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Index

AAS (African Associated States),

71–2

absence, 21–2, 44, 63, 90, 127–9,

148

Abuja, 207, 209, 211, 213

accessed, 202–4, 207–8, 211–13,

216–18

ACP (African, Caribbean, and the

Pacific), 3, 7, 11, 23, 29, 60,

72–3, 78, 80–1, 87, 107–8,

115, 117–18, 139, 204–5

ACP coastal states, 137

ACP countries, 6–7, 9, 11–14, 34,

54–5, 64–6, 72–6, 78–84,

87–8, 95–6, 109–18, 120–1,

134, 136–40, 179–80

mineral-rich, 73

pushing, 113

turning, 136

ACP countries sign, 136

ACP countries vis, 73

ACP group of countries, 9, 96

ACP regions, 55, 57, 61, 73, 75, 79,

109, 183, 205

ACP states, 60, 66, 72, 74, 80–2,

96, 107–8, 111–12, 114–16,

118, 132–3, 137, 139–40,

142–4, 179–80

activities, economic, 21, 54, 66,

173, 176

addition, 33, 35, 40, 72, 81, 142

Adebajo, 7, 64, 66, 76, 186, 199,

208, 218

Adedeji, 73–4, 102, 164, 177, 199

adjustment costs, 83, 87, 94, 107,

120–1

advanced capitalist countries, 3, 21,

27, 29, 44, 47, 49–50, 151

advanced capitalist economies, 4–5,

43, 45, 48, 51, 58, 77–8, 92,

148, 173

Africa

fragmented, 17

integrated, 197–8

postindependent, 163, 165, 197

Africa Economic Conference, 212

Africa Trade Policy Notes, 202

Africa-EU Partnership, 97, 203

Africa-EU Strategic Partnership

Agreement, 97–101, 104

Africa-EU Strategic Partnership

Agreements and Regional

Integration, 212

Africa-Europe Union Strategic, 94

Africa-European Union Strategic

Partnership Agreement, 94–5,

215

African, Caribbean, and the Pacific.

See ACP

African Associated States (AAS),

71–2

African continent, 69, 98, 166

African continental FTA, 174

African countries, 16–17, 22, 37,

43, 66–7, 85, 88–9, 100–1,

103–4, 107–8, 160–1, 179–80,

183–5, 192–3, 195–6

various, 14, 169

African countries vis, 144

African Development, 103, 212–13

African Development Bank, 197,

218

220 INDEX

African Economic and Business

Review, 215

African Economic Community,

174, 185

African economies, 48, 79–81, 85,

99, 113, 122, 164, 169, 181,

185, 192

African Growth and Opportunity

Act (AGOA), 22–3

African Heads of State, 174

African heads of states in

Washington DC, 89

African Institute of South Africa,

199, 202, 211

African integration, 108, 199

enhanced, 169

full, 166

African leaders, 16, 95, 103, 157,

159, 163, 166, 169–70, 175,

186, 194, 197

African nations, 58, 177

African people, 177, 186

African Political Economy, 161,

165, 168

African Regional Economic

Integration, 204

African regional integration

processes, 81

African Renaissance, 196, 213

African states, 163, 169

African States Bordering, 126

African Union. See AU

African Union Commission. See

AUC

African Unity, 16, 166, 174

Africans, 69, 95, 125, 165, 169,

186, 197, 210

Africa’s Crises, 211, 216

Africa’s Development, 102, 211,

217

Africa’s Integration, 212

Africa’s Trade, 202

Africa’s Trade Relationship, 206

Africa-U Strategic Partnership

Agreements in Comparative

Perspective, 212

agenda, 5, 14, 17, 28, 116, 118,

163, 167, 181, 186–7, 189,

193, 196

AGOA (African Growth and

Opportunity Act), 22–3

agreements, 7–11, 22–3, 25–6,

60–1, 70, 79–81, 84–5, 95,

97–9, 101, 104–5, 132–3,

159–61, 180–3, 195–6

interim, 83–4, 137

aid, 7–9, 12, 17, 25, 64, 66, 76, 78,

83, 89, 94–5, 100, 114–15,

120–2, 158–9

Ake, 47–9, 70, 102–3, 165, 199

Alaba, 7, 81, 111–12, 199–200

Amin, 48–9, 52, 70, 171, 175, 200

amount, 74, 121, 128, 139

Anadi, 33–4, 40

aquaculture, 140–1, 205, 207

argument, 2, 4, 9–10, 12, 14–16,

26, 33–4, 42, 55–6, 58–61,

92, 118–19, 179–80, 182–3,

189–91

arrangements

reciprocal free trade, 75, 79

regional, 153, 176

Asante, 79, 81–2, 163, 169, 200

ASEAN (Association of South East

Asian Nations), 185

Asian countries, 103, 109, 164

Associated African and Malgache

Countries, 70

Association of South East Asian

Nations (ASEAN), 185

AU (African Union), 16–17, 101,

104, 174, 199, 211

AUC (African Union Commission),

174–5, 178, 187

backdrop, 12, 17, 123–4, 138, 147,

156, 159, 161, 175

banks, 88, 93, 125, 129

Bhagwati, 3, 25–6, 65, 92, 154, 201

Bondage of Boundaries and Identity

Politics in Post-Colonial Africa,

202, 211

INDEX 221

book, 3, 9–13, 19–20, 32–3, 58–9,

61, 64–7, 105, 176, 185, 189–

91, 194, 212

Boston, 206, 211, 213, 216

Bradley, 74, 115–16, 202

Brenton, 124, 202

Brussels, 7, 113, 201, 203–5, 208,

210, 215

Building National Competitiveness

for Economic Development in

Africa, 189

bureaucracy, 63, 156, 158, 160, 167

bureaucrats, 8, 16, 156, 158, 167,

194

Business World Nigeria, 196, 202

Cambridge, 200–1, 209, 212, 214,

217

Cambridge University Press,

209–10, 214, 218

capacity, 6, 11–12, 15–16, 62–3,

83, 108–10, 136–7, 148–50,

154, 157–8, 160–1, 164–5,

168, 179–80, 194

capacity utilization, 110, 112,

128

capacity-building, 17, 83, 120, 133,

135

capacity-building program, 136

capital markets, 125

capitalism, 20, 22, 50–1, 53, 59, 91,

175, 206–7

capitalist economies, developed, 44,

46, 153

capitalists, 51–3, 169

Caribbean countries, 75, 80

CEE (Central and Eastern

European), 14, 77

CEE countries, 77

Central and Eastern European

(CEE), 14, 77

Centre for Regional Integration in

Africa, 200

CET (Common External Tariff),

11, 23, 71, 193

CFFA, 137–9

challenges, 18, 63, 67, 87, 104–5,

112, 123, 127, 130–1, 136,

138, 160, 174–5, 191, 211–13

Challenges of Developing

Countries, 218

Chang, 4–5, 16, 21, 26, 42–3, 83,

111, 119, 193, 202–3, 216

Cheng, 71–3, 215

China, 5, 7, 21–2, 56, 64, 79, 88–9,

94, 103–5, 159, 177, 179,

183–4

citizens, 14, 24, 100, 130, 132,

136, 140, 143, 148, 150,

160–1, 166, 196–7

civil society, 60–1, 176, 178, 181,

186, 201

civil society organizations, 60–1,

84, 87, 159, 176, 187, 194

class, 44, 53, 59, 183, 200, 214

cocoa beans, 144–5

Cocoa Processing Association of

Nigeria (COPAN), 144, 203

cocoa products, processed, 144–5

colonialism, 45, 47, 49, 69, 73, 117,

163, 165–6, 169, 186, 190

colonies, former, 25, 30, 53–5,

64–6, 71–4, 167, 169, 189–90

COMESA (Common Market for

Eastern and Southern Africa),

104, 174–5, 178

commitment, 26, 28, 73–5, 83, 94,

97, 104, 124–5, 135, 165–6,

184, 193, 197

financial, 14, 90

commodities, 46–8, 69–73, 151,

155, 164, 193

Common External Tariff. See CET

Common Market for Eastern and

Southern Africa (COMESA),

104, 174–5, 178

companies, 63, 75, 87, 99, 111,

126, 128–32, 138, 144, 159,

181

foreign-owned, 131–2, 136

comparative advantage, 5, 27–8, 41,

48, 65, 114, 138, 147, 153, 171

222 INDEX

competition, 23, 25, 28, 45, 74–5,

108

competitiveness, 80, 85, 109–11,

133, 138, 159, 179, 194

competitiveness of African

economies, 79, 81

compliance, 78, 140, 184

components, 48, 132, 142, 149

state’s, 149

conditions, 4, 24, 45–6, 82, 85,

108, 114–15, 132, 137, 148,

157, 159, 197

Constraints to Trade Policy

Formulation in Nigeria, 155

consultations, 116, 135, 160

consumers, 79, 81, 85, 111, 113,

136, 154

contemporary, 41–2, 70

content, 2, 7, 81–2, 95, 100, 180, 182

Context of Regionalism and

Multilateral Trade Agreements,

213

continent, 14–17, 40, 64, 66–7, 69,

79, 89–90, 95–6, 100–2,

104–5, 163–6, 168–70,

173–8, 185–7, 196–8

continental integration, 16–17, 167,

186, 196–7, 212

full, 165–6

continental levels, 173

continuation, 20, 77, 114–15, 192,

196

control, 16, 46–7, 53, 78, 125, 127,

131, 137, 144, 154, 182, 187,

192, 207

Convention to Economic

Partnership Agreements, 69

Conventions, 6, 13–14, 22, 55,

70–8, 83, 95, 100, 113–15,

144, 208

cooperation, 6–7, 29, 34, 66, 71,

81, 89, 140, 176, 184, 208–9

regional, 1–2, 31

COPAN (Cocoa Processing

Association of Nigeria), 144,

203

core, 9, 21, 48, 51–4, 57, 65–6, 125

costs, 14, 47, 60, 81, 85, 87, 110,

112, 115–16, 121, 128, 130,

138, 159–60, 180

Cotonou Agreement, 7, 76–7,

114–15, 124, 132–3, 139, 142

Cotonou Partnership Agreement.

See CPA

countries, 3–13, 15–17, 19–31,

42–3, 48–50, 87–9, 107–11,

119–22, 128–31, 136–40,

150–3, 155–61, 178–80,

184–5, 189–96

advanced, 4–5, 22, 48, 66, 158

coastal, 134

colonized, 47, 49

core capitalist, 50, 169

dependent, 46

developed, 4, 16, 21, 25–6, 29,

37, 46, 73, 78, 80, 119–20,

135, 183–4, 189–90, 192–4

eligible, 23, 122

exporting, 135, 144

group of, 25, 56

independent, 71–2, 151

less developed, 5, 22–6, 58, 78–9

most, 97, 110

negotiating, 5, 123

non-European, 71

peripheral, 47, 52, 94, 175

recipient, 76, 134

region, 121

satellite, 49–50

signatory, 87, 121–2

various, 98, 111

CPA (Cotonou Partnership

Agreement), 6–7, 13, 74–6,

79–82, 95–6, 124, 132, 135,

139–40, 142, 208

crisis, 45, 50, 76, 87–93, 99–100,

103–4, 125, 190–1, 201, 208

DC, 201–2, 207, 209, 215, 217–18

deadline, 95, 114, 177, 180

Deepening Regional Trade, 218

De-Fragmenting Africa, 202, 218

INDEX 223

democracy, 60–1, 90, 94, 96, 103,

209

Democracy and Prebendal Politics

in Nigeria, 209

Democratic Developmental State in

Africa, 200

Department of Fisheries, 126

dependence, 46–8, 66, 76, 104,

118, 204, 212

dependency, 13, 44, 46–7, 56, 65,

99, 103, 136, 172, 190, 195,

202

dependency theory, 44, 46, 48, 50,

52, 65, 172

deterministic, 57–8, 170–1

Developed Countries in Africa, 148

developed regions, less, 29, 37

developing countries, 4–5, 22–3,

25–7, 29, 37, 42–3, 48–50,

72–4, 77–8, 99, 118–20,

124–5, 135, 141–2, 145

less, 183

notified, 9

development cooperation, 10–11,

67, 76, 90, 96, 107, 172, 202

Developmental States in Africa, 210

diesel, 63–4, 128

differentiation, 30–1, 81

disagreements, 85

diversification, 8–10, 63, 74, 76,

113, 115, 123, 130, 136, 179,

191–2

Doha Development Round of trade

negotiation, 6, 29, 189

Doherty, 135–7, 203

Dominant Theoretical Models of

Regional Integration in Africa,

170

Dos Santos, 46–7, 49, 204

EAC (East African Community), 9,

80, 104, 173, 178

East African Community. See EAC

Eastern African Community, 174–5

EBA (Everything But Arms), 22,

75, 79–80

EC (European Community), 6,

10–11, 26, 34, 55, 65, 71–2,

75–6, 80, 87, 96, 120–1,

132–3, 135, 181

EC-6, 71–2

ECDPM, 82, 113, 201–2, 204

Economic and Financial Crimes

Commission, 151

economic blocs, 22, 118, 134

powerful, 17, 23, 184

regional, 174, 180

economic communities, regional,

16, 108, 174

Economic Community of Central

African States, 174

Economic Community of West

African States. See ECOWAS

economic crisis, global, 90, 99–100,

104, 212

economic development, 3–5, 9–12,

26–8, 45, 48–50, 54–5, 57–8,

73–4, 76–7, 80–1, 96, 147–8,

179–80, 200–3, 205

Economic Development in Africa,

174

Economic Development in Africa

Report, 217

economic growth, 3–4, 6, 26–8,

34, 42–3, 56, 101–2, 124, 130,

147–9, 153, 165, 171–2, 181,

214

economic integration, 2, 7, 17,

31–2, 35, 92, 163, 174, 177,

179, 201, 213

economic integrations, regional, 31,

36, 179

Economic Partnership Agreement

on Nigeria, 200

Economic Partnership Agreements.

See EPAs

Economic Partnership Agreements

and Export of Fisheries, 140

Economic Partnership Agreements

and Fishery Exports Sector, 126

Economic Partnership Agreements

and Regional Integration, 179

224 INDEX

Economic Partnership Agreements

and Regional Integration in

West Africa, 179

Economic Partnership Agreements

for Sub-Saharan African

Economies, 213

Economic Partnership Agreements

on Nigeria, 110

economic policies, 35, 53, 73, 98,

165, 177

economic powers, 56, 78, 101, 160

economic relations, 4, 10, 16, 47,

56, 156, 200

economic system, 21–2, 61

economic union, 35, 171

economics, 1, 33, 40–1, 59, 103,

182, 208–10, 214

economies, 7–10, 21–2, 25–6, 28,

40–1, 43, 49–50, 56–7, 63–5,

69–70, 79–81, 109–10, 119–

21, 123, 191–2

global, 4, 6, 13, 17, 43, 46, 80–1,

83, 88, 90–1, 93, 107, 118,

171–2, 191–2

nation’s, 156–7

economists, 41, 88, 91

ECOWAS (Economic Community

of West African States), 7–11,

17, 55, 81, 85, 107, 109, 173–

4, 178–9, 196, 200, 209

ECOWAS countries, 178–80, 193

ECOWAS member countries, 11,

193

ECOWAS subregion, 9, 196

ECOWAS subregion and Africa, 11

EDF (European Development

Funds), 71, 87, 94, 99, 121–2

EEC (European Economic

Community), 7, 29, 70–3

EIB (European Investment Bank),

99

Emmanuel, 48, 204

enlargement, 13, 77

ENPI (European Neighbourhood

Policy Instrument), 99

environment, international, 77, 148

EPA negotiations, 6, 9, 48, 85, 114,

117, 159, 161, 189, 205

EPAs (Economic Partnership

Agreements), 6–15, 59–61,

75–6, 79–83, 87, 94–6,

107–16, 120–6, 135–7, 144–5,

158–61, 179–80, 189–96,

204–5, 216–17

EPAs negotiations, 15, 37, 75, 84,

136, 140, 145, 194–5

EPAs on African economies, 122

establishment, 6, 69, 73, 77, 82, 95,

174–5

EU (European Union), 6–15, 36–7,

54–5, 63–7, 74–85, 87–90,

92–102, 107–18, 120–2,

124–7, 134–40, 142–5, 159–

61, 179–81, 189–91

EU and ACP countries, 113

EU and Africa, 36, 95, 101–2, 199,

205, 208, 218

EU and Africa-From Eurafrique to

Afro-Europa, 199, 218

EU and African countries, 85, 124

EU and Economic Community of

West African States, 7

EU and United States, 53, 183–4

EU countries, 77, 100, 117, 142,

145

EU markets, 7, 9, 70, 74, 76, 81,

108, 115, 139, 144, 155,

180

EU member states, 87, 116

EU Strategy for Africa, 89–90

EU-ACP countries, 36

EU-ACP Economic Partnership

Agreements, 113, 147, 205

EU-ACP EPAs, 8–9, 11–13, 15, 24,

36–7, 54–5, 57–8, 60, 63–5,

95, 109, 124, 126, 139–40,

156

EU-Africa Relations in Transition,

200, 202, 205

EU-Africa Strategic Partnership

Agreement, 95

EU-Africa Summit, 67, 95, 203

INDEX 225

EU-African Strategic Partnership

Agreement, 96

EU-Mercosur Free Trade

Agreement, 36

Euro-African relations, 14, 69, 77,

90, 190

Euro-African relations, history of,

13, 69

Euro-African trade relations, 113

Euro-Nigeria Relations, 1, 9, 190

Europe, 1–3, 16–17, 39–40, 55,

65–6, 69, 79, 88–90, 92–4, 96,

98–100, 125, 190, 193, 212

Europe and United States, 181, 183

Europe Under-Develop Africa, 216

Europe Underdeveloped Africa, 214

European banks, 99

European Commission, 81, 84,

140, 181, 204, 208, 215

European Community. See EC

European Community to African

countries, 22

European countries, 14, 93–4, 112,

119, 125, 164

various, 88

European countries supply capital,

55, 66

European Development Fund

and Economic Partnership

Agreements, 207

European Development Funds. See

EDF

European Economic Community.

See EEC

European economies, 93, 99

European Integration, 39, 170, 214

European Investment Bank (EIB),

99

European markets, 15, 63, 111,

140, 180

European model of integration, 16,

185

European Neighbourhood Policy

Instrument (ENPI), 99

European Parliament, 85, 201, 204

European Union. See EU

European Union and Africa, 200

European Union Development

Strategy in Africa, 205

European Union Economic

Partnership Agreements, 215

euros, 14, 83, 87, 93, 100, 121,

145, 181

Eurozone Crisis, 87, 89, 91–5, 97,

99–105, 191, 208, 211

Everything But Arms (EBA), 22,

75, 79–80

exploitation, 17, 44–6, 102–3, 164,

190

Export Competitiveness and

Regional Integration in Africa,

202

Export of Fisheries in Nigeria, 140

exporters, 60, 111, 129, 136, 138,

140, 145, 160

fishery, 128, 132, 136

exports, 10, 15, 22, 25, 46–7, 54,

62–3, 70, 72–4, 77, 107–8,

126–9, 142–5, 154–5, 184

duty-free, 144

fishery, 8, 12, 114, 132, 135, 137,

141

Faber, 3, 200, 202, 205, 213

FAO, 141, 205, 217

Farrell, 29, 205–6

Fawcett, 3, 205, 208

Federal Department of Fisheries,

127

finance, 3–4, 16, 36, 42, 49, 59,

90–2, 120, 124, 128, 158,

183, 195, 208

financial crises, 14, 88, 90–2, 190

global, 21, 87, 89–90, 92, 125,

209

financial institutions, international,

157–8

fish, 127, 133–4, 139, 141–4

fish products, 126, 132, 138, 142–3

fisheries, 15, 58, 126–7, 129,

131–4, 136–8, 140–2, 191,

202, 215, 217

226 INDEX

Fisheries Contribute to Food

Security in Nigeria, 212

fisheries sector, 126, 132–3, 136,

140–2

Fishery Agreement, 132, 137

fishery products, 127, 132–3, 136,

138–40

fishing, 126, 132, 141–2

fishing activities, 132–4

fishing companies, 63, 128–9, 134–5

Fishing Partnership Agreements, 134

form RTAs, 24, 190

formation, 3, 6–7, 17, 24–6, 31,

37, 39, 53, 65, 67, 79, 83, 125,

137, 189–90

Fostering Regional Integration in

Africa, 173

France, 7, 27, 69, 71–2, 100, 153,

164, 169, 205

Frank, 49–50, 66, 172, 206

free trade, 4–5, 13, 20, 23, 25–8,

34, 37, 39, 41–3, 52–3, 58, 65,

77–8, 192–3, 204–5

advocates of, 4, 42

ideology of, 12, 78, 152

promotion of, 37, 57

Free Trade Areas, 2, 23, 35, 65, 71,

83, 108, 112, 171. See FTAs

full Continental, 196

regional, 7

free trade argument, 58, 182

free trade association, 35

Freund, 23–4, 206

frustrate Nigeria’s trade capacity,

145

FTAs (Free Trade Areas), 2, 7, 23,

29, 36–7, 65, 71, 74, 80, 95,

108, 112, 171, 179, 184

function, 16, 30–1, 44, 138, 148–9,

185

funds, 14, 77, 87, 94, 99, 104, 118,

120–2, 128, 159, 191, 195

Galtung, 54–5, 65–6, 206

GATS (General Agreement on

Trade in Services), 124

GATT (General Agreement on Tariff

and Trade), 4, 6, 13, 22, 25,

27–8, 70, 74, 83, 152–3, 218

GDP (Gross Domestic Product), 7,

64, 88, 101, 117–18, 126, 141,

164, 175, 193, 195

General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade, 70, 152, 218

General Agreement on Trade in

Services (GATS), 124

General Agreements on Tariff and

Trade, 13, 22. See GATT

Geneva, 109, 202, 210–11, 217–18

Germany, 7, 27, 69, 71, 91–3, 100

Ghana, 75, 80, 85, 114, 145, 163,

166, 180, 184, 196, 200

Gibb, 34–5, 40, 55, 57, 78, 166,

171, 206

GIIPS (Greece, Italy, Ireland,

Portugal, and Spain), 93–4

Gilpin, 5, 20, 29, 41–2, 70, 91, 206

global capitalism, 12, 21–2, 28, 47,

52–3, 56, 59, 65–6, 91, 125,

152, 171, 182, 190, 206

theory of, 13, 53, 58–9, 65–6,

182

global capitalist system, 34, 39–40,

45, 51–2, 56, 58, 60, 65, 78,

91, 96, 98, 151, 156–7, 164

Global Integration, 214–15

Global Politics of Regionalism,

205–7

Global Trading System and

Regional Trade Agreements,

27

globalization, 1–3, 13, 19–21, 23,

25, 27–9, 31, 33, 59, 78, 182,

199–201, 208–9, 211, 213–14

economic, 3–4, 19, 22, 30, 42,

91, 171–2

Globalization and Regional Trade

Agreements, 19

globalization of finance, 91–2

governance, 14, 21, 37, 63, 66, 87,

89, 96–8, 103, 115–16, 121,

160, 202, 209

INDEX 227

government, 1, 24, 31, 36, 42,

60–1, 63, 69, 84, 99–100,

128–32, 134, 141–2, 151,

158–61

government procurement, 23, 25,

36–7, 75, 108, 189

government revenues, 92, 109–10

Greece, 56, 88, 92–4, 116

Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, and

Spain (GIIPS), 93–4

Gross Domestic Product. See

GDP

group, 4, 59, 84, 95, 117, 158, 163,

183, 196

Group, Francis, 200, 202, 205

groupings, regional, 55, 108,

112–13, 174

growth, 2, 5, 19, 27–8, 85, 101,

129, 141, 147, 149, 151–2,

178, 191, 194, 201

hegemons, regional, 7–8, 10, 15,

104, 196, 212

Hettne, 2, 30, 176–7, 200, 205–7

history, 26, 30, 49, 52, 55, 65, 83,

96, 100, 104, 114, 119, 171,

185, 208–9

history of state formation, 16, 40,

172

Holland, 13, 74, 77, 79–81, 94,

190, 208

Home Grown Approach to

Regional Integration in Africa,

204

Honeywell Fisheries, 128, 131

Hoogvelt, 56–7, 208

Hout, 53–4, 208

human rights, 14, 66, 89, 92, 94–8,

108, 115–16

Hurrell, 30, 32–3, 208

Ibadan, 211, 213–14, 216

ICTSD (International Centre

for Trade and Sustainable

Development), 133, 202,

210–11, 217

IMF (International Monetary

Fund), 42, 53, 88, 149, 152,

157–8, 164, 192

Impact of EPA Market Access Offer

on Nigeria, 213

implementation, 14, 16, 37, 63, 99,

104, 107, 120–1, 126, 132,

134, 143, 158, 161, 193

Implication for Trade and

Development in West Africa,

199

implications, 3, 10, 12, 14–15, 37,

57–8, 63, 72, 77, 87, 99, 107,

155, 183, 190–1

import bans, 111

Import Substitution

Industrialization (ISI), 45, 50,

151

importers, 129, 138, 152–3, 155,

160

imports, 28, 48, 73, 77, 81, 88,

108–12, 114, 138, 140, 143,

152, 154, 157, 177

total, 110, 112

incentives, 16, 33, 72–3, 82, 110,

129, 138, 150, 158, 160

income, 8, 28, 109–10, 141, 157,

159

independence, 15, 74, 156, 163–4,

166, 169

India, 5, 7, 21, 56, 64, 79, 88–9,

94, 103, 105, 155, 159, 184

industrial development, 9, 15–16,

47

industrial policies, 16, 43, 119,

151–3, 158, 185, 191–2, 215

industrialization, 20, 28, 42, 50,

54–5, 60, 62, 74, 103–4,

151–2, 160, 170, 187, 193, 209

industrialized countries, 48, 54

industries, domestic, 109, 152

inequality, 4, 10, 54, 65, 103,

117–18, 131, 151

infant industries, 42–3, 45, 111,

119, 122, 193

information, 97, 135, 149

228 INDEX

infrastructures, 16–17, 40–1, 44,

49, 69, 74, 85, 87, 97, 111,

128, 133, 138, 191–2, 194

initialize, 9, 11, 180

initiatives, 17–18, 95, 99, 158,

174–5, 193

institutions, 5, 12, 21, 34, 40, 42,

49, 56–7, 87, 102–3, 110, 120,

150–2, 158–9, 175

integration, 1–3, 13, 15–16, 31–2,

39–41, 58, 80, 161, 163,

165–7, 170–1, 173–80, 185–7,

197–8, 217–18

cross-regional, 24

full, 164, 166, 169, 178, 186–7

gradual, 6, 56, 75, 80, 82

intraregional, 7, 13, 34

transformational, 168, 187

integration agenda, regional, 6, 83,

164, 196

integration efforts, 16, 108, 165,

178, 185, 196

regional, 30, 55, 74, 98, 104

Integrative Cooperation in Africa,

212

International Centre for Trade and

Sustainable Development. See

ICTSD

international economic order, 2,

9–10, 14, 27, 114, 183, 189

International Monetary Fund. See

IMF

international relations, 57, 183,

200, 208, 212

international trade, 3, 28, 37, 43,

45, 48, 53, 124, 132–3, 190,

209

interstate relations, 10, 33, 40,

161

Intra-Africa Trade, 173

boosting, 174

low, 185

Intra-African trade, 166, 193

intraregional trade, 171, 173, 175

liberalization of, 58, 170

low, 70

investments, 3–4, 19, 21, 36–7,

47–8, 55, 58, 66, 74–5, 79, 81,

89, 181–2, 194–5, 197

ISI (Import Substitution

Industrialization), 45, 50,

151

Islam, 24, 94–5, 98, 208

Johannesburg, 199–200, 208, 212,

218

Joint Africa-EU Strategic

Partnership Agreement, 98

Joint Africa-EU Strategy, 90, 203

Joint African-EU Strategic

Agreement, 88

Joint Strategic Partnership

Agreement, 89, 104

Kennan, 80, 99–100, 179, 208

Keohane, 33–4, 40, 209

Kerr, 151–2, 209

labor, 2, 35–6, 41, 44, 46, 48, 52,

54–5, 61, 66

Lagos, 174, 199–200, 205, 208,

211–13, 216

Latin American, 29, 36, 49, 151,

183

leaders, 155, 163, 165–6, 194, 197

political, 40, 89, 155, 161, 165,

176, 182, 196, 198

leadership, political, 7, 97, 161,

170–1, 194

Least Developed Countries, 75, 81,

117

Least Developed Countries of

Africa, 147

liberalization, 19–20, 24, 27, 33,

37, 84, 108, 110–11, 118, 125,

131, 154, 160, 190

LICs (Low Income Countries),

183–4

Linking European Integration and

Comparative Regionalism, 215

Lisbon Joint Africa-EU Strategic

Partnership Agreement, 79

INDEX 229

logic, 22, 28, 37, 52–3, 58, 70, 125,

136, 165–6, 184, 190, 209

Lom, 6, 13, 22, 55, 72–8, 80, 95,

100, 113–15, 121, 144, 200,

208, 212, 215

Lome Conventions, 66, 74, 79

London, 199–207, 209–16

London and New York, 200–3,

205, 210, 215

loss, 9, 15, 46, 60, 83, 85, 87, 99,

108–10, 112, 121–2, 158,

160–1, 173, 184

Low Income Countries (LICs),

183–4

machinery, 36, 47, 63

manufactured products, 4, 29, 37,

48, 55, 64, 69, 102, 108, 111,

153, 155

Manufacturers Association of

Nigeria, 60, 154, 159

market, 2, 5, 10, 21–2, 27–8, 36–7,

41–2, 45–6, 82, 91–2, 102–3,

111–12, 118–19, 124–5, 139

common, 7, 33, 35, 40, 171

international, 8, 47–8, 120,

130–2, 138

Market Access for Economic

Development, 200, 202, 205

market integration, 34, 40, 171,

185, 218

market integration approach, 34,

40, 58, 161, 166, 170–1

Mattli, 91–2, 178, 210

Mega Regional Agreements and

Integration in Africa, 180

mega trade agreements, 3, 17

Mega-Regional Trade Agreements-

Game Changers, 218

member countries, 9–10, 14, 17, 25,

84, 89, 92–3, 102, 179–80,

198

members, 22, 25–6, 35, 51, 60, 65,

77, 102, 107, 121, 126, 154,

194, 196

Mercosur, 7, 36–7

metric tons, 142, 144

metropoles, 49–50, 66

migration, 95, 97, 100, 124

Milner, 30, 33, 60, 83, 210

Minimum Integration Programme

(MIP), 175

MIP (Minimum Integration

Programme), 175

Mkandawire, 119, 157, 160, 210

Modelling for African Integration,

199

modern nation-states, 51

Monthly Review Press, 200–1, 204,

206–7

multilateral trade agreements, 4, 17,

24, 160, 213

multilateralism, 3–4, 6, 22, 24, 43,

78, 82, 189, 191, 193, 195,

197, 201

NAFTA (North America Free

Trade Area), 2, 7, 29

National Association of Nigeria

Traders, 159

National Association of Nigerian

Traders, 60, 209

nations, pan-African, 164, 166

nation-states, 1–2, 50–2

nature, 9, 12, 20, 32, 34, 40–1, 58,

62–3, 69, 102, 131, 155–6,

158, 165, 215

Ndlovu-Gatsheni, 16, 67, 163, 165,

167, 202, 211

negotiating trade agreements, 58,

119, 182

Negotiation of Economic

Partnership Agreements, 213

negotiations, 6, 8, 11, 13–15, 22–5,

29, 36–7, 55, 60–1, 63–4, 115,

118, 136–7, 179–84, 194–6

neoclassical economics, 27, 41, 48

neoliberal, 3, 9–10, 14, 28, 41, 54,

56, 65, 82, 114–15, 124, 152,

156, 161, 171

neoliberal economics, 34, 42

neoliberal model, 92, 161

230 INDEX

Neoliberal Political Economy

Theories, 39

Neoliberalism and Globalization in

Africa, 214

Neo-Marxist Theories, 44, 56

New Classical Economics, 27

New Economic Partnership for

African Development, 174

New International Economic Order,

70, 73, 172, 201

new regionalism, 2–3, 32–3, 176–7,

200–1, 206–7, 213, 215

new regionalism approach, 2,

176–7, 185, 197

newly industrializing countries

(NICs), 27, 119

NICs (newly industrializing

countries), 27, 119

Nigeria, 7–12, 15–17, 57–8, 60–6,

85, 107, 109–15, 119–31,

133–45, 148–51, 153–61,

179–80, 191–6, 199–200,

211–14

capacity of, 15, 145, 148

economy of, 64, 123, 131

failure of, 60, 155

government of, 191, 194

long-term interest of, 60, 111

Nigeria and South Africa, 163

Nigeria and South Africa in Africa,

212

Nigeria Customs Services, 126, 130

Nigeria Economic Summit Group,

203

Nigeria Trade Policy, 213

Nigeria-Africa, 214

Nigerian economy, 107, 123, 151

Nigerian government, 125, 130,

159

Nigerian state, 11, 15, 60, 63, 148–

50, 159–60

Nigerian State influence, 12

Nigerians, 10, 127

Nigeria’s economy, 3, 8–9, 15, 60,

63, 129, 155, 158, 191–2

Nigeria’s Trade Policy Review, 218

non-oil exports, 10, 62–3, 125,

127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137,

139, 141, 143, 145

North, 4, 6, 27, 32, 39, 43, 48,

53–4, 56–8, 66, 69–70, 156,

171, 173, 208

North America Free Trade Area

(NAFTA), 2, 7, 29

North-South Partnership

Agreements, 63, 65

North-South trade agreements, 37

OAU (Organization of African

Unity), 30, 174

objectives, 2, 7, 9, 12, 15, 24, 34,

67, 74, 76, 80–2, 95, 97, 99,

103

Ochieng, 84, 112–13, 119, 211

ODA (Overseas Development

Assistance), 191

Odock, 79, 95–8, 212

Odukoya, 46, 62, 212

Ogbu and Soludo, 8, 16, 152–4,

156, 158–9, 192

oil, 8, 10, 63, 110, 123, 130–1, 187,

192, 211

Ojendal, 1–3, 215

Oloruntoba, 41, 89, 160, 187,

196–7, 212

open regionalism, 171

openness, 27, 81, 124, 147–8

operators, 75, 125, 129–30

Orbie, 3, 7, 13, 75, 77, 79, 191,

200, 202, 205, 213

Organization of African Unity

(OAU), 30, 174

organizations, regional, 1, 30–1,

94

origin, 13, 51, 62, 72, 112, 115,

133, 137, 139, 143, 179, 200,

211, 217

Ornelas, 23–4, 206

Osuji, 71–3, 215

Overseas Development Assistance

(ODA), 191

ownership, 88, 139, 143, 176, 179

INDEX 231

Oxfam, 61, 110–11, 118, 124, 145,

159, 213

Oxford, 199–202, 205, 208, 211,

213, 215, 218

Oxford University Press, 199–200,

203, 205, 207–8, 210, 215

Oyejide, 6, 8, 64, 80, 83–4, 112,

148, 191, 213

Pacific countries, 39, 138, 179

Pacific region, 138, 184

Palgrave Macmillan, 201, 206–9,

211, 214–16

Pan Africanism and African

Regional Economic

Integration, 202

Pan Africanism and Regional

Integration in Africa, 200

Pan-Africanism, 16, 165–6, 186

paper, 182, 199–203, 205, 209–10,

212–13, 216

working, 200, 204, 207, 209,

214, 217

Paris, 164, 204–5, 215, 217

parties, 26, 32, 36–7, 79, 83–4,

114, 116, 118, 125, 132, 135,

176, 183

partner countries, 133, 137

partners, 7–9, 22, 24, 71, 80–1, 95,

101, 184, 195

partnership, 9, 11–12, 32, 64, 66,

75–6, 80, 89–90, 95–6, 99,

101, 113–15, 118, 189, 202–3

strategic, 24, 94, 98

partnership agreements, 1, 6, 10,

62–4, 95, 101, 135, 202

various, 6, 79

peace, 1, 20, 32, 39, 74, 80, 90,

94–8, 197, 211

periphery, 44–5, 51–2, 54, 65–6

periphery of global capitalism, 12,

21–2, 47, 53, 125

Pluto Press, 205–7

policies, 5, 28, 31, 41–2, 44–6, 53,

59, 63–4, 82, 84, 103, 119,

126, 149–50, 152–5

macroeconomic, 15, 107, 191,

194

policy autonomy, 109, 158, 160–1,

191

policy space, 85, 112, 119–20

policymakers, 61, 93, 150–1, 153,

156–7, 163

political economy, 9, 32, 34, 40,

49, 58, 62–3, 69, 89, 119, 130,

165, 172, 207, 210

Political Economy of Regional

Integration in Africa, 168, 212

Political Economy of Regionalism,

210

Political Economy of Regionalism

in Africa, 209

Political Economy of Services in

Regional Trade Agreements,

217

political elites, 63, 104, 150, 158,

161, 187, 192, 197

political science, 33, 40, 64,

211–12

political union, 35

politics, 4, 19, 21, 27–8, 37, 49, 53,

59–60, 64, 76, 102–3, 105,

130, 156, 211

Politics of Trade and Industrial

Policy in Africa, 215

Politics of Trade Policy in Africa,

215

poor countries, 45, 92

population, 10, 15, 17, 79, 110,

131, 161, 195

Potential Effects of EU-US

Economic Integration on

Selected Developing Countries,

214

poverty reduction, 7, 14, 75–6, 81,

119, 140, 145, 147, 203

power, 2, 10, 12, 26, 30, 33, 39,

56–7, 66–7, 115–16, 149–50,

156–7, 165–7, 170, 190

power base, 16, 166–7, 176, 187

preferential trade agreements, 22,

25, 70, 83, 201, 208

232 INDEX

Preferential Trading Agreement. See

PTAs

Pretoria, 199, 202, 211

prices, 28, 47, 73, 79, 81, 111, 113,

128, 131, 193

international, 73, 131

Princeton, 201, 206–7, 209–10, 214

Princeton University Press, 204,

206–7, 209–10, 214

principle, 4, 6, 48, 70, 76, 80, 102,

114–16, 124, 130, 133, 166, 181

economic, 152

private sector, 66, 80, 89, 158, 161,

176, 178, 187

problems, 10, 30, 44, 46, 50, 63–4,

88, 90, 94, 109, 125, 131–2,

134–6, 155, 159

production, 20, 28, 44–8, 50–4,

59, 69, 91, 104, 112, 121, 126,

157, 164–5, 178, 183

primary, 70

transnational, 59, 182

production of raw materials, 47–8,

55, 66, 171

products, 4, 22, 43, 62–3, 69–72,

74, 79–81, 83–4, 111–12, 114,

136–8, 155–6, 158–9, 168–70,

179–80

profits, 27, 46, 131

promotion, 13–14, 26–7, 41, 43, 50,

66, 96, 104, 140, 173, 193, 196

Proponents of regional free trade

agreements, 65

protection, 32, 41, 51, 152, 154,

166, 181, 193

provision, 16, 72, 81, 84, 115–16,

118, 124, 133, 136, 189, 195,

204

PTAs (Preferential Trading

Agreement), 6, 22–6, 29, 32,

113

raw materials, 4, 37, 47–9, 54–5,

64, 66, 79, 102–3, 115, 140,

169, 171, 179, 193

export of, 55, 73, 157

realists, 33, 40

reciprocity, 6, 22, 36, 78–9, 81

RECs (Regional Economic

Communities), 9, 16, 90, 108,

174–5, 177–8, 187

regime types, 30, 61

regional agreements, 4–5, 11, 22,

167, 180–1, 184–5, 195

various, 3

Regional Economic Communities.

See RECs

regional free trade agreements, 6,

40, 65

regional groups, 9, 213

regional institutions, 18, 178

regional integration, 1, 6–7, 11–13,

15, 17–18, 30–6, 43, 54–5,

57–8, 81–3, 104–5, 165–77,

179–81, 183–5, 196–7

continental, 196

evolution of, 34, 40

model of, 35, 40

regional integration agreements,

23, 217

regional integration approach, 161,

197

Regional Integration Assistance

Strategy for Sub-Saharan

Africa, 218

Regional Integration in Africa, 170,

200, 217–18

Regional Integration in South East

Asia, 199

Regional Integration in West

Africa, 212

Regional Integration Theory, 33,

175

Regional Organization, 36, 211

Regional Organization and

International Order, 208

regional production capacities, 85

regional trade agreements, 19–23,

25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 83,

154, 189, 204, 206, 217, 218

Regional Trade Agreements and

Regional Integration, 34

INDEX 233

Regional Trade Agreements-

Treatment of Agriculture, 215

regional trade blocs, 82, 186

Regional Trading Agreements. See

RTAs

regionalism, 1–2, 4, 16, 29–34, 37,

166, 168, 171–2, 175, 185–6,

189, 201, 205–10, 213, 216

nature of, 2, 31

old, 2–3, 32–3, 170

viewed, 29, 34

regionalism and world order, 206–7

Regionalism in World Politics, 205,

208

regionalization, 1, 168, 175–6,

186, 200, 215, 218

regions, 1, 3, 8, 13, 17, 19, 30–2,

36, 48, 51, 95–6, 102, 109,

168, 177–8

economic, 35, 96, 117

various, 32, 187

regulations, 88, 91, 103, 127, 134–

5, 140, 181–2, 184

relations, 10, 17, 22, 32–4, 40, 46,

49, 51, 56–7, 80, 84, 100–2,

107–8, 160–1, 190

relationship, 3, 9–10, 49–51, 62–3,

65–7, 72–4, 76–7, 95–6, 102,

113, 115–18, 133–5, 142, 167,

190

Report on International and Intra-

Africa Trade, 217

resources, fishery, 134, 138, 142,

144

revenue, 15, 62, 83, 87, 122–3,

142, 147, 159, 191, 193

Review of African Political

Economy, 202, 206

Risks for Developing Countries,

208

Robinson, 53, 58–9, 157, 182–3,

214

Rodrik, 3–5, 28, 118, 147, 196,

214

Rome, 71, 199, 205, 217

Routledge Taylor, 200, 202, 205

RTA negotiations, 23–5

RTAs (Regional Trading

Agreements), 5–6, 8–9, 12–13,

15, 20, 22–7, 29, 37, 39–40,

43, 53, 55, 57–8, 66, 189–90

rule of origin, 6, 62, 72, 112, 115,

139, 179

rules, 6, 12, 14, 24, 33–4, 40, 51,

62, 64, 72, 75–6, 78, 115–16,

139, 179

Rules of Origin, 137

SACU (Southern African Customs

Union), 178

SADC (South African Development

Community), 9, 55, 117, 141,

173, 175, 178, 214

sale, 138, 141–2

Sanitary and Phytosanitary. See SPS

schemes, 73, 95, 129

scholars, 2–3, 5, 7–8, 12–13, 19,

25, 31, 39, 41–3, 48–9, 73, 76,

79, 82, 90–1

Scholte, 19–20, 215

Schulz, 1–3, 215

sea, high, 63–4, 116, 127–8, 134,

137

Second Submission on Regional

Trade Agreements, 204

sector, 8, 10, 91, 110, 123–4,

127–9, 131, 134, 141, 187,

191

non-oil, 8, 15, 123, 191

non-oil export, 10, 12, 15

security, 1–2, 32, 39, 41, 75, 80,

91, 94–7, 176–7, 197, 213

selected developing countries, 183,

214

self-regulating market, 21, 37

service sector, 54, 123–5

services, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 19–20,

23, 25, 35–7, 46–8, 54–5,

123–5, 181, 202, 217–18

liberalization of, 108, 124

Sharman, 84, 112–13, 119, 211

Shaw, 2, 185, 201, 206–7, 215

234 INDEX

sign, 10–11, 32, 60, 85, 107, 110–

11, 114, 120, 122, 137, 144,

155, 159, 180, 195–6

sign intraregional trade, 36

Sissoko, 71–3, 215

Soderbaum, 1–3, 170, 201, 206–7,

215

solidarity, 96, 98, 184

Soludo, 82, 119–20, 125, 145, 210,

215–16

South, 4, 6–7, 10–12, 27, 32, 39,

43–4, 48, 53–8, 65–6, 70, 76,

88, 171–2, 208–9

global, 17, 37, 46, 56, 65, 79, 89,

109, 159, 184, 195

South Africa, 56, 64, 88, 104–5,

159, 184, 196, 200, 203

South African Development

Community. See SADC

South African Journal of Political

Studies, 203

South Centre, 61, 109, 120–1,

216

Southern Africa Development

Community, 104, 174

Southern African Customs Union

(SACU), 178

Spain, 56, 88, 92–4, 116

SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary),

62, 112, 127, 135–6, 184, 203

SPS measures, 133, 135–6, 139,

143

STABEX, 72–3

stakeholders, 16, 160, 185–7

Standard Organization of Nigeria,

126–7, 136, 139

State and Civil Society in Africa,

201

state capacity, 15, 148–51, 153,

155, 157, 159, 161, 214

State Capacity and Trade Policy,

148

State Capacity and Trade Policy in

Nigeria, 147

state formation, 16, 34, 40, 172

stateness, 150

states, 15–17, 27, 29–30, 32–4,

39–42, 52–3, 57–9, 71–2,

125–6, 148–50, 155–61,

164–6, 182, 203–4, 207–10

coastal, 136–7

member, 2, 8, 71, 84–5, 87, 94,

132

States and Power in Africa, 207

status, originating, 139

Stevens, 13, 80, 179, 216

Stiglitz, 3–5, 21, 88, 92, 150, 216

Strategic Partnership Agreement,

96, 98–9

Strengthening Regional Economic

Integration for Africa, 217

structuralists, 54, 56, 58

subregion, 7, 11, 34, 41, 58, 74–5,

80, 85, 104, 159, 179–80,

194–6

various, 80, 179–80

sub-region, 83, 195

Sub-Saharan Africa, 23, 28, 55,

57–8, 71, 79, 215

subsectors, fishery export, 63,

128–31

subsidies, 119, 135, 145, 179

summits, 67, 89–90, 166, 207

supranational institutions,

powerful, 35–6

sustainable development, 36–7, 82,

96, 133, 202, 211, 217

Switzerland, 109, 200, 202, 210–

11, 217–18

system, 27, 45–7, 51–2, 54, 72, 97,

151, 154, 190, 192

international, 3–4, 30, 33, 40,

153

multilateral trading, 3, 5–6,

12–13, 26, 183

table, 35, 142, 149

Tanzania, 163, 199, 211, 213–14

tariff revenues, 109, 122

tariffs, 13, 15, 22, 26, 35, 41, 63,

70–1, 87, 109–10, 119, 130,

151–5, 171–2, 183

INDEX 235

taxes, 110, 129–30, 141, 159

TCC (Transnational Capitalist

Class), 53, 58–60, 148, 157,

182

Theoretical Framework of North-

South Regional Trade

Agreements, 39

theoretical models, 165–6, 168,

175–6, 185

theories, 13, 15, 28, 33, 39–41,

44, 49–51, 54–9, 65, 91, 168,

170–3, 177, 182, 205–7

critical, 13, 59, 190

economic, 28, 161, 190, 206

market integration, 34, 40

modernization, 44, 49–50,

172

new geography, 65

Theories of New Regionalism, 201,

206, 215

theories of regional integration, 34,

170

Third World, 27, 35, 37, 44–6,

48–51, 70, 73, 91, 94, 102,

118–19, 171

Third World Quarterly, 201–2,

205–6, 208

trade, 3–4, 16–17, 24–6, 28, 36–7,

41–3, 69–72, 84, 89–92,

118–20, 124, 141–3, 151–3,

191–6, 215–18

divert, 23

extra-regional, 164

multilateral, 23, 37, 181, 194,

196

preferential, 35

regional, 85

regional governance of, 12, 184,

189, 196–7

trade agreements, 8, 29, 39, 63, 78,

156, 181

free, 6, 33, 36–7, 65, 98, 104,

209

reciprocal, 5, 190

trade barriers, 20, 22, 31, 42–3,

171, 192–3

trade facilitation, 37, 75, 111, 121,

189, 196

Trade Facilitation Agreement, 196

trade flows, normal regional, 111

trade integration process, 7, 81

trade liberalization, 4, 13, 24, 27–8,

41–2, 77, 95, 98, 118–19,

147–8, 160, 179–80

trade negotiations, 6, 8, 12, 15, 27,

29, 37, 62, 161, 189, 194, 216

multilateral, 5, 24, 26, 29, 160,

189

trade openness, 4–5, 28, 81, 152

trade policy, 3, 15, 26, 60–1, 120,

147–55, 157–61, 185, 192–3,

201, 210, 215

trade policy formulation, 60, 63, 155

trade promotion, 119–20

trade relations, 5, 12, 29, 36, 46,

56, 70, 153, 160

trade relationship, 36, 76

reciprocal, 7, 81

trade restrictions, 79, 81

trading agreements, regional, 5, 39

Transatlantic Trade and Investment

Partnership. See TTIP

Transnational Capitalist Class, 148,

182. See TCC

Travails of Regional Integration in

Africa, 199

Tripartite Free Trade Agreements,

104

TTIP (Transatlantic Trade and

Investment Partnership), 17,

181–4, 216

Ugbajah, 194–5, 217

Ukaoha, 83, 195–6, 209, 217

UNCLOS (United Nations

Convention on the Law of the

Sea), 133–4

underdeveloped countries, 44–5,

47, 49, 66, 70

underdevelopment, 44, 50–1, 62,

66, 161, 204, 206–8, 216

theory of, 49–50, 52, 65

236 INDEX

UNECA (United Nations

Economic Commission for

Africa), 174, 178, 207, 217

UNECLA (United Nations

Economic Commission for

Latin America), 44–5

unequal relationship, 39, 45, 48, 65

United Nations Convention on the

Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),

133–4

United Nations Development

Programme and United

Nations Economic

Commission for Africa, 212

United Nations Economic

Commission for Africa. See

UNECA

United Nations Economic

Commission for Latin America

(UNECLA), 44–5

United States, 2, 7, 17, 22–3, 27,

29–30, 43, 56, 70, 88–90,

92–4, 98, 152–3, 181, 183–4

United States and Western Europe,

45, 49

United States of Africa, 163

US, 91, 101, 128, 132, 142–3, 178

value addition, 133, 138, 140, 160

values, 27, 44, 48–9, 90, 94, 96,

103, 116, 138, 154, 185

VanGrasstek, 24, 26, 189–90, 217

Varynen, 175–6

Vayrynen, 30–2, 217

vessels, 63, 126, 128, 133, 139

vol, 199–212, 214–15, 217–18

Wallerstein, 50–2, 54, 208, 217

Washington, 201–2, 207, 209, 215,

217–18

waters, 121, 134, 137–9, 143

WB. See World Bank

West, 55–6, 73, 78, 101–3, 167,

169

West Africa, 7, 10–12, 81, 83, 114,

117–18, 144, 180, 201, 212,

217

West African, 13, 15, 87, 195

West African Integration, 209,

211

West African States, 7

westernization, 19–20

Whiteman, 7, 64, 66, 71, 76, 199,

208, 218

Wits University Press, 199, 208,

218

Woods, 91–2, 210

workings, 16, 91, 116, 210, 215

World Bank (WB), 17–18, 42–3,

53, 64, 149, 152, 156–8, 161,

164, 173, 192, 194, 197, 202,

217–18

World countries in Africa, 171

World Economic Forum, 3, 22,

197, 218

world economy, 3, 45–6, 51–2, 58,

70, 75, 80, 82, 91, 169, 171,

201, 213, 215–16

World Politics, 205, 208

world system, 52, 65

World Trade Organization.

See WTO

World War II, 4–5, 13, 22, 27, 29,

34, 39–40, 56, 64, 70, 100,

154

world-systems, 44, 50–1, 56

world-systems theories, 44, 52–3,

65, 190

WTO (World Trade Organization),

4–7, 12–14, 22–8, 42, 53,

75–80, 83–4, 108, 124,

126–7, 135, 142, 152–4,

156–7, 189

WTO Agreement, 135

Yaound, 13, 55, 69–72, 95

Zed Books, 200–1, 206, 211, 215