Reducing COReducing CO22 from Coal- from Coal-Fired Utilities: State and Fired Utilities: State and

Local InitiativesLocal Initiatives

Amy RoydenAmy RoydenState & Territorial Air Pollution Program State & Territorial Air Pollution Program

Administrators (STAPPA)Administrators (STAPPA)Association of Local Air Pollution Control Association of Local Air Pollution Control

Officials (ALAPCO)Officials (ALAPCO)

Overview of PresentationOverview of Presentation

• What states and localities are doing What states and localities are doing to reduce or mitigate power plant to reduce or mitigate power plant COCO22 emissions emissions

• Why are states acting when there is Why are states acting when there is no federal requirement to do so?no federal requirement to do so?

• Co-benefits of GHG reductions – Co-benefits of GHG reductions – software toolsoftware tool

• Lessons for NCLessons for NC

Types of ProgramsTypes of Programs

• GHG registriesGHG registries– Report emissionsReport emissions– Report emission reductionsReport emission reductions

• Governmental programs/targetsGovernmental programs/targets

• Offset or mitigation requirementsOffset or mitigation requirements

• Renewable portfolio standardsRenewable portfolio standards

• Emission reduction requirementsEmission reduction requirements

RegistriesRegistries• TypesTypes

– Emissions ReportingEmissions Reporting• VoluntaryVoluntary

• MandatoryMandatory

– Emission Emission reductionsreductions reporting reporting

• StatesStates– NH, ME, WI and many othersNH, ME, WI and many others– WV governor seeking mandatory GHG registryWV governor seeking mandatory GHG registry– CA Climate RegistryCA Climate Registry– NE Regional GHG Registry (RGGR)NE Regional GHG Registry (RGGR)

Governmental Governmental Programs/TargetsPrograms/Targets• RegionalRegional

– New England Governors/Eastern Canadian New England Governors/Eastern Canadian Premiers (NEG/ECP)Premiers (NEG/ECP)• GHG levels to 1990 levels by 2010GHG levels to 1990 levels by 2010• GHG levels 10% below 1990 levels by 2020GHG levels 10% below 1990 levels by 2020• Long term: 75-85% below current levelsLong term: 75-85% below current levels

– Regional GHG Initiative (RGGI)Regional GHG Initiative (RGGI)• Goal: develop framework for a power sector GHG cap Goal: develop framework for a power sector GHG cap

and trade system. Model rule by April 2005and trade system. Model rule by April 2005• Nine states participating; 2 observing; others invitedNine states participating; 2 observing; others invited

– California/Oregon/WashingtonCalifornia/Oregon/Washington• Joint strategy to address global warmingJoint strategy to address global warming

– Midwest?Midwest?

Governmental Governmental Programs/Targets (cont.)Programs/Targets (cont.)

• IndividualIndividual– Maine: law requiring state to achieve NEG/ECP-Maine: law requiring state to achieve NEG/ECP-

level reductionslevel reductions– 10 states with climate change action plans with 10 states with climate change action plans with

state-wide GHG or COstate-wide GHG or CO22 emission reduction targets emission reduction targets

– 16? states have plans without targets (including 16? states have plans without targets (including NC)NC)

• LocalitiesLocalities– 144 localities participating in ICLEI’s Cities for 144 localities participating in ICLEI’s Cities for

Climate Protection CampaignClimate Protection Campaign

Offset or Mitigation Offset or Mitigation RequirementsRequirements

• Oregon: all new & expanded power Oregon: all new & expanded power plants must offset COplants must offset CO22 emissions that emissions that exceed 0.675 lbs/kwh of electricity exceed 0.675 lbs/kwh of electricity generated; can pay other organization for generated; can pay other organization for offsetsoffsets

• Washington: similar requirement just Washington: similar requirement just adopted for all new power plants and all adopted for all new power plants and all existing power plants increasing COexisting power plants increasing CO22 emissions by 15 percent or moreemissions by 15 percent or more

Renewable portfolio Renewable portfolio standardsstandards• Fourteen states have adopted RPS that Fourteen states have adopted RPS that

require that a certain percentage of their require that a certain percentage of their electricity be generated by renewable electricity be generated by renewable energy: AZ, CA, CT, IA, ME, MA, MN, NV, energy: AZ, CA, CT, IA, ME, MA, MN, NV, NJ, NM, NY, PA, TX and WINJ, NM, NY, PA, TX and WI

• Two have renewable “goals”: HI and ILTwo have renewable “goals”: HI and IL• Issue: what is renewable? How should Issue: what is renewable? How should

nuclear and large hydropower be treated?nuclear and large hydropower be treated?

Emission reduction Emission reduction requirementsrequirements

• New Hampshire: Return to 1990 CONew Hampshire: Return to 1990 CO22 levels levels by 2006 (3 percent reduction from 1999 by 2006 (3 percent reduction from 1999 levels); DES recommended 25 % reduction levels); DES recommended 25 % reduction from 1990 levels beginning in 2011from 1990 levels beginning in 2011

• Massachusetts: Return to 1997-1999 Massachusetts: Return to 1997-1999 baseline CObaseline CO22 levels by 2006 (or 2008 if levels by 2006 (or 2008 if repowering)repowering)– Offsets/sequestration permitted, if “real, Offsets/sequestration permitted, if “real,

surplus, verifiable, permanent and enforceable”surplus, verifiable, permanent and enforceable”

Why?Why?

• Concern about the effects of climate Concern about the effects of climate changechange– GloballyGlobally– Regionally/stateRegionally/state

• Take lead on the issue & put Take lead on the issue & put pressure on federal governmentpressure on federal government

• Establish benchmarksEstablish benchmarks

Why? (continued)Why? (continued)

• Co-benefitsCo-benefits– Increased energy efficiencyIncreased energy efficiency– Increase energy independenceIncrease energy independence– Save moneySave money– Create jobs/good for the economyCreate jobs/good for the economy– Reduce emissions of criteria Reduce emissions of criteria

pollutants . . And we have a software pollutants . . And we have a software tool that can estimate how muchtool that can estimate how much

Lessons for NCLessons for NC

• Many options for addressing COMany options for addressing CO22 emissions emissions from power plantsfrom power plants– Look to examples of other statesLook to examples of other states– Learn from their experiencesLearn from their experiences

• Many benefitsMany benefits– Co-benefits of reducing criteria pollutantsCo-benefits of reducing criteria pollutants– Good for the economyGood for the economy– GHG emission reduction reqt’s just a matter of GHG emission reduction reqt’s just a matter of

time; will NC lead or have to catch up?time; will NC lead or have to catch up?

Contact informationContact information

Amy RoydenAmy Royden

Senior Staff AssociateSenior Staff Associate

STAPPA and ALAPCOSTAPPA and ALAPCO

202-624-7864202-624-7864

aroyden@4cleanair.orgaroyden@4cleanair.org