references. aeb91, anuario estatistico do brazil (1991 ......ahsan ul haye (1988) country paper of...
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References.
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( A l l í I I PRESENT ENERGY CONSUMPTION (COMMERCIAU + BIOMASS); GLOBAL SUMMARY
DEVELOPING
AFRCA
"EN. AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA
iVSIA
OCEANIA
INDUSTRIALISMO
N AMERICA
EUROPE
USSR
ASIA (nrtfll)
DCEANIA_(noteg
WORLD
1POPULATION
(1987)
(MILLIONS
3,828
586.5
]41.7
279.6
2,814.5
5.8
1 , 193
269.6
494.6
283.1
125.5
_ .IRiS
5,021
Í¡ III IV V VI VIIPRESENT COMMEFCIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION 11968)
COAL OIL GAS NUCLEAR HYOFO
(MTOE) (MTOE) (MTOE) (MTOE) (MTOE)
746 630 222 12 66
71.4 7 2 . 1 28.1 0.3 3.3
5.7 94 .0 28.0 0.0 3.0
15.6 107.5 48.0 0.5 2 6 . 7
653.4 354.2 117.8 1 J - 6 33.1
0.1 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.1
1,309 2,202 1,375 397 323
505.7 867.1 516.6 160.1 132.3
331.3 69?. 1 262.3 151.0 106.9
358.27 378.84 537.97 42.50 56.00
76.3 229-5 39.2 43.4 18.3
_3L_7°____3_4.- 30 18 • 50 P - PP— -9 • 3-°-
2,056 2 032 1,597 409 369
TOTALCONS.
- tPJ)
70 , 430
7,363
5,488
8,328
49, 146
105
235,456
91,636
64,832
57,690
17,106
4ji_92_
305,885
VIII IX XFUELWOOO BIOMASS 3IOMASS
finduding (ALL (ALLCHAnCOAL) FORMS) FORMS)
*FAO- Tab 10* -SSH"(PJ) (PJ) (PJ)
15,730 42,631 47 ,950*
4,481 9,160
504 868
2,419 2,858
8,263 29,689
62 56
2,895 7,312 7,860*
1,319 4 ,027
609 1,527
930 1,720
6 6
31 31
18,625 49,943 55 000*
XI XII XIII XIV ~JÍVTOTAL PRESENT ENERGY
CONSUMPTIONFUELWOOOCOMMERC.
(VlItVlll)
(PJ)
86,160
11,845
5,992
10,748
57,409
167
238,351
92,955
65,441
58,620
17,112
4,223
324,511
BIOMASS tCOMMERC
(Vil. 1)0(PJ)
113,061
16,524
6,355
11,186
78,835
161
242,768
95,662
66,359
59,411
17,112
4,223
355,829
TOTAL AVERAGE PER CAPITAENERGY CONSUMPTION
GJ/cap GJ
'(Xl/l)*FAO* «Sí
cap GJ/cap(XJI/I)
,H* *Tab.lO*
23 36* 30
20 28
42
38
20
29
45
10
28
2fi
200 218* 203
345 355
132
207
135
216
134
210
135
216
65 80* 71
xvr XVTI XVIIIFUELWOOD or BIOMASS
% TOTAL ENERGYCONSUMPTICN
FW*FAO*
18
38
a
23
14
37
1.2
1.4
0.9
1.6
0.04
0 . 7 _
6
BIO•34 H*
*8UN*
(43) 35*
( 77 )
(16)
(31)
( 4 2 )
-
3*
-
'
14*
BIO*Tab.lO*
38
55
14
26
38
35
3
•1
?
3
0
1
14
COÑS. ^ CONSUMPTION FW = FUELWOOD () - BUN estímate SÍH = Scurlock & Hall {1990}•Scurlock & Hall eeUmalelnTheContributionof Biomass lo Global Ener(* Uwi" BIOMASS 21:75-81.1990.
-Th(y «rlim(iteC)<vpJn(>nacojntri(K irw36. DeMBloped 218 S Woild 80 GJ/capHa anj Ova biomass prcvktee35%. 3% * 14% ofthe Workta energy feapBdtvety.O' BUN dala ooly (rom 55coiíitnca (see»ource5)
ASSUMPTIONS: I TainaotOilEqulwalBnl(TC€) = «GJ: 1 GJ = 10-9 joules; BIOMASS/FUEl.WCOD ^ 15 GJA (alrdry Sm, moiEtirFueíwoodlFW) Inlhis labia te equivalen! to Ihe F AOs doíinHion ot TunlwocKl t Ctmrcoel"; noothef forms of tíomass use aie eatímatod.
Nota* DINDUSTRIAUSED ASIAislotalforJapant Israel ONLY2)INDUSTRIAUSED OCEANIA te to(a( for Australia 4 New Zealand ONLY-HYDRO = HYDRO t GEOTHERMAL forh/droand nuclear elalistics inginnal leíate may noí ettf aa dala souroe dd nol provlde a comprehenslve brW'dtwn fc< all counlri*».
-Cd. I; 1987 PopJation data from FAO AGROSTAT daabeoe (1990)-Cd. II-VII: Condensed individual oountry dala fiom vattous BOUICW ÍP:
(UN3O),UN Slalislictií Orüoe. "EnenW BnlanoBs ard TledHcily Pnfilea 198ft- NY. (DevdopinaCourtry Commerdat Energy Data)UN. "Eneroy Statisllcs Yearbooh, 1987,' NY. (Oauelnping Couotry Commerclal Enerny Dala)
BP, "SlaísficBlHevIewot World Ef*Tjy, 1990," london. pWestorn Europa USSR, N.AmericaandJapanCommerctBl Eneroy Drfa)OECD/IEA. "World Rnsrcy Stati5lif« and Balancm. 1985-1988," País. (Eaalem turcpe and Ismel Commerclal Counlry D»lal
Cd. VIII: FUELWOCO = TueNrood t CharcoaT (noolhBf forma rf b*xiafis eneran use am ttcountedfcr undet Ihls dfflnitiqn) as ris'iriedby:(FAQ, Food and Ag-leJlurB OrflaniBrfiQn; 'ftjrtet Producía Yoartxx* 1989.' Romo. (Fuelwoor! UBedatí")
Cd IX show? regional SJjmmariesdcouril'y by country Idal bioma^s ervrcn use Incliries data O^ncrlindGpenrlenllyrrom the FAO/UN (s«e Jttfo 10.)-Cd. X: TdatbiomaBsene>oy LBB darvad fren Scurlock « Hall (1990):
Scurkxk J.M O , Hall OO.. (1990) TneConlributknd Btomoss loGlobel Cneroy Ltea." BIOMASS PS-75*1.-Cdumn Xl= Cd. Vil * Col. VIII.-Cd. XII = Cd. Vil . Col. IX (BBB lable 10)-Cd. XlllloXV;P«capilaenergy «jnsumptioncalculatedfrom the eetimeíed totBÍ hiomass and commefcial Bnwgy conemptioo ctvided by the 1987 popul«lton («ate. SSH par capí»«reumrtkmisnd<<ifcJ*ríiB¡ngpc(iutatk^HrKlcomm^ as IheGommerdafeneígy dfÉabaseispdbythem (¡e HP) cannd bed«Qreggal*if fÉ th»counlry l»wlBP fBQknaf estímales fct commercial snnroy consumpHcn ere nkjher thon shown horp-Cd. XVI toXVIll: The peroer(aoecortrit"J'on d biomass eoefgy totoíaí andrgy consumction te cdüjaled L8>ng-Cd.XVII: BUN dala hasbeena3ltectedfbr55developingcountnaeonly, 9owt«
re. Kings CdtefR London [s«>nJfloScurlocli « HaJI. 1990. above)
Tnwlo 2. FUTURE LAND AVAJLABILITY FOR BIOMASS ENERGY & FOOD DASED ON FAO-AEZ DATABASE. REGIONAL SUMMARY
Ih* n»-gio™«l pWpnlinl ten bio^nw produclion m a numbe' & drveloping tountres using cnty ttiat if»id definid by (he TAOlo besutahl» 'oí ngi>cutluie nnd tTPílry as determinad by physical. wBtpr nnd social constraints (see loo(ric<e"0 Yirtds oT
10 W -o nre "d npr.f."-.--!.' 'palistt cxi aC land bul tve c^O6»"i lo'ep'psenl a convenípnl global midpo«il to> bimass pfoduction on a 'arge scale in the MUIP, ¡n pr«clic* yietds of less Bian 1 tomtxelhan 30 Wi*"y aie pfese"tly expefienced
REGIÓN
(1 12counU»os Tolal)
'DEVELOPING
ÁFRICA
IATIN AMERICA
C AMERICA
S AMERICA
*ASIA( CHINA)
TOTALLAÑOÁREA
(Mha)
6.448
2.935 5
2.0165
2648
1.751.7
1.495.6
TI r TVFORESTS CROP PASTURE
& LANDS (PERM-WOODLANDS ANENT)
(000 ha) (000 ha) (000 1«)
1.995.501 724.082 1,546.015
602.561 200.276 74a 180
961.273 179,441 570.752
65.605 37,868 94.002
095,668 141,573 476,750
351,667 344,365 233,083
VFORESTA
CROPtPASTURE
LAND
(Mha)
4.266
1.360
1.702
195
1.507
945
VI Vil VIII IX X XI"TOTAL POTENTIAL" AGRICULTURAL LAND
FAOAEZ CLASSIFEDLOW UNCER. GOOO PROBLEM NATURAL TOTAL
RAINFALL RAINFALL RAINFALL LAND FLOODED('000 ha) ('000 ha) ('(XX) ha) ('000 ha) ('000 ha) (Mha)
108.412 297,161 547.343 1.452.016 313.785 2.719
57.219 156.765 268.767 486.060 121.105 1.090
11.044 54.935 lfíO.402 762.237 131.342 1,159
1.048 16.141 28,003 46.772 8.754 101
10.796 38.794 170.319 715,465 122.586 1.050
39.349 85.461 80,174 203,719 61,338 470
XIIPRESENT
ENERGYCONS.
(inc FW)(PJ)
53.746
12,055
16.024
5.998
10.BPG
24,867
XIII XIV XV XVICROPLAND "REMAINING lOVha. %REOUIRED LAND" BIOMASS ON PRESENT
BY (col.Xt- "REMAIN1NO ENERGY2025" cd XIII) LAND" CONS
(Mha) (Mha) (PJ) UMPTION
1 .086 1 .633 244,889 45T.
300 790 118.425 902
-;"- 269 090 133.440 793
57 ' 44 6.599 110
212 846 IZC.fi'JO 1.172
517 -47
* doos not include China CONS. = Consumptkxi FW = Fuehwood and Chafcoal only
NOTES: "TOTAL POTENTIAL" Land is delined hy the FAO as land which is phsicaBy capable oí crop poduclbn wühin soü and waleí conslrainls II exckjdos land which is loo steep. dry or with unsiiilabio soih.**-IPCC III, calcúlales ttiat demand lor cropland in developing counlríes will increase by 50% by tlie year 2025. Presen! cropland a/ea (col III) Ifom the FAO "Production
Yearbook, 1909." is Ihorelore increased by 1.5 limes to grve lulure ükety land área under cultwation
The regional cla^síications used here miss a total of SOrountries irtcHiding China South África arid muchd Ihe Carribbean wliosecombined populalion is oveí one [«Ilion peopleChina ís not incliicted ¡n tho devebping country tolab.Ttiis Iniílo highligtiLs the noed lor detailed local level data and tl>e benelit ri groator disaggregation oí global data collection. A direct comparisono( Ihe FAO's "Production Yea/book. 1989," land dassrlication (Col V) and their new "AEZ. Agriculture Towards 2010. 1992," inventory (Col XI) stiows modoiation of ptodicledland tequiremenls for biomass eciergy. Thus iBÍng Col V dala & assuming a 10 vba yield would piovide Botswana with over twenty limes Iheii pfesetitenergy requiremonL However. il Col.XI data is used Ihe figure Jrops to a lar more roafetic tevel of ahout one fith present energy requirements iONLY "good^ land is used In some countries, howfver. notabry India and Bangladosh. piodictions for potential biomass siippV come weí below recordedvalúes eg. Bangladesh ncw obtains about 80% of ils presen! suppry fiom biom ass and India abolir 50% cf 28 & 25% (or respective pretJictod víilues. This
is due to the high level oí agricultiiral residuo use which domínales Ihe domeslíe suppry scene.Tire negative land aren of 47 Mha lor Asia (-CNna) assumos no increases in productrvüies to tho yoar 2025 as il is onry a Irnaar exlra[x)lalion d oxisting lood ptodix:1ion tronds
In India for exarn pie. thRreaieoxIensive áreas of dogr.-.dedlanci (150 Mln) v/hich could beproiluclivolor biom ass growth givenapproprKilo poücies
ASSUMPTIONS: 1 Tonrjoof Oil(TOE) = 42 GJ. 1 GJ = 10'9 joulesBIOMASS/FUELWOOD = 15 GJA (air dry 20% moisture)
SOURCES- Cote 1 V Itom FAO. "Production Yonrbook. 1909 " RomeCROPLANO = Arable & Permanent CroplarKl. FORESTS A WOODLANOS = Forests & Woodlands. PASTURE - Permanenl Paslure (FAO delkiitions, 1990)
Cote. VI-XI; data (rom FAO, (1992) "AEZ; New Inventory, AT2010" Fisctter G , & van Veltliuizen K, Ftome.-"Tolal Polential" agricultiiral land definitbn (see above)
Col XII. Total presen! energy use; commercial + Fuolv.'ood ONLY (FAO. "Foresl Producís Yearbook. 1989." Roñe.)Col XIII; Cropland roquired by 2025. assumes a fO% increase in demand for cropland in Developing Coiintrips (ref. IPCC-MI) and no chango for
Industrialisedcounlries (llierefore. col III * 1.5)
Table 3 Sumrnary of biocoodimat. ic data
Idrnlificr
P r t r o l i n a , Pe
Tr ímladc , Pe
B r a m a d o , lia
Ouricaugas, Ba
Inh. imbnpc, Ba
Conde, Ha
Kdides daCunba., lia
Contcndns doSi n cora, Ba
( ' ; i r l i t . n , l ia
l i a n b a l l i a , C<;
Tií inpua, Ce
pncajus, Ce
Sonsa, Pb
¡jflCfltioil
Lat. Lon(>.(°S) r\V)
9.24
7.45
14.13
12.01
11.47
11.49
10.31
13.45
H.ÍM
7. 39
3.44
4:]0
G.45
Pedio A v n l i n o , RN 5.31
(n) vSmira1: Conlr»
Ib) C = Clny, U =
40.30
40.10
41 .40
38.37
38.21
37.37
39.01
41.02
.12.29
3!). 17
•10.59
38.28
38.14
36.23
Aun uníTcmp.ro26
26
22
24
24
24
24
22
22
21
2G
2G
2G
26
and yields for t r ia l planlations in Nortlienst Brazi).1
AnimalItain(mm)
500
700
1000
1500
1370 .
1250
500
700
1 100
650
1100
1 000 .
1000
500
Alti-tndc(ni)
200-500
500-1000
200-500
200-500
200-500
0-200
500-1000
200-500'-•
y-
Age ofS u i t f i b i l i f y ^ ] cxpcti- Pzak
Snil for V. 1 mcnt yictd(ypc* f<>rcstc Spccics'1 ; (yr) (mYha/yr)
S III E.
C i/iv /•;.S/C I/II ^ E.
s/c ii ;„ E.s/c ns nS/C I
C I
'"E.I E.
; ~ ' E.í E.i ''
-E.\
jooo-2000 s n/iv /•;.500-900
500-1000
0-200
200-500
0-200
S/C I
S 11— E.
E., E.
S I I I E.
IÍ/S IV E.
IÍ/S IV E.
cebra \ j 16.2
creba ¡ 6 ]'"' 24.2
/c/r/fcwiis i 5 | .. G2.5
dtjcziana { , 9 ' 89.8i;;c////a 7 -j 39.2
gra?idis ' 7 i J:. 61.9"* /t
cnmnlditl. 5 ' ,. 25. G
camaldiil. - 4 1 8.0
camaldu!. 5 i 60.8
tcrcticornis 5 . * — - 26.0
c/íroirf 3 ; ' 48.0Icrcticomis \ /
l>randis '' 5 , 98.3 •
carnaldut
camaldul _-
8 ^ 39.7
8 ]. ^ 5.9 . ;•
„
/\(I(?/Y1/,'Py i cid( inVbii /yr)
1 1 .
21.
48.
59
30
2
9
G
9
5
54.5
29.6
5.
45
9
2
18. n46.9
89
32
3
4
4.7. — , j,,-Nncinnnl do Florpstns, Empresa Brnsilcirn de Pcsquisn Af¡roprc\mrin.
f •
rocky, S - sniu ly . '-:.
(c) I - onpPCKiilv wdl-snil
(d) All ;irr spi'rics
í-'
wil.hin
\i
•ti tn Kupporl . trcc
ll(! {¡'MUÍS
•''
F,ticaly¡)t
• i -
írowth, II rr nvcrnj;o
na. Spndnjí »f Lrt'es
í (
*AÍ
-"' ^^ -j
•;f.RiiiLnbility, III = \isunblo witli rcstrícÜóns
in all triáis
- í -JJ• i i
• !.7\ '-.I
; •••
v/íis 3 by
. ' »
j, ' r
¡r
2 niottü'.s. ..;... ._,
- í - '
IV f cnnnnt be tisod f»r
^ ' ' " ,r -I!' :
' - U - N - < •• f • - '. T ;0 ¿ .; • ,;• i "t »• reí ¡ #
,i> i!-" -T 'T : jí ; ,;i t;;; T ;•'• • , ' • » ;!
' )
trccs
í
Table 4 Global Land Use 1882-1989.
Category
ArableLand
Grass-Land
ForestLand
OtherLand3
Totalb
1882
Mha
860
1,500
5,200
5,517
13,077
f í\u
6.6
11.4
39.8
42.2
100
1981
Mha
1,469
3, 172
4,090
4,346
13,077
(%)11.2
24.3
31.3
33.2
100
1989
Mha
1,477
3,304
4,087
4,208
13,077
(%)
11.3
1
25.3
31.3
32.2
100 1
Source: FAO Production Yearbooks 1982 & 1990."Other Land" includes, desert land, stony, rock and steep land in mountains
ice caps (polar regions).Does not include water covered land such as lakes, rivers and marshes.
Table 5 Potential Land For Reforestation.
Source Total AvailableÁreaMha
Comments
Houghton & Woodwell'(1989)
850 350 Mha of which "could be returnedto fores if permanent agriculturawere toreplace shifting cultivación
Grainger(1988)
758 2007 Total degraded tropical landárea of which available land área isestimated at:203 Fallow Forests137 Logged forests87 Deforested watersheds331 Desertified Drylands
Myersc(1989)
300 200 Mha "needs reforestation forreasons othei than the Greenhouseeffect.160 Mha of the 200 Mha above, fromupland watersheds which urgently needreforestation, the rest required aswoodlots.
Massoud(1979)
1,000.5 Based on UNESCO soil map of the world(1973), Massoud estimates the totalland área affected by soils byregión. Defínitions of the levéis ofsalt and its effect on plant growthare species and climate dependant andshould be treated with caution.
Alpert et ¿>1.(1992)
952 Estimated as the total área availablefor halophyte culture.125 Mha of the above is assumed to befeasible due to restirictions forsaline irrigation.
Sekkeringf(1992)
385(11 Tropicalcountries)
Theoretical land available in 11Tropical countries out of 117estimated to have excess landavailable when Forest área isconsidered as unsuitable, andagricultural land is also subtracted.
iKícenovic et al.*(1993)
265 84.5 Mha extra is considered asavailable for agroforestry,Global estímate, which distinguishesbetween land considered "suitable"and that which is llkely to be"availabla."
rces .ughton & Woodwell (1989)
RAINGER (1988) .rers (1989)tssoud (1979)Dert et al., (1992)
¡kkering, (1992)iXicenovic et al. (1993)rthesised by J.Woods.
.
Table 6
Land área in plantations3 (milüon he&ares)
Industrial planutions ofIndustrial plantations fast-growing tre€Sc
Non-Coníf. conif.
North AmericaUnited StatesSubtotal 12.0 0.5
EuropeSpainPortugalSubtotal 15.7 3.3
r\ 'OceaniaNew ZealandAustraliaSubtotal 2.1 0.1
FormerUSSR 16.9Latín America
BrazilChileArgentinaVenezuelaMéxicoOíherSubtotal 3.5 2.9
ÁfricaSouth ÁfricaAngolaCongo
J.-KenyaZimbabweOtherSubtotal 1.3 1.2
AsiaindonesiaChinaOtherSubtotal 31.6 8.2
Total 83.1 16.2
Total Coníf.
12.00d
72.5 /2.00
-
-79.0
1.180.90
2.2 2. 1316.9
1.60« í A1 . É •*
0.460.180.060.08
6.4 3.52
0.500.02
0.160.070.55
2.5 7.30
--
-3S.899.3 18.95
Non-coníf.
0.500.50
0.450.40O.S5
0.020.060.11-
2.30u.uQ
0.180.020.020.352.93
0.800.050.040.010.010.337.24
0.100.400.17
0.676.30
Total
12.5012.50
0.450.400.85
1.20
0.962.24-
3.901.200.64
0.200.080.436.45
1.300.070.040.17
0.080.882.54
0.100.40
0.100.67
25.25
* Bazett (1992)b Thí mdio/ity ai tr>t lemc^tale !«* pianialions Ifnd lom3 ocr hecure per ye»< arwj rcsaiion pf oJi of up lo 100 ye
C. Av^ragt ywWs fof lisl rowinq induílfUl pünuioiis jrerus spec-« (7 to U year fwantxw) and IS 10 25 m
d BofO^fline iaí1-q'o«nq (12 ir.3 p*r híGire pet
ing tre«. wi:n inaer*r.is o( in< Ofder of S lo 6
n^e 18 lo 30 m' p t f*cljr< per j^jr lo/ fi«^pP^ i*ar fo' P" ü3ip«i« (25 lo 35 ywr roialons).
ABLE 7EVOLUTJON OF CHARCOAL CONSUMPTION IN BRAZIL
('000 m )
YEAR CHARCOALFROM
NATIVE FORESTS
CHARCOALFROM
PLANTEO FORESTS
TOTAL
1978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990
13,15,16,15,14,18,24,26,29,27,28,31,24,
317116866577929423597085049726563900355
88878581808283838281787166
1,2,2,3,3,4,5,5,6,6,8,12,12,
833184777654732087010501065624056903547
12131519201817171819222934
15,17,19,19,18,22,29,31,35,34,36,44,36,
150300644230660510607586114349619803902
Source: (ABRACAVE, 1990 & 1991)
Decree No.97.628 (of 12/4/89) reqired that the percentage oícharcoal to be obtained from plantations must be as follows:1989 = 40%1990 = 50%1995 = 100%However, the same decree allows the production of 20% of charcoalfrom forest residues and henee in actual practice the máximum amountof charcoal to be produced from plantations would not be over 80% oftotal, as from 1995 onwards.
Table 8 SOME USES OF BIOMASS RESIDUES.
Source
Coconut
NaturalForest
Pubber
HomeCarden
Tea
Palmy-rah
Cinna-™on
Type
Fuel-wood
Shells
Husks
Leaves
Fuel-wood
Charcoal
Fuel-wood
Fuel-woodShellsHusks
Leaves
Fuel-woodBiomass
Fuel-woodBiomass
Fuel-wood
Use asDomest-ic Fuel
Ironing
Cooking
Cooking
Cooking
Cooking
Cooking
IroningCookingCooking
Cooking
Cooking
Cooking
Cooking
Cooking
IndustrialUses
Bricks,til'es;Bakeries
Charcoal
BricksTiles.BakeriestearubbercoconuthotelsPig Iron
BricksTilesBakeriesTeaRubberCoconutHotels
Tea
-
Compete-tive EndUses
Construct-ion (15)
látex cups(20)
Fibre (20)Fertiliser(80)
Cadjans(20)
Poles (5)
Fertiliser(100)Cadjans(15)
Fertiliser(20)
ThatchingFencing(30)
Vegetablesticks (?)
Suitabil-ity forTransport
Good
Fair
fair
poor
Good
Good
Fair
PoorPoor
Poor
Fair
Poor
Good
Poor
Good
FutureAvailab-ility
Stable
Stable
Stable
Stable
Declining
declin-ing
Rising
RisingRising
Rising
Rising
Rising
Rising
Rising
Rising
Source: Howes (1989).Estimated percentage consumed by alternativo end use in parentheses
Table 9a . BIOMASS RESIDUE RESOURCES & LAND REQUIREMErJTS FOR ENERGY PROVISIÓN (35 & 70GJ/cap) IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIE5
The three main sources of residues are eslimated in terms of the total energy contení of potenliatty harvestable residues. Total eneigy use is compared with the energycontení of recoverable residues (1/4 of the potentially harvestable residues). Biomass yields of 10 t/ha/yr are not necessarily realistic on all land, bul ate chosen as aconvenient midpoint for biomass energy production on a large scale in the fulure; yields of less than 1 t/ha to more than 30 t/ha are presently experienced.
COUWTRY
DEVELOPINGÁFRICAGEN. AMERICASOUTH AME RICAASIAOCEANIA
WORLD
I II
POPULATION TOTAL LAND(1967) ÁREA
(miHions) ('000 ha)
3.828 7.645,094587 2,937,246142 264,660280 1.751.709
2.815 2,637,4206 54,056
5.021 13,005.173,
in * -TV~~~~V
ENERGY CONTENT OF POTEN TIAL
HAnVESTABLE RESIOUES
CHOP FOREST DUNG
(tO'6GJ)
21,510 16.671 13,3281,947 3,880 2,5281,283 563 G693,114 3,036 2,719
15.143 9,099 7,39023 93 21
38,038 35.473 19,623
~"VT
_Y
TOTAL
(10-6GJ)
51,5098,3552,5148,870
31,632137
93,135
Vil Vtll
PREÍSENT PRESENT
ENERGY PFR CAP
CONS ENERGY
(incFW) CONS
(1CT6GJ) (GJ/cap)
86,160 2311,645 205,992 42
10,748 3857,409 20
167 29324,511 65
IX X
TOTAL ENERGY CONS
IF GJ/cap USE IS
35 70
{ICT6GJ) (IO-6GJ)
133,984 267.96820.529 41,0584.960 9.9199,785 19,569
98.509 197.017202 404
175.749 351,498
xi _ " xir
% ENERGY USE(PrtESENT
Ofl 35 GJ/cap) PROV
IDEDBY25* RESIDUES
PRFSENT 3SGJ/CSP
15 1018 1010 1321 2314 821 177 13
"~xnr xiv
LAÑO NFFOF.O ron35 OJfcap <5>
iOt/>*Vy<
% LAND
(Mha) Área
693 12137 533 1265 4
657 251 2
1,172 9
" XV " "XVT
IANÜNEEDEDFOR35
GJ/cn|KÍ5 lOWiB
. 25% FlfcSIO
(35GJA;ap; % IAND
(Mha) Área
807 11
123 429 1150 3
604 231 2
1,016 8
See nexl page for footnotes
-
;a -r:r
FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 9a:COLUMNSI & II data from FAO, "Production Yearbook, 1989," Rome.III-V total energy content of Potentially Harvestable residues estimatedfrom three major sources namely:
a) crop; residue coefficients are derivad from the ratio of By-product (Potentially Harvestable Residues) :Product (CommercialProduction data from FAO Production Yearbook 1989). Average valúes:Cereals (1.3; 12 GJ/t), Vegetables & Melons (1.0; 6 GJ/t), Roots &Tubers (0.4, 6 GJ/t), Sugar Beet (0.3, 6 GJ/t) and Sugarcane (0.55,16 GJ/t).b) forest; Potentially Harvestable residues are assumed to equalall residues generated during cutting and processing. For eachcountry total Cut is calculated as 1.67 times "RoundwoodProduction."(FAO Forest Products Yearbook, 1989). Residues ariseat the site of cutting are assumed to be 40% of Total Cut, and atthe milis, assumed as 50% of "Industrial Roundwood". [Globally,"Industrial Roundwood" and "Fuelwood + Charcoal" are each egual toabout half of "Roundwood Production." (15 GJ/t)], but such a ratiocannot be used at the country or regional leveí because of thecountry differences between cutting for fuelwood and forindustrial roundwood. Calculation of on site residues from thetotal cut are not possible in the case of use for fuelwood andcharcoal because of widely 'differing local practices; thus weassume a 40% residue from the total cut for both industrialroundwood and fuelwood + charcoal.c) dung; Animáis populations are derived from WRI,"WorJEd Resources;1990-91." Washington, D.C. 20006. Each category is assigned a dungproduction coefficient which estimates the average daily dry dungproduction for each type of animal (Taylor e£ al., 1982; SenelwaA,K, Hall D,0,. 1991) le. Cattle (3 kg d'1; 15 GJ/t), Sheep & Goats(0.5 kg d-1; 17.8 GJ.t), Pigs (O.ó kg d"1), Equines (1.5 kg d' 15GJ/t), Camels & Buffaloes (4.0 kg d"1; 14.9 GJ/t) and Chickens (0.1kg d'1; GJ/t). It is then assumed that 50% of total production isPotentially Harvestable. Recoverable Dung is then assumed to be25% of Potentially Harvestable Dung ie. l/8th of total production,dry weight.
VII Present commercial energy consumption is calculated usingFAO,"Energy Statistics Yearbook, 1989," . FAO's, Forest Products Yb.1989, is used for "Fuelwood + Charcoal." No attempt is made to estímateany other form of Biomass Energy use.VIII uses Col.VII to calcúlate Present per capita energy use.IX & X assumes total energy usage of either 35 or 70 GJ/cap/yr toestímate present and future total energy consumption for each country.70 GJ/cap is approximately twice the present energy consumption fordeveloping countries, and is predicted to occur in the next century.XI-XII show percentage of "present energy consumption" (col.VII)and"total energy consumption" at 35 GJ/cap (col.IX) which could be providedby 25% of recoverable residues alone.XIII-XIV indícate potential land use for biomass growth. A biomassproductivity of 10~ t/ha/yr is used to shov? the land área needed for eachcountry, to provide the energy requirements given in col.IX (35GJ/cap).XV & XVI shows land needed to provide 35 GJ/cap. using 25% of the ofpotentially harvestable residues and biomass growth @ 10 t/ha/yr.
Table9b. BIOMASS RESIDUE RESOURCES & LAND NEEDS FOR ENERGY PROVISIÓN (140 & 310 GJ/cap) IN INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES
The thfee main sources of residues are estimaled in lerms of the total energy contení of potentíalty han/estable residues. Total enetgy use is compared with the energy conteníof rocoverable residues (1/4 of potentially harvestable residues) as a fue!. Yields of 10 t/ha/yr are not necessarily fealistic on all land, bulare chosen to represen! a convenient global midpoint for biomass production on a large scale in llie future; in practice yields of less (han 1 t/ha to morethan 30 t/ha are presently experienced.
COUNTRY
INOUSTRIALISEDN. AMERICAEUROPEussnASIAOCEANIA
WORLD
I II III IV V Vi Vil VIII IX X XI XII
POPULAT TOTAL LAND
(1907) ÁREA
(miINons) (OOOha)
1,19327049528312620
5,021
5,360,0791,832.757
471,8162,227,200
39,7 14788,592
13,005,173
ENERGY CONTENTOR
POTENTIALLY HARVESTABLE RESIDUES
CROP FOREST DUNG(10'6GJ) (10'6GJ) (10'6GJ)
16,528 18,802 6,2956.598 8,789 1.5425,347 4.534 2,1123,568 '4.710 1.796
381 376 162635 394 682
38,038 35,473 19,623
TOTAL(10"6GJ)
41.62616,92911,99310.074
9191,711
93,135
PRESENT PRESENT
ENERGY GJ/cap
CONS.(inc FW) (inc FW)(10"6GJ) (10'6GJ)
238,351 20092,955 34565,441 13258,620 20717,112 135
L_ 4,223 216324,51 1 65
TOTAL ENERGY CON
SUMPTION@ 1400(310
GJ/cap/yr
(10-6GJ) (GJ/cap)
167,060 (140)83.563 (310)69,249 (140) \4 [ "
17,7042,735
702.996
% ENERGY USE(PRESENT
OR 140.310GJ) PROVI
DEDBY 25% RESIDUES
PRESENT 140. 310GJ
4 65 55 44 61 1
10 167 3
LAND REO D
140or 310 GJ/
® 101/ha
(Mha)
1.114557462264118
184,687
XIII XIV
FORcap
%LAND
ÁREA
21309812
2972
36
LAND REQ-D
1¿Oor3IOGJ/c
lOl/tia/yi *•
25% RESID.(Mlia)
1.044529442247116
154.531
XV
:OR
ap@
%LAND
APEA
19299411
2932
35
See nexl page for footnotes.
FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 9b:
I & II data from FAO, "Productíon Yearbook, 1989, " Rome.TII-V show the total energy content of Potentially Harvestable residuesestimated from three major squrces namely:
a) crop; residue coefficients are derived from the ratio of By-product(Potentially Harvestable Residues) :Product (Commercial Productiondata from FAO Production Yearbook 1989). Average valúes (20% moisture,HHV's): Cereals (1.3; 12'. 77 GJ/t) , Vegetables & Melons (1.0; 6.38GJ/t), Roots & Tubers (0.4, 6.38 GJ/t), Sugar Beet (0.3, 6.38 GJ/t)and Sugarcane (0.55, 17.33 GJ/t, oven dry).b) forest; Potentially Harvestable residues are assumed to equal allresidues generated during cutting and processing. For each countrytotal Cut is calculated as 1.67 times "Roundwood Production."(FAOForest Products Yearbook, 1989). Residues arise at the site ofcutting are assumed to be 40% of Total Cut, and at the milis, assumedas 50% of "Industrial Roundwood". [Globally, "Industrial Roundwood"and "Fuelwood + Charcoal" are each equal to about half of "RoundwoodProduction." (15.96 GJ/t HHV, 20% moisture)], but such a ratio cannotbe used at the country or regional level because of the countrydifferences between cutting for fuelwood and for industrialroundwood. Calculation of on site residues from the total cut are notpossible in the case of use for fuelwood and charcoal because ofwidely differing local practicas; thus we assume a 40% residue fromthe total cut for both industrial roundwood and fuelwood + charcoal.c). dung; Animáis populations are derived from WRI/'fitorJd Resources;1990-91." Washington, D.C. 20006. Each category is assigned a dungproduction coefficient which estimates the average daily dry dungproduction for each type of animal (Taylor et al., 1982; Senelwa A,K,Hall D,0,. 1991) ie. Cattle (3 kg d~l; 15 GJ/t), Sheep & Goats (0.5 kgd'1; 17.8 GJ.t), Pigs (0.6 kg d'1), Equines (1.5 kg d' 15 GJ/t), Camels& Buffaloes (4.0 kg d-1; 14.9 GJ/t) and Chickens (0.1 kg d~l; GJ/t).It is then assumed that 50% of total production is PotentiallyHarvestable. Recoverable Dung is then assumed to be 25% ofPotentially Harvestable Dung ie. l/8th of total production, dry weight.
VII; Present commercial energy consumption is from BP, "Statistical Reviewof World Energy, 1990." FAO, "Forest Products Yearbook, 1989," forFuelwood and Charcoal use only. No attempt is made to estímate any otherform of Biomass Energy use by the FAO.VIII. Present per capita energy using Col.VII data.IX assumes total energy use of 140 or 310 GJ/cap. thus estimating presentand future energy consumption by country.X-XI show the percentage of eitner "present energy" use or energy use at140 or 310 GJ/cap (from cois. VII and IX resectively) provided by 25% ofrecoverable residues alone.XII-XIII indícate potential land use for biomass growth at a productivityof 10 t/ha/yr, to provide 140 or 310 GJ/cap (Col. IX). Col.XII shows totalland needed for each country, and XIII the percentage of total land área.XIV & XV uses 25% of recoverable residues and 10 t/ha/yr to provied 140 or310 GJ/cap., showing the total and percentage of each country's land árearequired.
TABLE 10 ESTIMATED TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPT1ON BY COUNTRY & REGIÓN 1 4
r AO frjei cna/coat consumpton data is comparer1 wrtf a total -jgness ccnsumpcon esomate tor each country
REGIONS/COUHTRIES
WORLD
INDUSTR1ALISED
N. AMERICA
EUROPEUSSR
ASIAOCEANIA
DEVELOPING
ÁFRICACEH. AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICAASIAOCEANIA
I
COMMERCIAL
(PJ)
305 ,885
2 3 5 , 4 5 6
91,6366 4 , 8 3 25 7 , 6 9 0
17, 1064,192
7 0 , 4 3 0
7 , 3 6 3
5,488
II III-UELWOOO SIOMASS
(includirig (ALUCHARCOALJ FORMS)
-FAO1"(PJ) (PJ)
18,625 49 ,943
2 , 8 9 5 7,112
1,319 4 ,027609 1,527930 1,720
6 631 31
15,730 4 2 , 6 3 1
4 ,481 9,160
rv vFUELWOOO + BIOMASS *COMMÉRCIAL COMMERCIAL.
(1*11) ¡Mil)ÍPJ) (PJ)
324,511 3 5 5 , 8 2 9
238 ,351 2 4 2 , 7 6 8
92 ,955 95 ,66265,441 66,35958 ,620 59,411
17,112 17,1124 ,223 4 , 2 2 3
36,160 113,061
11,845 16,524
504 8681 5 , 9 9 2 6,356
8 ,328 | 2,419 2 ,85849,146
1058 , 2 6 3 2 9 , 6 8 9
62 56
10,748 11,18657,409 78 ,835
167 161
VI vil VIII IXTOTAL AVERAGE PER CARITA
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
(IV/Popn. (V/popn. )
GJ/cap GJfcac
65 71200 203345 355132 134207 210135 135216 216
BiOMASS: % TOTALENEflGY
CONSUMPTiON¡II/!V) (III/V)
% %
6 141 31 41 22 301
23 301 18 3820 2 8 i 38 5542 4538 4020 . 2829 2 3
3 1423 2614 3837 35
INDUSTRIALISMO COUNTRIES
;N.AMER!CA
CANADÁÍJNITEO STATES
ÍEUROPE
ÍALBANIAÍAUSTRIAJ3ELGIUM-LUX¡BULGARIA•C ZSC HOSOLOVAKI AIOEMMARK
FiNLAND
FRANGEGERMANY
(GREECEpflJNGARY
jlCELAND
IRELANDITALY
ÍNETHERLANOS.NORWAY
fPOLANDi^ORTUGAL
ROMANÍA.SPAIN
JSWEGEN!SW!TZERIAND,MTEDKINGOOM
•YUGOSLAVIA
USÍA'SRAELLAPAN
OCEAN1A
>jSTRAL!A
AEW ZEALAND
10,328
81,308
1101,1172,129
7591,664
6051,0048,278
14,6099166 2 4
67370
6,380
3,1251,3902,329
504
73 5451,246 3 ,482
17 1727 100
6 619 016 0
5 8432 150
112 31546 8423 2332 34
0 00 46
48 1511 1
10 3240 40
6 ' 342,110 44 443,4902,3811,2058,732
934
20516,901
3,515676
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
.ÁFRICA
ALGERIAANGOLAKNINBOTSWANA,3^RKINAFASO
•URUNOl'CAMEROON!CA?£ VERDE',CEN AfRiCANREPC-AO
COMQHOS
98019
513
62
770431
25 4047 230
9 92 46
41 41
6 00 6
31 311 1
19 27855 12847 5612 2633 127
•41 54106 139
0 533 3534 73
0 7
10,401 10,87382,554 84,790
128 1231,144 1,2172,135 2,135
777 7591,679 1,664
610 6891,035 1,1548 , 3 9 0 8,593
14 ,555" 14,693938 938657 658
67 67370 416
6 , 4 2 8 6,5313,126 3,1261,400 1,4222,369 2,369
510 5382,154 2,1543,515 3,5312 , 4 2 9 2,6121,215 1,2158,734 8,778
974 974
21216,901
3,546
677
999 1,25874 14852 6125 3839 13443 57
183 2165
37 3937 761 8
406 424338 348
41 41151 161208 208
87 85108 107119 134210 231151 154189 189
94 9462 62
273 273104 117112 114213 213335 340
63 6350 5294 9490 91
289 311186 186153 154
42 42
48 03 ,872 0
218 0206 0
Í3 558 16
12 1422 3311 16
9 1117 20
0 1513 14
1 52 4
14 142 80 02 01 01 123 131 40 12 25 50 00 111 20 01 22 21 62 21 12 91 10 14 4
30
10
•
2 2274 8790 9250 6793 9594 9658 64
39 9C7 14 921 15¡
TABLE 10 ESTIMATED TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY COUNTRY & REGiON 2/4
PAO tueiwooc * cnarcoal consumpnon data is comoared wiih a total btom mate tar eac^ ccontrv
REGIONS/
COUNTRIES
CONGO
COTE O'IVORE
DJ1BOUT1
EGYPT
EQUAT. GUINEA
ETHIOPIA
GABON
CAMBIA, TME
GHANA
GUINEA
GUiNEA-SlSSAU
KENYA
LESOTHO
LIBER1A
UBYA
WADAGASCAR
MALAWI
MALÍMAURITANIA
MAURfTJUS
MOROCCO
MOZAMBIQUE
NAMIBIA
NIGER
NIGERIA
REUNIÓN
RWANDASAO TOME PRN
SENEGAL
SIERRA LEONE
SOMALIA
SOUTH ÁFRICA
SUDAN
SW AZI LAÑO
TANZANIA
TOCOTUNISIA
UGANOA
ZAIflE
ZAMBtA
ZIMBABWE
GEN. AMERICAANTIGUA
BAHAMAS
BARBADOS
6EUZE
3ERMUOAVIRGIN IS.
CAYMAN IS
COSTA RICA
CUBA
DOMINICA
DOM1NICAN REP
EL SALVADOR
GRENADA
GUADELOUPE
GUATEMALA
HAJTI
HONDURAS
JAMAICA
MARTINtQUE
MÉXICO
MONTSERRAT
NICARAGUA
PANAMÁPUERTO RICO
S" K1TTS & NEV
¿A1NT LUCIA
ICOMMERCIAL
(PJ)
21
70
4994
13723
35613
267
-
9340
1286
4216
23213
-10
49-7
1060
288
123,176
44
-
254
146106260
135
4,1511
2811
41427
183271
104111227810
4,1600
3032
26012
II IIIFUELWOOO BIOMASS
(including (ALL
CHARCOAL) FORMSJ
-FAO-
(PJ) <PJ)
20 2793 ,93
0 ' 421 380
5 5402 540
25 239 9
168 9434 74
5 13326 404
6 2950 43
6 15571 11975 13251 122
0 240 14
14 34161 210
0 2345 38
969 ?,2250 6
60 1720 1
38 4329 5269 7176 376
203 8436 10
310 9257 45
31 53126 204353 362119 94
66 143
O' 10 30 21 20 00 00 0
29 3128 14
0 110 3044 47
0 10 4
76 10556 5152 55
0 90 3
156 4040 0
31 4718 17
0 340 10 0-
IV V VI VII
FUELWOOO» 81OMASS +
COMMERCIAL COMMERCLAL
(1*11) (Itlll)
(PJ) (PJ)
41 48164 163
4 71,016 1,374
6 6439 577
48 4612 11
224 15047 88
6 15393 471
6 2959 52
346 49583 131
'OTAL AVERAGE PER CAPITA
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
{ IV/Popn. (V/Popn. )GJ/cao GJi'cap
20 2315 1510 1921 2817 1710 1346 4415 1416 11
9 177 16
18 224 18
26 2385 121
8 1284 140! 11 1857 12842 6617 31
246 265174 223
2355 43
1,466 2 , 7 2 211 1666 178
0 267 7138 6181 '83
3,252 3 , 5 5 2247 886
7 1523 3516 2911 1112 15
0 148 7
15 2819 2910 27
4 1710 1110 1612 1299 10811 38
6 I0l 8 14335 951
11 49176 198136 214415 424180 154251 328
4 515 1711 13
4 58 81 11 2
71 72456 441
1 193 11371 74
1 211 15
117 14668 6374 7779 3810 14
4,316 4 ,5640 0
61 7650 49
260 2941 12 2
14 393 15
23 268 13
13 1324 2028 37
637250
22 26144
6075
25 2644 43
1814 1714 15
2231 4314 1711 1016 1633 3731 4152 55
4017 2222 22
383015
VIII IX
BIOMASS: % TOTAL
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
(tl/IV) (III/V)
% %
49 5657 57
502 28
83 8292 9452 5079 7775 6372 8573 8983 86
85 832 31
85 9190 9490 95
0 361 466 13
93 94
83 8066 82
3 3891 97
7658 6178 8685 86
2 1182 95
92 9764 9217 2793 9585 8566 6126 44
211515
36 466
1911
42 436 3
6311 2762 64
502 29
65 7283 8270 71
0 111 254 9
38
51 6137 35
124216
TABLE10^STIMATED TOTAL ENEflGY CONSUMPTION BY COUNTRY & REGIÓN 34
PAOfueiwooa t charcoaJ consumpnon datáis Tonoafedwrtn a toi Domass consurrcDones^^ate for eacricountry
REGIONS/
COUNTRIES
STVINCENT
TRINIDAD &TOB
SOUTH AMERICA
ARGENTINA
SOLIVIA
:BRAZILCHILE
COLUM8IA
ECUADOR
FR£NCH GUIANA
GUYANA
PARAGUAY
PERÚ
SURINAM
URUGUAY
VENEZUELA
¡ASIA
AFGHANISTAN
BAHRAIN
BANGLADESH
BMUTANBRUÑE!
CHINA '
CYPRUS
HONG KONG
INDIA
INDONESIA
IRÁN
[RAO
JORDÁN
KAMP'JCHEA
NORTH KOREA
SOUTH KOREA
KUWAIT
LOA. POR
LEBANON
, MACAU
MALASIA
MALDIVES
MONGOUA
MYANMAR
NEPAL
OMÁN
'PAKISTÁN•PHIUPPINESOATAR
SAUDI ARABIA
SfNGAPORE
¡SRJ LAN KA
JSYRIA
THAILAND
TURKEY
U.A.E.
VIETNAM
YEMEN ARABREP
YEMEN POR
OCEANIA
COOK ISLÁN DS
FIJI
Ffl. POLYNES1A
GUAU
KIRIBATI
•JEWCALEDONIA
NIUE
PACIFIC ISLANOS
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
COMMERCIA
[PJ!
20
1,72:5S
3,17:34:73:184
¡1422
3441164
1,653
57201204
071
2 4 , 6 4 8
49328
6,305
1,3881,915
366119
61,5982,201
5033
10713
6131
1077412
328822457210
2,335
37062
334770
1,471306210
4043
988
170
19o2
34
j.j. A ii_ FUELWOOD BIOMASS
(inciuding (ALL
CHARCOAL) FORMS)
-FAO-
(Pj) (P-)
0J 0
46 8<13 10Í
1,880 1,60468 5!
169 52468 7Ci ii j0 17
55 4880 296
0 532 23
8 23
47 2160 4
297 1,52332 22
1 3
i v y
FUELV.OOCU BIOMASS +COMMERC1AL COMMERCW.
(I*U) (1*111)
(PJ) ÍPJ1
! 1208 21
1,771 l,80f
72 16"5,053 4,77'
411 39Í901 l,25í
252 25-1
6 t0
14 3176 7C
423 63911 1696 87
1,661 1,676
104 273201 205501 1,727
32 2372 74
1,903 9 ,287| 26,551 33,935
0 02 2
2,519 8,543
1,427 2,655
26 5891 177
0 3153 11643 23248 55
0 1638 565 250 3
86 663n i<* j
14 24179 550176 438
0 20232 1,246334 856
0 30 1260 21
87 1800 136
355 206113 605
0 14243 896
0 1173 29
0 00 130 20 10 10 20 ,-ij0 2
59 24
49 49330 330
8 , 8 2 4 14,848
2,815 4,043
1,941 2,504
367 543119 150
60 1221,640 1,8302,249 2,256
503 51840 58
111 13213 17
700 1,2771 4
121 131253 624188 451328 348
1,054 2,068
791 1,312210 213
2,335 2 ,461
370 391149 242334 469
1,125 9761,584 2,076
806 820453 1,106
40 157
46 72
9 99 218 10
17 180 1
19 210 02 4
93 58
VI VII
TOTAL AVERAGE PER CAPITA
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
(IV/Popn. (V/Popn. j
GJ/cao GJ/cap
! 2I 171 17.
1 57 5Í11 2136 3'33 3329 4C26 2666 6618 3919 1821 3228 4032 2991 92
7 18443
5 1623 16
300 30824 3172 7259 5911 1916 2338 4922 3241 51
3 1680 8954 54
28011 1542 49
3942 77
2060 65
6 1611 25
25910 1914 23
652196149
9 1530 4221 18
39563
7 1819
20 32
51112 29
56lóO
18136
2";-
26 .:
VIII IX
BIOMASS: % TOTAL
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
(!I/IV) (IK/V)
% %
) 720 1
3 518 6537 3417 1419 4227 2812 151 55
71 6919 46
2 3134 27
0 1
45 79á
^Q Bíj y o o99 9 •
1 47 77£. '
0 1V J
1 ]7<í SSi y jo
51 66
1 240 T3\J J J
0 71v í A-
90 95^ 1 3J X -*
? ?¿- £-
\
93 954 19
~)\ ¿
12 5270/ V
1 *> 1 fiL í X O
71 8894 97
e.c22 6042 65
ii5ij
58 740 ?9v i y
32 2129
254 8 1J *t O i
757 40
35 61J *J *
2C3
~4
TABLE10 ESTIMATED TOTAL ENERGY.CONSUMPTIQN BY COUNTRY & REGIÓN 4/4
FAO fuetwood *- chafcoal consumplion dala js compared wilh a tolal faiomass consumplion estímale for each cotmlry.
REGIONS/COUNTRIES
„
FR. POLYNESIA
GUAM
KIRIBATI
NEW CALEOONIANIUE
PACIFIC ISLANDS
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
SAMOA
SOLOMAN ISLANDSTONGArUVALU
VANUATU
WALLÍS ETC
I
COMMERCiAL
(PJ)
8
17
0
19
02
34221
11
II IIIFUELWOOD BIOMASS
(includmg (ALL
CHARCOAL) FORMS)
"FAO"
(PJ) (PJ)
0 2
0 1
0 10 20 00 2
59 241 21 40 10 00 20 0
IV VFUELWOOD + ' BIOMASS +
COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL
(I-HI) (I+HI)
(PJ) {PJ)
8 10
17 180 1
19 210 02 4
93 582 43 61 20 01 31 1
VI VilTOTAL AVERAGE PER CARITA
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
(IV/Popn.) (V/Popn.)GJ/cap GJ/cap
5616018
1362726
26 1614 2411 22
2413
7 1989
VIII IXBIOMASS: % TOTAL
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
(II/IV) (NÍA/)
% %
20
874104948
64 4132 5942 70
59
26 7415
1 Tonne Oü Equivalen!. TOE (GJ/t)=>
Fuefwood Densíty (cubic metres/t)=>Fuelwood energ> densiíy (atr dry, 20% moisture;GJít)=-
Footnoíes:
42
1 415
Col. I. Commercial energy consumption data was derived from three data sources; i) NorthAmerica, Western Europe and USSR (BP, 1991), ü)Eastern European andDeveloping countries predominantly IEA (1990) iii) remaming country datafrom the UN (1987).
Col. II. Fuelwood = "Fuelwood + Charcoal" as from FAO Forests Products Yea/Book; 1990. FAOestimates totai wood cut for firewood and for conversión to charcoal;no other form of biomass use for energy eg. residues.
Col. III. Biomass energy consumption data was derived from: i)FAO "Fuefwood+ Charcoal" (FAO, 1990), ii)the Biomass Users Network (BUN), whichestimates all forms of biomass use for energy; so far detailed studies navebeen carried out for only 55 developing countries (Hali, 1991), ii¡) the United NationsStatistical Office, which includes various forms of biomass use for energy íntheir Energy Balances & Electricity Profiles publication (UNSO, 1990).Due to the sparseness of biomass energy use data Ín both industrialisedand developing countries, where no data ,s published we have estimated biomassuse in developing countries by assuming that the per capita consumption ofbiomass for energy is 1 tonne of wood equivalent (twe)/capfor rural inhabitants and 0.5 twe/cap for urban inhabitants. 1987 populationdata is from FAO Agrostat datábase (1990) (FAO, 1991). Thus the order ofpreference for data sources was BUN>UNSO>per capita (Popn.) estímate.
Col.IV & V. The different biomass energy consumption estimates (col. II& ill) are added to the commercial energy consumption data from col I.
CoL VI & Vil. Per capita total energy consumptton (includmg biomass, Col. IV & Vil)is calculated using 1987 population data from the FAO's AGROSTAT datábase (1990).(see table 10 for regional population breakdown)
Col. VIH & IX. the percentage share of total energy consumption provided by biomassis calculated by dividing col. II by IV (col. VIII) and Col. :i l by V (Col. IX)
Table 11 SELECTED SUGARCANE AND PLANTATION WOOD FEEDSTOCK COSTSIN VARIÓOS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
1 Country
1 Brazil31 (1992)1 constant1 1988 US$
1 Thailand(1990)
1 Costa Rica1 (1988)c
1 Jamaica1 (1985)
Feedstock Costs in US$/GJ
Sugarcane
Tops &Leaves
1.19(CEST)f1.49(STIG)
1.68-1.45
0.95-1.42
0.58-2 .02
Bagasse
1.18 (CEST)1.68 (STIG)
-
0.28-1.10
0.97-2.21
PlantationWood
1.09-3.17(for theNortheastRegión. )
-
2. 51-3. 17
1.00-1. 50
ElectricityProduction
Costsc/kWhe •
Technology
CEST
13 .45-7.06
-
4.8-5. 1
4.8
STIG
6.70-4.40
-
4. 1-4.0
-
>urce: Tugwell et al. (1988).
:osts of both the biomass feedstock and electricity vary as a result ofiredicted increases in productivity from the present (52 t/ha/yr) to futureigarcane yields (71 t/ha/yr.) The efficiency with whích the tops & leaves are¡ollected is also predicted to improve from about 50% of total production:resently to about 75% of total production in the future with further gains.imited for environmental reasons.(thanol in Brazil now (1992) costs about US$7.9/GJ or an average 18.5C/1.
:hese prices are competetive with oil costing US$ 2.19/GJ or US$19/barrel.
:osts vary here due to increasing transport distances; even at furtheristances sugarcane residues are competetive with fossíl fuel alternativesstimated to cost (constant 1985 US$): US$2.45-3.84/GJ for fuel oil, US$2.35-,09/GJ for importad coal and US$3.79-4.22/GJ for indigenous coal.
The cost (1985 US$) of sugarcane residues is dependant on the processing:hnology, with briquetting generally costings less than pelletizing. Inmaica, also, the costs of biomass fuels are competetive with fossil fuels:sidual fuel oil, US$2.9-4.00/GJ; Distilled fuel oil, US$5.4-7.50/GJ; andported coal, US$1.43-2.08/GJ.
lectricity costs are estimated from the feedstock costs cf the biomass. Forgarcane residues the feedstock is derived from both the tops & leaves andgasse produced from crushed sugarcane.
EST stands for Condensing Extraction Steam Turbine which is a robust andture technology of relatively low efficiency (25-35%) compared to STIG (Steamjected Gas turbine, about 40% efficient).
Table 12
Main characteristics of a Typical Charcoal kiln'
Kiln diameter volume (baseNominal kiln volume (wood)
Qperating cycleLoadingunloadingCarbonizationCooling
YieldCharcoal (db)Volumetric conversión efficiency rate
Wood humidity.Charcoal production efficiency.Useful life of kiln.Annual Charcoal production (appx).Volumetric efficiency charcoal
to pig iron.
5m36 - 44 steres (1)
4 hrs (2 raen)5 hrs (2 men)96 hrs96 hrs
33% (in weight)1.8 - 2.0 steres per lm"
charcoal(2)25 - 30%1.8-2.4stere/ha/yr4 years5,400 m
4.2-3.2 (3)
Sourcenotes
(1)
(2)
(3)
Rosillo-Calle et al. (in press)
Between 21.7-26.5 m (lm =1.66 steres) However, this ratio varíesin practice according to the type of wood- e.g. one stere of dryeucalyptus wood is about 0.6 m , although this is not always thecase.The Volumetric conversión efficiency rate varíes considerably,depending on the type of kiln, management, wood characteristicsetc. EfficieneÍes of 2.2-1.6 are also common.Volumetric efficiency charcoal to pig iron depends on many factors- from charcoal quality (eg density to the type of the pig ironkiln. In the most modern kilns efficiencies of up to 2.6m /charcoal per one tonne of oig iron have been achieved. In thefuture an efficiency of 1.9 m charcoal (and even better) can beexpected to be achieved.
Sources:Rivelli Rezende (1989) , Neto (1991) , Grupo Itaminas (1989) .
TABLE 13 Sumraary of Biomass Technologies
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TABLE 13 contSummary of Biomass Technologies
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Table 14 Electricity gene/ating plañís burning bíomass fuels in the United States35of1989a
Number of fadlítiei Initalled capacfty MWe
State Stand-slone Cogenerafíbn 5íand-¿tone Cogeneration
AJabamaArizona, iA/KansasCaliforniaCpnnecticutDelawareFloridaGeorgiaHawaiiIdahollünoisIndianalowaKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMissrssippiMissouriMontanaNew H?mpsh¡reNew JerseyNewYortNorth CarolinaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsyfvaniaSouth CarolinaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWisconsin
02i
6441
12021002114223300232
113123012105035
1504
303
0^e
51361711
12¿¿
29
132310
21750
1727
61
249
13129139
119
045
2 4*-<**
736155
13314
07002
o0
111
1188
21438786300
181514
15460178
690
49620
800
7255
3750
mi \J255
140
47436
129116
236
2.21
30070494
25224716123060
340650
425351
9017
1851444643
14620
218136120117
Total
3754513i ¿~
991169
13788
36199116
236132
311792308290325224230
603588014
57941110725
2541449549
14820
298136192172
U.S. TOTAL 149 367 2.459 5,962 8.421
Williams & Larson (1992)
Table 15
Hosahalli (S.India). Wood Gasifier Based Electricity Generation.
.
Gasifier
Engine + Gensetc
Voltage Stabiliser +Accessories
Wood Cutter
Building
Energy Forest
Total
Capital cost of 5 kW wood gas-based and dieselsystem (Indian Rupees3)
WoodgasSystem
16,000
28, 600
6,000
3,000
5,000
5,000
63,600
Diesel-onlySystem
—
28, 600
6,000
—5,000
-
39,600
Source: Ravindrinath" (1993) .
aThe 1992 exchange rate is assumed to be Rs. 25 = US$1.
Life of gasifier is taken to be 50,000 hours and maintenance cost is takenas 5% for an operation level of 20 hours a day.
°Life of the engine is taken to be 20,000 hours and the annual maintenancecost is taken as 10% for 20 hours of operation a day.
Table 16
Compositional data and heating valúes for biomass and coal fdry basisl.
FeedstocH
R i ornas s
Red Alder
BlackLocust
Poplar
Douglasf ir
Casua-rina
Euc.i Granáis
Leucaena
Sugar-caneBagasse
Coal
WestKentuckybitumin-ous
IllinoisNo. 6Bitumin-ous
1 WyomingI subbitum-[ inous
I East Texas1 Lignite• • ' '
Proximate analysispercent by weight
Volatile Fixed Ashcarbón
87.10 12.50 0.40
80.94 1 8 . 2 6 0 .80
8 2 . 3 2 16 .35 1 .33
87.30 12 .60 0.10
7 8 . 9 4 19 .66 1.40
8 2 . 5 5 16.93 0.52
80.94 17 .53 1 .53
73.78 1 4 . 9 5 11.3
33.12 48 .18 18.7
37.50 43.40 18.1
44.68 46.12 9.20
44.55 38 .86 16.6
Ultímate AnalysisPercent by Weight
C H 0 N S Ash
49.55 6.06 43.78 0.13 0.07 0.41
0.01 1.0550 .73 5 . 7 1 4 1 . 9 3 0 . 5 7
48.45 5.85 43 .69 0 .47 0 . 0 1 1.53
' 0 .02 0.1050 .64 6.18 43.00 0 .06
48.61 5 .83 43.63 0 .59 0 .02 1.59
0.01 0.494 8 . 3 3 5 . 8 9 45.13 0.15
49.20 6.05 4 2 . 7 4 0 . 4 7 0.03 1/51
44.80 5 .35 39 .55 0 . 3 8 0 .01 9 . 9 1
65.78 4 . 6 2 4.86 i. 26 4 .74 18. y
65 .34 4.20 6 . 5 9 1 .02 4 . 5 5 18.3
68.75 4.89 15.55 0.89 0.69 9.24
60 .98 4 . 45 15.82 1.08 1.08 16.6
HHV
GJ/t
19.30
19.38
19.38
20.37
19.44
19.35
19.07
17.33
27 .81
2 6 . 6 7
26.78
24.36
kg Nper GJ
0.067
0.243
0 . 2 4
0.03
0.30
0.08
0 .25
0 .22
0.45
0.38
0.33
0.44
kg CperGJ11
25.7
25 .7
25.0
24 .9
25.0
25.0
25.8
25.6
2 3 . 6
24 .5
25.7
25.0
a. Williams &Ib. calculated
Larson (1993)frora data in table.
TABLE 17 Large Scale Danish Biogas Plants
V. Ujcrmit i to-
S-ilCSLÍ \ | ) cnd t iuw
Income
SalesExpciiduurc'ncomc
S'KovsgirdSalesExpcndiiuretncomc
DuviadcS-!cs
Expcnditurc
tacóme
SindingSalesGxpcndilun:íncomc
Saics
Expendí tu relocóme
KcvningcSaics[2*pcnd¡curcIncome
LintrupSales£x pcndiiure[ncomc
Ribe
SalesExpcnditurcIncomi
KcaÜKtaJ
!9S9or19SS/S9
Ipublísliedl lSUCCi í
1.020-1.300-280
1.106822284
¡.793¡.675
118
569264305
1.027
1.842
-815
1.977
8631.114
1990 or ! 1991 or1989/90 199(1/91
(publishcd C p u b l i N l i c dligurcs) l i g u r ü S )
1. 567 1.9751.394 l 1.487
173 4SS
1.450 ! 2.0691.343
!07
2.0361.220
816
543304239
2.6682.047
621
3.3181.7851.533
562436126
2.0881.759
329
6801.822
- 1.142
2.200• 131
2.3021.239
1.063
534361173
3.4882.1591.329
3.7552.5301.225,
930895
35
5.8503.0SS1.762 ,
4.3783.906
472
Ü^aPbm Plum
budiei. buájci.IWJW I993or1991/92 1992/93
2.502I.SÜÍ-
69-1
2.Cv.<1 1.510
2.776IJ3S1.43$
615293322
5.120I.S653.255
4.8632.2522.610
1.043
570478
6.9503.6003360
7.6044.0503.554
2.7752. 1 OS
667 '*:
2.9251.725
1.2001*-
Ifcttkcvcii
¡i 992,11 ¡CCS) '
i
3.425 ;1.3SO
2.04*
615293322
5.3251.940
3.385'
5.0582.343
"5.715
1.091593
498.-
7.2283.7443.484
7.903. ' 4.212
•¿.ooo
350
2.300
2.40Q
470
2.700
3.696 2.600
Tcble III. CompanyfuicnccsfQr thc nine centralizcd biogas plañís.
1. The oldescplañís, VesterHjerinitslev and Vegger, iiave received about DKK 145m tu tkeform of tcn;porcrilyinierest-free laansfrornthe County ofNorth Juliana \viih no repayment rtquired untilfurther notice. As a cor.-scqucnce, interest and repayment are Icss significan! ritan for rlie cthcr plañís, and correspondías to íhis (hercquired bicorne is íower.
2. Vtsier Hjernúislev, Vegger, Skovsgaard and Fangei liave ai! liad HCW eiígiaelgtntrator ttnits insialled. Salesare therefore expected to be considcrably improved infuíure years. '• . .•
j, Sinding. Revninge, Lintrup and Ribe anticípate increascd sales ofgas, priiiiarily because their teeihingtroubies are ej:pectcd (o have becn overeóme.
4. Calculated annuaí average ofcapitaüsed servicing obligaíions, mciuding operattonal crediis and es:imatedrc-inves(menr(J992 pnces). This calcularían ísprimañly boitnd up with (he actual debí, whiclt in icsturn de-pends on the construction subsidies received, and tlie financial performance np todale; -
5. The situation offrozen construction debts is spcciaifor the plañís ai Vesttr Hjennitslev and Veggcr. Thereforeihe annuaí average ofcapiíalised servicing obligations lias not bcen calculatcüfor [líese plañís.
Source: OEA, Dcnmark, 1992
Figure 1
20 -
1
o -0 5 - .0 1.5
ReLition b^wetn tout pUní m¿rtfr ai h-rvat and fíf£foen interctftethrou'hous íbe grauñng itnsan, for ¡eUcud C¡ plana grown undcr ctxditians rutk chut itx cropsare ivellfertiüzed and thc svpply of water is a¿¿quatt jar
20 -i
>*^^
JS *J
E ^• S irta, a !0*fl í^EQ
Soybean {C3 plantj
Waize (C4 plant)
700 1.100 1.300
Carbón dioxide concentraronmg m-3
1.900
VárLjrjoíi ofwaicr-use ffficíencjf C&UF-) with increaílngfoncer.írtiüon of srmotphencCO2for ttleeiedplañí ¡ptcits (80]. The WJE u me^urcd in mü^ams o/CO, (nf¡) f.xed Inphotarynchaií perpam ofwaur trdrjpircd. Th¿ armospneric concínrraiian o/CO-'u-íi; 655 T.?m'3 (353ppm) in ¡990.
Sourc'e: Hall et al. (1992)
Figure 2
ANNUAL MOISTURE INDEX (P / PET)
FIGURE WorL¿ map ofthe annu¿l moisrure inaac libe rafia efthe cr.n-Msl precipitarían (P) wpotfnriaievaporranspsranon (PET)], a measvre of motsrure availabtlitj fhrplant rrcitrth [81]. Ár.anr.u^l moisrurc irukx ofUn ¡han on¿ imptia a weter déficit, ushich uñíl llmiipiar.tgrcmríh, u>hiL:_a ratio grcattr :h¿n or.e implía tha: thtrt is cecea waur, so ihei ruitoffmifht ocrvr.
NET PRIMARY PRODUCTiVITY (g d.mf/ m2/ year)
FIGURE : WorLl map ofnef primary pro¿tácrivity in rrami ofdijplznt mAtitr per ¡¿-¿are rnper year. (Nose chai one gram per stj¡¿urf mcler p& yccr - 0.01 tonr.fi ptr heciarr per year.) Thepftrnary productivín •jzlittí ¡houm here u/fre obtainea by aveTapnf valúa obtcir^a jrommoetfií—¡he so-¿¿LUcí Miami cruz 'acruaíevapotransptration~bajcd strmQ:¿~ trtodcls
Source: Box & Meenterayer C1991J
ioon c PH
90-
80-
70-
60-
The NeihorlandsBolgium
FranceGermany í West
EastEuropo í Cíochoslovakia
Bulgaria
CanadáNew York State
Poland
World /" Moxico
4 USSíVchinoAsia
África ^ _
1750 1800 1850 1900
Yoar1950 1980
I ; igure The wheat crop prodüction Índex (CPI)trend for the Netherlands from 1750 to the pre-sent. The wheat CPI for other countries in aboutl ' J ' / í ) 75 is also shown for comparison.
Source: Buringh (1987)
i _,
t ha
India
Pakistán
Bangladesh
600 800 1000—1— —i—1200 1400
Year
1600 1800 2000
Figure Average rice yield in Japan , year 600to present. The modern average yields of othernations are íocated on the yield curve for Japan .
Source: Hopper (1976)
CRnU)
Figure 4
Plantation Rotation Length and
Standing Stock at 3, 6 & 12 tC/ha/yr.
80
70 -
60
50
X.uo
r' 40c?
Ced
. 30 ->
20 •-
10 - —
4 5 6 8 9Rotation length (YEARS)
10 11 12
3 tC/ha/yr -•- 6 tC/ha/yr —h- 12 tC/ha/yr
6
O 5enoío,00
co 4coen
C/3OOLÜ_lü>OLUU.
< 1HOh-
0
o
Delivered cosí of wood fromplantations in Northeast Brazil
Northeastaverage
HighV Estimate
Bioclirnatic Región Lowestímate
5 10 15 20
YIELD. .(DRY TONNES PER HECTARE PER YEAR)
25 30
K-00úHÍO
líslimoled hiplí , low, nnd nverngc costs of plontntion grown wood vcrsus oliintaüonyíeld. Average co^ts hy liinclimnlic región nre sliown, ns nrc tho avenipe cosls
in Üio Northeast.Source: Carpentieri et al (1993)
0000
u. .
coOOQOo
3
O
Plantalion wood cost-supplycurve for Northeast Brazil
o
1
V
Bioclimatic Región
2000
~r ~r ~r^1000 6000 0000
MILLION GJ PER YEAR
IV
10000 2000
H-00eMn>Lncr
PlnnLntion woud cosl-supply curve fcir Norl.hcnsL lim/.il. The im;rn(;o rosl. MIKÍ 1.11ccslnnnlcd Lotnl volunic of wood LhnL can bo prmlucod in onch of tlio fivo hiocÜmntic rof;ionsshow»Sourc'e: Carpentieri et al (1993)
Purchasing power.oí sugar (1975 = 100%)
Year
Barréis oí oilpertonne sugar
Compared wilh1975(%)
Sugar price($ pertonne)
Compared wilh1975(%)
1973(Jan)
76.6
183
230
57
1973 1975(Dec) (Average)
43.8
105
224
56
41.9
100
401
100
1982(July)
5.1
12
115
29
1984(Dec)
2.8
7
80
20
1989(July) .
19.4
46
301
75
1990.(July)
16.8
40
269
67
1990(Dec)
9.5
23
218
54
Source: Hall ar.d de Groot, 1986. Updaled from commodily price statislics, InternationalSugar Associalion and Instituto oí Petroleum, London.
Cnno-
Figure 7
Steam and air • Steam and air
Biomass
S'.eamand airAsh..
Gasifiertop
Gas i f i e rbottom
tempe tature
iiomass
Fixed-bed gas i f ie r (dry ash)
1=—*- Gas
5
Biomais
AJr
il i i i
4 'Gas
< i
Gasifiertop
bottom
Temperature
B u b b H n g f!u!dlzed-b«d gas l f ie r
f7=—»- Gas
Biomass Char-bed
Orculatíng í!uldir«d-b«d gasffier
FIGURE : Qpmtinf principia íruL trmpcr&tvrf proftln fcr fixíd-btd (tep) tn¿r) ¡asijífn, and ¡he o^netin^principie for í a
Source: Williams & Larson (1992)
Open CycleFuol
Air
Combined Cycle45-1-%
Air
Pucl
-©
CHP50-80%
Steam Injected
Fuo l
Air
»- S tcnm
Watoi
-e
i--MeH
Kigurc í). Alternativo commcrcia! gas turbinc cyclos iuclcd witb na tu rn l gas: opcn-cyclc [jíisturbinc (OCGT), uppcr left; cogcncrotion cycle, upper right; stcam-injcetcd gas turbinc (STIG),lower riglit; and gas turbine/combíncd cycle (GTCC), lowcr left.
Source: Williams & Larson (1992)
Global Trends in Áreas and ProductionofCereals (1961-1990)
740
C
••§ 140013-a2 1200
1000
800 6401961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988
Year
Arat>|e Land Cereal Production—
Source: PAO AGROSJAT PATABASE (1990)
200
601961
Iridian land Use and Food Production1960 to 1990
1968 1975YEAR
1982
Cereal Production Arable land
130
701989
I AO AGROSTAT DATABASE (1990)
Chínese Land Use and Food Production1960to 1990
400
1001961
T r~ i i—i r~1968 1975
YEAR
r~i—i i—T~1989
Cereal Production Arable land
Source: FAO AGROSTAT DATABASE (1990)
ÁREAS AND PRODUCTION OF CEREALSINDUSTRIALISED REGIÓN (1961-1990)
1000
900
o
0.
4001961 1968 1975
YEAR1982
Arable Land Cereal Production I
500
400
LUce
2001989
' " • i l A<> AGROSTAT DATABASE (1990)
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