new view on the CSF-

circulation with the potential for pharmacological treatment of childhood

hydrocephalus. Acta Paediatr 86:125–132

Greitz D, Hannerz J, Bellander B-M, Hindmarsh T (1995): Restricted

arterial expansion as a universal causative factor in communicating

hydrocephalus. In: Takahashi M, Korogi Y, Moseley I (eds) Proceedings

of the XV Symposium Neuroradiologicum. Neuroradiology 37:14–18

Gupta M, Gupta R, Seith A (2010): Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery

associated with Chiari II malformation: Diagnosis and clinical

implications. Indian J Radiol Imaging; 20(4):258-60.

Hall RJ, Shenkin SD, Maclullich AM (2011): A Systematic Literature Review

of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Delirium. Dement Geriatr Cogn

Disord; 32(2):79-93.

References

136

Hattingen E, Jurcoane A, Melber J, Blasel S, Zanella FE, Neumann-

Haefelin T (2010): Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with adult

chronic idiopathic hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery; 66(5):917-24.

Hilinski JM, Kim T, Harris JP (2001): Posttraumatic pseudo-cerebrospinal

fluid rhinorrhea. Otol Neurotol; 22: 701-5.

Hofkes SK, Iskandar BJ, Turski PA, Gentry LR, McCue JB, Haughton VM

(2007): Differentiation between symptomatic Chiari I malformation and

asymptomatic tonsilar ectopia by using cerebrospinal fluid flow imaging:

initial estimate of imaging accuracy. Radiology; 245(2):532-40.

Hofmann E, Warmuth-Metz M, Bendszus M, Solymosi L (2000): Phase

contrast MR imaging of the cervical CSF and spinal cord: Volumetric

motion analysis in patients with Chiari I malformation. AJNR Am J

Neuroradiol 21:151–158.

Howden L, Giddings D, Power H, Aroussi A, Vloeberghs M, Garnett M,

Walker D (2008): Three-dimensional cerebrospinal fluid flow within the

human ventricular system. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin;

11(2):123-33.

Irani DN (2009): Cerebrospinal fluid in clinical practice. SUNDERS Elsevier,

3rd Edi. Philadelphia. Chapter 2. p. 210.

Jacobson EE, Fletcher DF, Morgan MK, Johnston IH (2006): Fluid

dynamics of the cerebral aqueduct, Pediatr. Neurosurg; 24:229–236.

James HE (2007): Chiari Malformation Type I. J Neurosurg; 107(2):184.

References

137

Johanson CE, Duncan JA III, Klinge PM, Brinker T, et al (2008):

Multiplicity of cerebrospinal fluid functions: New challenges in health

and disease. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res; 5:10.

Johnston M, Boulton M, and Flessner M (2000): Cerebrospinal fluid

absorption revisited: do extracranial lymphatics play a role?

Neuroscientist 6: 77–87.

Kahlon B, Annertz M, Stahlberg F, Rehncrona S (2007): Is aqueductal stroke

volume, measured with cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging

scans useful in predicting outcome of shunt surgery in suspected normal

pressure hydrocephalus?. Neurosurgery; 60(1):124-9; discussion 129-30.

Kao CD and Liao KK (2007): Adult Aqueductal Stenosis. Acta Neurologica

Taiwanica; 16, (2):1-2.

Kempton MJ, Salvador Z, Munafò MR, Geddes JR, Simmons A, Frangou

S, Williams SC (2011): Structural Neuroimaging Studies in Major

Depressive Disorder: Meta-analysis and Comparison with Bipolar

Disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68 (7): 675–90.

Kojima A, Mayanagi K, Okui S (2009): Progression of pre-existing Chiari

type I malformation secondary to cerebellar hemorrhage: case report.

Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo) 49 (2): 90–2.

Kuriyama N, Tokuda T, Miyamoto J, Takayasu N, et al (2008): Retrograde

jugular flow associated with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.

Annals of Neurology 64:2, 217-221.

Kurtcuoglu V, Soellinger M, Summers P, Poulikakos D and Boesiger P

(2007): Mixing and modes of mass transfer in the third cerebral ventricle:

a computational analysis. J. Biomech. Eng. 129, 695–702.

References

138

Lacy M, Oliveira M, Austria E, Frim MD (2009): Neurocognitive outcome

after endoscopic third ventriculocisterostomy in patients with obstructive

hydrocephalus. J Int Neuropsychol Soc; 15(3):394-8.

Larsson A, Moonen M, Bergh AC, Lindberg S, Wikkelso C (2010):

Predictive value of quantitative cisternography in normal pressure

hydrocephalus. Acta Neurol Scand; 81(4):327-32.

Le T, Bhushan V, Vasan N, (2010): First Aid for the USMLE Step 1: 2010 20th

Anniversary Edition. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.. pp. 126.

Leikola J, Koljonen V, Valanne L, Hukki J (2010): The incidence of Chiari

malformation in nonsyndromic, single suture craniosynostosis. Childs

Nerv Syst; 26(6):771-4.

Levitt MR, Niazi TN, Hopper RA, Ellenbogen RG, Ojemann JG (2012):

Resolution of syndromic craniosynostosis-associated Chiari malformation

Type I without suboccipital decompression after posterior cranial vault

release. J Neurosurg Pediatr; 9(2):111-5.

Liebeskind DS, Hurst RW (2004): Infarction of the choroid plexus. AJNR Am

J Neuroradiol; 25:289–290.

Linninger AA, Xenos M, Zhu DC, Somayaji MR, Kondapalli S, Penn RD

(2007): Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow in the Normal and Hydrocephalic

Human Brain. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering; 54,

(2):291-302.

Lisanti C, Carlin C, Banks KP, Wang D (2007): Normal MRI Appearance

and Motion-Related Phenomena of CSF. AJR; 188:716–725.

References

139

Mahajan R, Gupta R (2004): Cerebrospinal Fluid Physiology and

Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage. Anesthesiology; 100, (6):1620.

Marshall I, MacCormick I, Sellar R, Whittle I (2009): Assessment of factors

affecting MRI measurement of intracranial volume changes and elastance

index. Br J Neurosurg; 22:389–97.

Massimi L, Novegno F, di Rocco C (2011): Chiari type I malformation in

children. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg; 37:143-211.

Matsumae M, Kikinis R, Morocz IA, et al (2006): Age-related changes in

intracranial compartment volumes in normal adults assessed by magnetic

resonance imaging. J Neurosurg; 84:982–991.

Mc Lone DG, Dias MS (2003): The Chiari II malformation: cause and impact.

Childs Nerv Syst; 19:540-550.

Milhorat TH, Bolognese PA, Nishikawa M, McDonnell NB, Francomano

CA (2007): Syndrome of occipitoatlantoaxial hypermobility, cranial

settling, and chiari malformation type I in patients with hereditary

disorders of connective tissue. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 7 (6): 601–

9.

Min KJ, Yoon SH, Kang JK (2011): New understanding of the role of

cerebrospinal fluid: offsetting of arterial and brain pulsation and self-

dissipation of cerebrospinal fluid pulsatile flow energy. Med Hypotheses;

76(6):884-6.

Miyati T, Mase M, Kasai H, Hara M, Yamada K, Shibamoto Y, et al (2007):

Noninvasive MRI assessment of intracranial compliance in idiopathic

normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Magn Reson Imaging; 26:274–8.

References

140

Momjian S, Owler BK, Czosnyka Z, Czosnyka M, Pena A, Pickard J

(2004): Pattern of white matter regional cerebral blood flow and

autoregulation in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Brain; 127:965-972.

Muzumdar D, Gandhi S, Fattepurkar S, Goel A (2007): Type III Chiari

malformation presenting as intermittent respiratory stridor: a neurological

image. Pediatr Neurosurg; 43(5):446-8.

Muzumdar D, Nadkarni T, Goel A (2003): Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid

rhinorrhea as a presenting symptom of aqueductal stenosis--case report.

Neurol Med Chir; 43:626-9.

Naidich TP, McLone DG, Fulling KH (2003): The Chiari II malformation:

Part IV. The hindbrain deformity. Neuroradiology; 25: 179-97.

Nejadi MN, Zafarani F, Ahmadi F, Rashidi Z (2008): Arnold-Chiari Type II

Malformation: A Case Report and Review of Prenatal Sonographic

Findings. International Journal of Fertility and Sterility; 1, (4): 179-182.

Nestor S, Rupsingh R, Borrie M, Smith M, Accomazzi V, et al (2008):

Ventricular Enlargement as a Surrogate Marker of Alzheimer Disease

Progression Validated Using ADNI. Brain. 131(9): 2443-2454.

Nilsson C, Stahlberg F, Thomsen C, Henriksen O, Herning M, Owman C

(2002): Circadian variation in human cerebrospinal fluid production

measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Physiol; 262:20–24.

Noback C, Strominger NL, Demarest RJ, Ruggiero DA (2005): The Human

Nervous System. Humana Press. p. 93.

Nolte J (2002): The Human Brain, 5th edition. ISBN 0-323-01320-1, 87.

References

141

Orešković D and Klarica M (2010): The formation of cerebrospinal fluid:

nearly a hundred years of interpretations and misinterpretations. Brain

Research Reviews, 64 (2). pp. 241-62.

Orešković D, Klarica M (2011) Development of hydrocephalus and classical

hypothesis of cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics: facts and illusions.

Progress in Neurobiology.

Osborn A (1994): Diagnostic Neuoradiology. Philadelphia: Mosby-Year Book,

Inc.

Ou X, Glasier CM, Snow JH (2011): Diffusion tensor imaging evaluation of

white matter in adolescents with myelomeningocele and Chiari II

malformation. Pediatr Radiol; 41(11):1407-15.

Papaiconomou C, Bozanovic-Sosic R, Zakharov A, Johnston M (2002):

Does neonatal cerebrospinal fluid absorption occur via arachnoid

projections or extracranial lymphatics? Am J Physiol; 283: 869–876.

Park JK, Gleason PL, Madsen JR, Goumnerova LC, Scott RM (2002):

Presentation and management of Chiari I malformation in children.

Pediatr Neurosurg 26:190–196.

Partington MD (2001): Congenital hydrocephalus. Neurosurg Clin N Am;

12(4):737-42, ix.

Patwardhan VR, Nanda A (2005): Implanted ventricular shunts in the United

States: The billion-dollar a-year cost of hydrocephalus treatment,

Neurosurgery, vol. 56, pp. 139–145.

Pelc NJ (1995): Flow quantification and analysis Methods, MRI Clinics of

North America; 3:413–24.

References

142

Penn RD, Basati S, Sweetman B, Guo X, Linninger A (2011): Ventricle wall

movements and cerebrospinal fluid flow in hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg;

115(1):159-64.

Perez-Figares JM, Jimenez AJ, Rodriguez EM (2001): Subcommissural

organ, cerebrospinal fluid circulation, and hydrocephalus. Microsc Res

Tech; 52:591–607.

Poca MA, Mataro M, Del Mar Matarin M, Arikan F, Junque C, Sahuquillo

J (2004): Is the placement of shunts in patients with idiopathic normal-

pressure hydrocephalus worth the risk? Results of a study based on

continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg; 100(5):855-

66.

Pollay M (2010): The function and structure of the cerebrospinal fluid outflow

system. Pollay Cerebrospinal Fluid Research; 7:9.

Pujol J, Roig C, Capdevila A, Pou A, Marti-Vilalta JL, Kulisevsky J,

Escartin A, Zannoli G (2005): Motion of the cerebellar tonsils in Chiari

type I malformation studied by cine phase-contrast MRI. Neurology

45:1746–1753.

Rainov NG, Weise JB, Burkert W (2000): Transcranial Doppler sonography in

adult hydrocephalic patients. Neurosurg Rev 23:34–38

Raksin P, Alperin N, Sivaramakrishnan A, Surapaneni S, Lichtor T (2003):

Noninvasive intracranial compliance and pressure from dynamic MR

imaging of blood and CSF flows: Review of principles, implementation,

and other noninvasive approaches. Neurosurg Focus 14:Article 4.

References

143

Rekate HL (2009): A contemporary definition and classification of

hydrocephalus. Semin Pediatr Neurol; 16(1):9-15.

Rekate HL, Nadkarni TD, Wallace D (2008): The importance of the cortical

subarachnoid space in understanding hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr

2:1–11.

Roche S, Gabelle A, Lehmann S (2008): Clinical proteomics of CSF: towards

discovery of new biomarkers. Proteomics Clin Appl, 2:428-436.

Rosenbaum RB, Ciaverella DP (2004): Neurology in Clinical Practice.

Butterworth Heinemann. pp. 2192–2193.

Sainte-Rose C (2006): Hydrocephalus in childhood. In: Youmans JR, ed.

Neurological Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 890-926.

Saladin K (2007): Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function.

McGraw Hill. p. 520.

Salman MS (2011): Posterior fossa decompression and the cerebellum in Chiari

type II malformation: a preliminary MRI study. Childs Nerv Syst;

27(3):457-62.

Sano K (2008): Pineal and posterior third ventricular tumors: A surgical review.

In: Apuzzo MLJ, editor. Surgery of the third ventricle. Baltimore:

William and Wilkins; p. 486-91.

Sarnat HB, Curatolo P (2008): Malformations of the nervous system. 87.

Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 97. ISBN 0-444-51896-7. "The most frequent

of the Chiari malformations, Chiari II, is nearly always associated with

lumbrosacral meningomyelocele, hence is diagnosed at birth if not

prenatally."

References

144

Schievink W, Maya M, Pikul B, Louy C (2009): Spontaneous spinal

cerebrospinal fluid leaks as the cause of subdural hematomas in elderly

patients on anticoagulation". Journal of neurosurgery 112 (2): 295–299.

Schlosser RJ, Bolger WE (2004): Nasal cerebrospinal fluid leaks: critical

review and surgical considerations. Laryngoscope; 114: 255-65.

Sekula R, Jannetta PJ, Casey KF, Marchan EM, Sekula LK, McCrady CS

(2005): Dimensions of the posterior fossa in patients symptomatic for

Chiari I malformation but without cerebellar tonsillar descent.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Res; 2:11.

Sherman JL, Citrin CM, Bowen BJ, Gangarosa RE (1986): MR

demonstration of altered cerebrospinal fluid flow by obstructive lesions.

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol; 7(4):571-9.

Shibuya R, Yonenobu K, Koizuma T, Kato Y, Mitta M, Yoshikawa H

(2002): Pulsatile cerebrospinal fluid flow measurement using phase-

contrast magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cervical

myelopathy. Spine 27: 1087–1093.

Sivaramakrishnan A, Alperin N, Surapaneni S, Lichtor T (2004): Evaluating

the effect of decompression surgery on cerebrospinal fluid flow and

intracranial compliance in patients with chiari malformation with

magnetic resonance imaging flow studies. Neurosurgery 55:1344-1351.

Sklar FH, Linder M (2004): The role of the pressure–volume relationship of

brain elasticity and treatment of hydrocephalus. In: Shapiro K, Marmarou

A, Portnoy H (eds) Hydrocephalus. Raven, New York, pp 323–337

References

145

Snyder P (2008): Chiari malformation and syringomyelia. Radiol Technol;

79:555-8.

Sotelo J, Izurieta M and Arriada N (2001): Treatment of hydrocephalus in

adults by placement of an open ventricular shunt. Journal of

Neurosurgery 94:6, 873-879. Online publication date: 1-Jun-2001.

Speer MC, George TM, Enterline DS, Franklin A, Chantelle M, Wolpert

CM, Milhorat TH (2000): A genetic hypothesis for Chiari I

malformation with or without syringomyelia. Neurosurg Focus; 8:E12.

Starling EH (1896): On the absorption of fluids from the connective tissue

spaces. J Physiol; 19:312–26.

Steinbok P (2004): Clinical features of Chiari I malformations. Childs Nerv

Syst; 20: 329-31.

Stephensen H, Tisell M, Wikkels ِ C (2002): There is no transmantle pressure

gradient in communicating or noncommunicating hydrocephalus.

Neurosurgery 50:763–771

Stevenson KL (2004): Chiari Type II malformation: past, present, and future.

Neurosurg Focus; 16(2):E5.

Stevenson KL (2004): Chiari Type II malformation: past, present, and future.

Neurosurg Focus; 16(2):E5.

Stivaros SM, Jackson A (2007): Changing concepts of cerebrospinal fluid

hydrodynamics: role of phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging and

implications for cerebral microvascular disease, Neurotherapeutics;

4:511–22

References

146

Stritzke AI, Dunham CP, Smyth JA, Steinbok P (2011): Congenital stridor in

the context of Chiari malformation type II: the etiological role of vernix

caseosa granulomatous meningitis. J Neurosurg Pediatr; 8(4):372-6.

Sullivan JT, Grouper S, Walker MT, Parrish TB, McCarthy RJ, Wong CA

(2006): Lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume in humans using three-

dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. Anesth Analg; 103:1306–1310.

Sumit T, Samson G, Rao A, Haran R (2006): An Unusual Cerebello-

medullary Angle Mass - Case Report. Ind J Radiol Imag; 16:3:303-304.

Tamburini G (2011): Introduction the paper: Posterior fossa decompression

and the cerebellum in Chiari type II malformation: a preliminary MRI

study, by Salman M. Childs Nerv Syst; 27(3):455.

Tanaka N, Yamaguchi S, Ishikawa H, Ishii H, Meguro K (2009): Prevalence

of possible idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus in Japan: the Osaki-

Tajiri project. Neuroepidemiology; 32(3):171-5.

Thomsen C, Stahlberg F, Stubgaard M, Nordell B (2000): Fourier analysis of

cerebrospinal fluid flow velocities: MR imaging study—The

Scandinavian Flow Group. Radiology 177:659–665.

Tisell M (2005): How should primary aqueductal stenosis in adults be treated?

A review. Acta Neurol Scand; 111:145-53.

Toriya R, Arima T, Kuraoka A, Uemura T (2004): Fine structure of the

human cochlear aqueduct: a light and transmission electron microscopic

study of decalcified temporal bones. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol;

251(Suppl 1):S38–S42.

References

147

Tubbs RS, Krishnamurthy S, Verma K, Shoja MM, Loukas M, Mortazavi

MM, Cohen-Gadol AA (2011): Cavum velum interpositum, cavum

septum pellucidum, and cavum vergae: a review. Childs Nerv Syst;

27(11):1927-30.

Tubbs RS, Oakes WJ (2004): Treatment and management of the Chiari II

malformation: an evidence-based review of the literature. Childs Nerv

Syst; 20(6):375-81.

Urchuk SN, Plewes DB (1994): MR measurements of pulsatile pressure

gradients, J Magn Reson Imaging; 4:829–36.

Vanneste JA (2000): Diagnosis and management of normalpressure

hydrocephalus. J Neurol 247:5–14

Venkataramana NK, Mukundan CR (2011): Evaluation of functional

outcomes in congenital hydrocephalus. J Pediatr Neurosci; 6(1):4-12.

Wang EW, Vandergrift WA 3rd, Schlosser RJ (2011): Spontaneous CSF

Leaks. Otolaryngol Clin North Am; 44(4):845-56, vii.

Wang X, Xu M, Liang H, Xu L (2011): Comparison of CT and MRI in

diagnosis of cerebrospinal leak induced by multiple fractures of skull

base. Radiol Oncol; 45(2): 91-96.

Wentland AL, Wieben O, Korosec FR, Haughton VM (2010): Accuracy and

reproducibility of phase-contrast MR imaging measurements for CSF

flow. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol; 31(7):1331-6.

Williams B (2005): Cerebrospinal fluid pressure gradients in spina bifida

cystica, with special reference to the Arnold-Chiari malformation and

aqueductal stenosis. Dev Med Child Neurol: 138-150.

References

148

Williams H (2008): A unifying hypothesis for hydrocephalus, Chiari

malformation, syringomyelia, anencephaly and spina bifida

Cerebrospinal Fluid Research, 5:7

Williams MA, McAllister JP, Walker ML, et al (2007): Priorities for

hydrocephalus research: report from a National Institutes of Health

sponsored workshop. J Neurosurg; 107(5)(suppl):345-357.

Wilson RK, Williams MA (2006): Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Clin

Geriatr Med; 22(4):935-51.

Witt CE, Wang AC, Maher CO, Than KD, Garton HJ, Muraszko KM

(2011): Patient with Chiari malformation Type I presenting with inducible

hemifacial weakness. J Neurosurg Pediatr; 8(6):620-4.

Wolf RL, Ehman RL, Riederer SJ, Rossman PJ (1993): Analysis of

systematic and random error in MR volumetric flow measurements, Magn

Reson Med; 30:82–91.

Yassari R, Frim D (2004): Evaluation and management of the Chiari

malformation type 1 for the primary care pediatrician. Pediatr Clin N Am;

51:477– 490.

Zakharov A, Papaiconomou C, Djenic J, Midha R, Johnston M (2003):

Lymphatic CSF absorption pathways in neonatal sheep revealed by sub

arachnoid injection of Microfil. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 29 (6):

563–73.

Zamboni P, Menegatti E, Weinstock-Guttman B, Schirda C, Cox JL,

Malagoni AM (2009): The severity of chronic cerebrospinal venous

insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis is related to altered

cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. Funct Neurol; 24(3):133-8.