reducing pollution from transport – actual challenges and developments
DESCRIPTION
Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments. Research center for Transport and Logistics. Hybrid Vehicle Sustainability Evaluation. A. Alessandrini, F. Filippi and F. Ortenzi. JIM-EV 2009 7 May 2009. CTL – “Vehicle Research Group”. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments
Research center for Transport and Logistics
Hybrid Vehicle Sustainability Evaluation
A. Alessandrini, F. Filippi and F. Ortenzi
JIM-EV 2009
7 May 2009
![Page 2: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CTL – “Vehicle Research Group”
Interdisciplinary scientific approach:
• Transport (DITS)
• Telecommunications (INFO-COM)
• Information Science (DIS)
• Energy and Mechanics (DMA/CIRPS/ENEA)
Combined effort in reducing impacts
![Page 3: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Data acquisition
GPS (speed, position)
Environment (pressure, temperature, humidity)
Main engine parameters (rpm, speed, throttle position, mass airflow, air-fuel ratio, engine load, coolant temperature, catalyst temperature, exhaust gas temperature, pressure, flow rate)
Emissions (CO2, CO, HC, NOx)
![Page 4: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The monitoring system
![Page 5: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
On board
![Page 6: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
A journey
![Page 7: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Emissions acquisition
Horiba Japan
On-board emissions measurement system
OBS 1300
![Page 8: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Instrument Measure NEDC Euro IVlimits
Error
OBD-CAN Fuel l/100km 4.6–7.8 - ± 0.5000
Horiba OBS 1300
CO2 g/km 109–184 - ± 6.0000
CO g/km - 1.00 ± 0.0300
HC g/km - 0.10 ± 0.0015
NOx g/km - 0.08 ± 0.0015
Accuracy of instruments
![Page 9: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
CTL – Honda Italy
CTL and Honda signed 2 research contracts:
1. To adapt the CTL monitoring tools to Honda hybrid vehicles
2. To assess the real environmental impact of Honda hybrid vehicles in city use
![Page 10: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Honda Civic Hybrid
![Page 11: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Testing tour
Length: 4.6 km
Presence of slopes, intersections and high speed zones (up to 90 km/h )
Vehicles driven by 20 drivers, 3 times each
3 vehicles tested: Honda Hybrid, IMA and Civic 2.0 16v
START
![Page 12: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
CTL SW Acquisition 5.1
![Page 13: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Hybrid(Euro IV)
IMA(Euro III)
Civic 2.0(Euro IV)
Consumption on road(Consumption NEDC)
l/100km8.15(4.6)
9.96(4.9)
12.59(7.8)
CO2 on road(CO2 NEDC)
g/km188.39(109)
233.75(116)
259.02(184)
Fuel consumption and CO2
![Page 14: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Euro IVlimits
Hybrid IMA(Euro III)
Civic 2.0
CO g/km 1.00 0.194 0.529 1.950
HC g/km 0.10 0.004 0.047 0.027
NOx g/km 0.08 0.039 0.101 0.158
Emissions
![Page 15: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
CO2 emissions
0
10
20
30
40
150-
170
170-
190
190-
210
210-
230
230-
250
250-
270
270-
290
290-
310g/km
% tours
Hybrid IMA 2000 16v
![Page 16: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
CO Emissions
0
20
40
60
80
0.0-
0.25
0.25
-0.5
0.5-
0.75
0.75
-1
1-1.
25
1.25
-1.5
1.5-
1.75
1.75
-2
2-2.
25
2.25
-2.5
2.5-
2.75
2.75
-3
3-3.
25
>3.2
5
EURO IV limitfor CO [g/km]
Hybrid IMA 2000 16v
% tours
gr/km
![Page 17: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
NOx emissions
Hybrid IMA 2000 16v
010203040506070
0-0.
02
0.02
-0.0
4
0.04
-0.0
6
0.06
-0.0
8
0.08
-0.1
0.1-
0.12
0.12
-0.1
4
0.14
-0.1
6
0.16
-0.1
8
0.18
-0.2
0.2-
0.22
0.22
-0.2
4
>0.2
4
EURO IV limitfor NOx [g/km]
gr/km
% tours
![Page 18: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Fuel consumption
Throttle standard deviation %
l/100 km
![Page 19: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Limits
Throttle standard deviation %
g/km NOX emissions
![Page 20: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
User evaluation based on• Purchase cost• Fuel consumption (Fuel cost: 1.208 €/l)
External costs evaluation based on• “Handbook on estimation of external costs in the
transport sector” EC, 2008
• CO2=25 €/t; CO=0 €/t; HC=1.100 €/t; NOx=5.700 €/t
Sustainability evaluation
![Page 21: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Urban environment
• 6% discount rate
• Lifetime of 250,000 km spread uniformly over 14 years
• No maintenance costs
Calculation hypothesis
![Page 22: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Hybrid IMA 2000
Purchase cost € 24770 21900 21900
Present total fuel cost € 16532 20204 25556
Total cost € 41302 42104 47456
Users evaluation
![Page 23: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Present cost €
Hybrid IMA 2000
CO2* 1177.44 1460.93 1618.86
HC 0.74 8.68 4.93
NOx 37.34 96.70 151.28
Total cost € 1215.52 1566.32 1775.07
External costs evaluation
![Page 24: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The hybrid vehiclesReduce emissions in transient conditions because the engine is helped by the electrical motor in unfavourable working conditions.
Limit dependence of emissions on drive-style.
Delay the full throttle “emission overflow”.
Will eventually eliminate the full throttle open loop conditions that cause “emission overflow”.
![Page 25: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Hybrid and IMA consume less than Civic 2000 and are slightly less costly for the user.
External costs are calculated using the EC promoted Manual; they are not high enough to advantage low environmental impact vehicles.
Based on our current analyses, a hypothetical vehicle with no emissions could justify a price premium over the Civic 2000 of no more than €1775.
Conclusions
![Page 26: Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568148e5550346895db60021/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Closing reflectionsR&D over 100 years has refined conventional ICE vehicles to be powerful, highly reliable, low emissions and high fuel economy.
Alternative propulsion systems have received only a tiny fraction of the attention given to the conventional ICE vehicle.
Considerable progress would be made in these alternative technologies: just compare the differences between the Civic IMA and the Hybrid achieved in a few years.