rediscovery of the kisangani red colobus · 2020. 3. 10. · care of gps and camera, field data...

RediscoveryoftheKisanganiRedColobusDistribution,taxonomicandphenotypicvariation,ecology,threats,andrecommendationsforits

conservation

AReporttoGlobalWildlifeConservationandtheFrankfurtZoologicalTL2Project.Projectduration:June–December2019Fieldwork:July–October2019Fielddatacollection,datapreparationandanalysis:

DesiréKaisala1andPaulFalay21Licencié,UniversityofKisangani,FacultyofScience,DepartmentofEcologyandWildlifeManagement2Licencié,UniversityofKisangani,FacultyofNaturalResourceManagement,DepartmentofForestManagementAdditionalfieldinputs:

ClaudeMandeUniversityofKisangani,FacultyofScience,DepartmentofEcologyandWildlifeManagementTraining,supervision,analysis,reportpreparation:

JohnAHartFZS/TL2ProjectTechnicalAdvisorScientificDirectorInventoryandMonitoringUnitKinshasa,DRC.ProjectbudgetGlobalWildlifeConservation$5000JohnandTereseHart:$850Logisticsupport,trainingandstafftimeprovidedbyFZSTL2ProjectReportdate:February2020

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24August2019,Piliocolobuslangi,female.N0.53232,E27.12830,creditD.Kaisala

16September2019,Piliocolobuslangi,sexunknown.N0.29336E27.63313,creditD.Kaisala

16August,2019,Piliocolobuselliotileftmale,right,femaleN1.3361E27.06314,creditP.Falay

Male(left)Female(right)

17September2019,Piliocolobuslangi,sexunknown.N0.32976E27.65615,creditD.Kaisala

Sexunknown

TwotypesofredcolobusweredocumentedinthesurveyoftheKisanganiRedColobusrange:Piliocobuslangi,adistinctive,phenotypicallystablespecies,stronglydemarcatedredsepiaandslateoccursbetweentheMaikoandLindiRivers(topthreephotos).Alargerandvariablycoloredform,assignedtothehybridtaxonPiliocolobusellioti,occursbetweentheLindiandAruwimiRivers.Oftwoseen,oneshowednoevidenceofabicoloredcoatpattern.Anotherhadblurreddemarcations(lowertwophotos).Thesetwoanimalswerefromthesamegroup.

PhotosbyDesiréKaisalaandPaulFalay,FrankfurtZoologicalSociety,TL2Project,Kinshasa,DRC.

2019KisanganiRedColobusRediscoveredFrankfurtZoologicalSocietyTL2Project

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SummaryofprincipalfindingsAtthecompletionoffieldworkinOctober2019,wecanreportthattheKisanganiRedColobusincludingpopulationsofPiliocolobuslangiaswellasofpolychromatic,hybridforms,Piliocolobusellioti,stilloccursinanumberofareasofitsrange,estimatedat69,000km2.Populations,however,arereducedandinsomecaseslocallyextirpated.IllegalhuntingthreatensKisanganiRedColobusandmostotherfaunainallareaswesurveyed.Episodesofmasskillingofredcolobus,primarilybyDRCmilitaryoccurredinanumberofareasoverthepast20years.HabitatlossanddegradationfromexpandingagriculturalconversionandloggingaffectpopulationsaroundKisangani,includingmuchofthewesternthirdoftherange.Thewidespreadoccurrenceofartisanalminingfordiamondsandgoldovertheeasternhalfoftherangeprovidesabaseforhuntersanddemandsforbushmeatinsomeareas,includingtheMaikoNationalPark.Populationreductionsassociatedwithapparentlywidespreadperiodicepidemicdieoffsareanadditionalthreattothesemonkeys.

TheconservationoftheKisanganiRedColobusrequiresanimmediateendtoallillegalkilling.Theprognosisisnotentirelynegative:Largeblocksofsuitablehabitatoccupiedbyredcolobusremainintactinkeyareasofthespecies’range,inparticularintheeast.Therearelowratesofimmigrationandsettlementinthisregion.Forestconversionbyshiftingagricultureislocalizedaroundsettlements.TheKisanganiRedColobusappearscapableofrecoveryfrommajormortalityfollowingepidemics,somaybeabletorecoverfromreductionsbyhunting,ifthehuntingcanbestopped.

KisanganiRedColobusexhibitmarkeddifferencesinphenotypeintherangesurveyed:Aphenotypicallystable,stronglymarked,bicoloredformthatcorrespondstothetypedescriptionofP.langi,occursfromtheMaikoRiverinthesouth,throughthebasinoftheTshopototheLindiRiverinthenorth.BetweentheLindiandAruwimiRivers,intheeastoftherange,redcolobus,havehighlyvariablecoatcoloration,somebearinglittleresemblancetoP.langi,andareassignedtothetaxonP.ellioti.RedcolobusinthewestoftheLindi-AruwimiinterfluvehavebeenassignedtoP.langi(Colyn1991).

VerificationofthephenotypicidentityofthewesternpopulationsintheYambuyaareawheretheyareknowntostilloccur,andestablishingtheirrelationwiththepolychromaticpopulationsthatoccurinthewestoftheintefluveareahighpriority.

KisanganiRedColobusstilloccurinthenorthernMaikoNationalPark,atthesoutheasternlimitsoftherange.Redcolobuswerethemostabundantofallprimatesobservedduringthefirstexplorationofthepark(Hart&Sikubwabo1994).However,thissectoroftheparkhasnotbeenpatrolledforovertwodecades.Allremainingfaunathereareatriskbyillegalhunting.KisanganiRedColobusarelikelyextirpatedintheYangambiBiopsphereReserve,inthewestoftherange.TherearenootherestablishedprotectedareaswithintheKisanganiRedColobusrange.

Immediateprioritiesthatcanbeundertakenundercurrentconditionsintherangeinclude:

• Verifyphenotypeandtaxonomyofthewestern-mostremainingpopulationsatYambuya.

• SurveyremainingimportantpopulationsofredcolobusintheTshopobasin

• Lobbyforandassistexecutionofactivitiestocontrolillegalhuntingbymilitarystationedintherange.

• Evaluate possibilities to initiate community based projects to monitor and protect redcolobus and other vulnerable fauna in the Yambuya, Opienge and Babuse areas wherepotentialsupportforthiswasidentifiedduringthesurvey.

Ourfieldworkleadsustobelievethatitispossibletocontrolillegalkillingofredcolobusandotherendangeredfaunaatalocallevelbydedicatedprojects.TherangeoftheKisanganiRedColobussupports15speciesofdiurnalanthropoidprimates(monkeysandapes),oneofthemostdiverseprimatecommunitiesinAfrica.ConservationoftheKisanganiRedColobuscouldbenefittheconservationofanumberofthesespeciesaswell.

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IntroductionandContextTheKisanganiRedColobusisthevernacularnamegiventoredcolobusoccupyingthelargeregionextendingfromtheCongoRiver’sbigbendatKisangani,east,throughtheAruwimi,Tshopo,LindiandMaikobasins.ThecolobusoccupyingthisareaincludePiliocolobuslangi,adistinctivespecies,endemictoDRC,aswellaspolychromatic,apparentlyhybridforms(Colyn1991,1993).P.langiwasfirstdescribedin1925(Allen1925)andnamedinhonorofHerbertLang,mammalogistfortheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory’seasternCongoexpedition,from1909to1915whocollectedthetypespecimens.

Sinceitsdiscovery,P.langihashadavariedtaxonomy.Colyn(1991)nameditasasubspeciesofColobusbadius).BasedonmitochondrialDNAanalysis,Ting(2008)suggestedthat,P.langishouldbeconsideredasubspeciesofP.rufomitratus,alongwith(amongothers)theformstholloni,oustaleti,parmentieri,foaiandellioti(whichhetreatedastheseniorsynonymforsemlikiensis,butwhichhasalsobeenusedtodescribepresumedhybridforms).ThisclassificationislargelyacceptedbyStruhsakerandGrubb(2013).Groves(2007)suggestedthatP.langiberaisedtostatusofafullspeciesapositionthatwasalsotakenbytheAfricanprimateredlistworkshopinRome2016,andbytheIUCNRedColobusActionPlan(inpreparation).

HartandSikubwabo(1994)reportedthatredcolobus,includingP.langi,werethemostfrequentlyencounteredofallmonkeysonsurveysoftheMaikoNationalParkfrom1989to1992.Colyn1991reportedP.langiascommon,andfoundfreshlykilledanimalsfrequentlyinthebushmeatmarketinKisangani.NumbersofredcolobusappearingintheKisanganimarketdeclinedsharplyoverthelastdecadeofthe20thcentury.Bytheearly2000sredcolobuswerenolongerreported(vanVlietetal.2012).Struhsaker(2010)inhistreatmentoftheAfricanRedColobusdescribedP.langiasinsufficientlyknown.

ThelastrecordedobservationsofKisanganiRedColobuswerein2011and2012whenfieldteamssearchingforokapi,documentedsingledeadanimalsintwovillagesbetween150and200kmeastofKisanganiontheNationalRoute4(MpakaandPaluku2012).Therehasneverbeenaprojectdedicatedtostudyandconservationofthisspecies.ThestatusandeventhecontinuedexistenceofoneofDRCongo’smoststrikinglymarkedendemicmonkeyswereuncertain.

InMay2019,weinitiatedaprojecttoconductarapidassessmentacrosstherangeoftheKisanganiRedColobuswiththegoaltodeterminethespecies’occurrenceandtoevaluateitsconservationneeds.

RangeTherangeofKisanganiRedColobus,ontherightbankoftheCongoRivercomprisesthreemajorinterfluveregions:theMaiko-Tshopo,theTshopo-LindiandtheLindi-Aruwimi.TherangehasbeendescribedasextendingfromtheconfluenceoftheCongoandtheAruwimiRivers,east,boundedbytheAruwimiRiverinthenorthandtheMaikoRivertothesouth,topoorlydefinedlimitsintheupperTshopoandMaikobasins(Colyn1991).Thisrangeareaisestimatedtobeabout69,000km2.FIGURE1mapstherangeoftheKisanganiRedColobusinrelationtootherDRCredcolobustaxa.FIGURE3locatestheriverbasinsmentionedabove.

TherangeoftheKisanganiRedColobusrisesgraduallyinelevationfromapproximately400maslinthewest,attheconfluenceoftheAruwimiandCongoRivers,toabout800maslatitseasternlimitinthe

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upperwatershedsoftheMaIkoRivers.Theareahasgenerallylow,rollingtopographicprofile.Howeverrangesofisolatedmassifsofhillsoccursporadicallyovertheeasterntwothirdsoftherange,reaching150mto200mabovethesurroundingpeneplain.AnotableuplandfeatureistheAngumuPlateau,locatedatsoutheastlimitoftherange,intheMaikoNationalPark,coveringabout600km2andrisingtoabout900maslinelevationfromaremarkableescarpmentonitswest.

ThelowlandareasaredominatedbymixedevergreenhighforestintermixedwithmonodominantstandsofGilbertiodendrondewevreioftenconcentratedalongstreamcourses.Themassifsofhills,aswellastheAngumuPlateauarecoveredbymixedforest,thatincludetreespeciesandhabitatclassesnotfoundonthelowerelevations(Hart&Sikubwabo1994).Fewofthemassifshavebeenexploredbiologically.Humanoccupationwithinthisrangehasamarkedgradientfromdenselysettledanddisturbedareasinthewesttolarge,sparselyoccupiedprimaryforestinthesoutheast.TherangeincludesthecityofKisangani,DRC’sfourthlargestcity(population540,000).TwoprotectedareasoccurwithintherangeoftheKisanganiRedColobus,ThenorthernsectorsoftheMaikoNationalParkinthesoutheast,andtheYangambiManandtheBiosphereReserveinthewest.

ProjectcalendarTheProjectwasdividedinto4phases(FIGURE2).Trainingforthefieldleadersincludedreviewoffaunalliteratureforthesurveyregionandpreparationofaguideforkeyspeciesexpectedinthesurveyzone.Bothfieldleadershada45daytrainingandfieldexercisescourseintheLomamiNationalParkconductedbyFZSTL2staffthatincludedidentificationofprimatesandotherselectedfauna,useandcareofGPSandcamera,fielddatacollectiononrecces,documentationandpreparationofspecimensandconductingandinterpretinginterviewdata.ANNEX1providesthereportofthetrainingcourse.

FieldworkwasplannedtocoversomeofeasternDRC’smostremoteforestareas,includingareasoccupiedbymilitary,militiasorbandits.Preparationsincludedestablishmentofprotocolsforsecurityassessmentsandcommunication,basicfirstaidandbudgetmanagementinadditiontoplanningoffieldcircuits.

Datacollectionwasaccomplishedbytwoteams,eachteamconsistingofafieldleaderandanassistantovera45-50dayperiod.Travelwasbyfoot,bicycleormotorbikeonabandonedroadsandfootpathsintheregion.

InputsforthisreportincludedGPSandcameradownloadsandexceldatabasessummarizingresultsofvillageinterviewsandshortforestreconnaissancesurveys.Fieldleadersproduceddatareportsandsketchmapsreferencingtheareascoveredbytheirinterviewsandreconnaissancesurveys.

SurveyzoneWeconcentratedoursurveysontheeasterntwothirdsoftherangeofKisanganiRedColobus,eastofthecityofKisangani,coveringanareaofabout50,000km2.Thisistheregionoflowesthumansettlement,andthelargestextentofintactforesthabitat.

WestofKisangani,therangenarrowstoacul-desacattheconfluenceoftheAruwimiandCongoRiversThisareaincludestheYangambiBiosphereReserve,Thisregionhashigheroveralllevelsofhumanoccupationandhabitatmodificationfromagricultureandlogging.WecollaboratedwithClaudeMande,adoctoralstudentfromtheUniversityofKisangani,DepartmentofEcologyandWildlife

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Management,toundertakeinterviewstodeterminestatusofredColobusinYangambiReserveandadjacentareas.

FieldMethodsThefieldprojectwasbasedontwoprimarydatasources:interviewsinvillages,andobservationsinselectedforestblocksmadeduring1to5dayreconnaissancetripsaccompaniedbylocalguides.Additionaldataincludedphotodocumentationandmeasuresofhunter-killedredcolobusandotherfauna.

InterviewsInterviewswithlocalpeopletodeterminestatusofcrypticoruncommonfaunathatrangeoverlarge,remoteareashavebeenusedinanumberoffaunalsurveysincluding,notablyforDRC,thefirstrangewidesurveyofeasterngorillas(Gorillaberingei)(EmlenandSchaller1960).MorerecentlyEvangelistaetal.(2018)haveusedthisapproachtomodeloccurrenceoftheSomaliAssandotherrarefaunainlargeinaccessibleareasintheHornofAfrica.Gandiwa(2012)showedutilityoflocalknowledgeinmultimethodapproachevaluatingwildlifeabundanceinZimbabwe.Kamgaingetal.(2019)demonstratedthathunterinterviewswereausefulmethodforrapidassessmentsofstatusandtrendsinhuntedspeciesinCameroun

Forthissurvey,interviewrespondentswereaskedtoprovideinformationthatallowedthefieldleaderstoevaluatetheirknowledgeofandexperiencewithlocalfauna,inparticularthecurrentstatusandhistoricfactorsaffectingofredcolobus.Respondentswereaskedtodescribethegeographicextentoftheirknowledgeandexperienceintheforestintheirvicinity,andelsewhere.Theywerealsoaskedtoprovideassessmentsofhuntingandminingintheirarea.Informationwasrequestedonthepresence,threatsanddistributionofotherkeyfaunaintheregion,includingChimpanzees(Pantroglodytes),EasternGorilla(Gorillaberingeigraueri)andseveralthreatenedprimatesinadditiontoredcolobus,specificallyColobusangolensis,C.guereza,andtwoguenons,CercopithecushamlyniandAllochrocebuslhoesti.Informationonthepresenceandthreatstookapi(Okapiajohnstoni)andforestelephants(Loxadontaafricanumncyclotis)wasalsorequested.Reportsonfaunawereevaluatedonthebasisofthegeographicandtemporalspecificityoftheinformationprovided.ANNEX2providestheinterviewguide.ANNEX3givesinterviewprotocolanddatacollectionformusedforthisstudy.

Villageswereselectedaprioriforinterviews,basedongeographiclocationoradministrativestatus(chefferies).Additionalvillagesweresurveyedopportunisticallyastheteamsprogressedthroughthelandscape.Ateachlocation,theteampresentedthemselvestothelocalauthoritiesanddescribedtheobjectiveoftheirvisit.TheyproducedatravelauthorizationfromterritorialadministratorsandtheirUniversityofKisanganiidentitycards.Theythenaskedthelocalchieftoidentifypeoplewithexperienceintheforestandwhowouldbewillingtosharetheirexperienceandknowledge.Ifmorethanonerespondentattendedthesameinterview,allresponseswereintegratedintoasingleindependentinterviewevent.Inlargevillagesitwaspossibletohavemorethanoneindependentinterview.

FaunaloccurrencepolygonsInterviewrespondentswererequestedtoprovidegeographicinformation,includingdirectionfromtheirvillage,namesoflocalrivers,andrelativedistance(walkingtime)forareasofforesttowhichthe

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informationtheyprovidedcouldbeascribed.Fieldteamsusedthisinformationtoidentifyareasofforestthatcouldbeassociatedwiththeinterviewresults.Followingfieldworktheyusedtheseinputstodelimitmappedpolygonstodepictoccurrenceofredcolobusandotherfaunaforagivenarea.

Thepolygonlimitsareapproximationsbasedoninformationprovidedintheinterviews.Specificfeaturessuchaslargerriversorroadswereavailabletodefinepolygonlimitsinonlyafewcases.Wehavetakenaconservativeapproachinourmappingbydelimitingareasthatweresmallerratherthanlarger.Atthesametimewedidnotwanttomakepolygonssosmallthatthattheywerecharacterizedbyasingleinterviewonly.Thepolygonsarebestinterpretedasapproximateareastocharacterizeandmaptheoccurrenceofredcolobusandotherfauna,andthethreatstothem.

ForestReconnaissance(Recce)SurveysFieldteams,accompaniedbylocalguidesconductedfootsurveysinasampleofforestareaswheretherewasahighlikelihoodofencounteringredcolobusbasedoninterviews.Observationsweremadealongcompassguidedreconnaissancetracks(termedrecces).Allobservationsoffauna(sightingsandvocalizations),faunalsign(dung,nests)andevidenceofhuntingandminingwererecordedandgeo-referencedwithGPS.

PhotographicdocumentationandspecimencollectionAllredcolobusandotherprimatesseenbyfieldteamsonrecceswerephotographed.Hunter-killedredcolobuswerephotographedandstandardmeasurements(totallength,andlengthoftail,ear,andhindfoot)weremadeandtheanimalwasweighed.Tissuesamplesandifpossibleadriedskinwerecollected.Allfreshlykilledfaunaandprimatesheldaliveinvillageswerephotographed.

ResultsOccurrenceofredcolobusThefieldteamsconductedseparatecircuitsthroughtheeasternrangeoftheKisanganiRedColobus.Theycoveredtogetherabout1600kmofabandonedroadsandfootpaths,conducting125interviews,in92localities(FIGURE3).Informants’responsesconcerningcurrent(2017-2019)presenceofredcolobusandotherfaunawereclassifiedinoneoffivecategoriesdependingontheassociatedspatialandtemporaldetailsprovidedduringtheinterviews(TABLE1):confirmedpresence,probablepresence,presencedoubtfulandconfirmeddisappearance.Inadditionwealsoidentifiedlocalitieswheretheredcolobuswerereportedtohaveneveroccurred.

Interviewrespondentsconfirmedredcolobustobepresentin43of92surveylocalities.Theywereassessedasprobablypresentinanadditional24localities,Togethertheserepresentnearly73percentoflocalitiessurveyed.Extirpationswerereportedin13localities,andfivelocalitiesreportedthatredcolobusneveroccurredintheirforest.Forty-ninerespondentsreportedseeingredcolobus(aliveorhunterkilled)in2019.Tenrespondentsreportedlastseeingthemin2018andsixinterviewsgave2017asthelastdateofencounterwiththespecies.Respondentsin65of92villages(70.1percent)reportedseeingredcolobuswithinthelastthreeyears.In47oftheselocalities,(51percent),thelastreportedsightingswasofaliveanimal.

Thirty-sevenforestpolygonsweredelimitedbasedoninformationprovidedintheinterviews,includingtwointhewesternthirdoftherange,westofKisangani.OnepolygonwasidentifiednorthoftheAruwimiRiver.ThisliesoutsidetherangeoftheKisanganiRedColobus,andisincludedintherangeof

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thePiliocolobusoustaleti.Onaverage,4.6interviews(range1to21)contributedtothedelimitationandassessmentofafaunaloccurrencepolygon.

Redcolobusoccurrencewasevaluatedforpolygonsusingthesamecriteriaappliedtotheinterviews.Redcolobusoccurrencewasconfirmedforapolygonifatleastoneinterviewprovidedsupportingdetailedinformationonlocation,dateanddetailsoftheobservationorifredcolobuswereencounteredonrecces(FIGURE4).

Redcolobuswereconfirmedtooccurin19polygons,withanadditional11polygonshavingprobableoccurrence.Redcolobuswerenotconfirmedtohavedisappearedfromanypolygon;howevertheywereassessedasdoubtfullypresentin6polygons,AllpolygonswithdoubtfulpresencewerelocatedinthevicinityofKisangani,exceptforonepolygonnearAvakubiattheeasternlimitoftherange.InthetwopolygonswestofKisangani,KisanganiRedColobusisdoubtfullypresentintheYangambiReserve.ItisconfirmedintheYambuyaareatothenorthofthereserve.

Onepolygonwasdeterminedasneverhavinghadredcolobus,atleastinthememoryoftherespondents.Nooneofferedanexplanationforthis,butseveralrespondentswereabletoidentifyariver,theOkweda,thatmarkedtherangelimitsintheirarea.DesireKaisalavisitedtheriverandreportedithadnumerousareaswheretheforestcanopywasclosedoverhead,anddidnotappeartobeabarriertomovementofarborealprimates.

Twoadditionalpolygonsinthissameareawerereportedbyrespondentstohavehistoricallynothadredcolobus,butthatsince2016to2017,redcolobuswereknowntobepresent.

Tenpolygonsweresampledbyforestrecces.Recceefforttotaled238km.Redcolobuswereobservedintwopolygonsforatotaloffourencounters(FIGURE4).

EcologyandbehaviorMostinterviewrespondentsreportedKisanganiRedColobusisprimarilyafolivore.AnumberofrespondentsreportedthatitfeedsontheyoungfoliageofGilbertiodendrondewevreiandthatitfavorsuplandforestsnearstreamswherestandsofthistreespeciesoccur.SeveralrespondentsreportedthatKisanganiRedColobuspreferhillforestswherethesefeaturesoccur.Themassifssupportaclosedcanopyforestwithahighdiversityoftreespecies,someofwhicharerareordonotoccurintheadjacentlowlandforest.RedcolobuswereveryabundantontheAngumuPlateauduringthefirstexplorationoftheMaikoNationalPark(Hart&Sikubwabo1994).

AlmostallrespondentsreportedKisanganiRedColobusoccurinlargegroupswheretheyhavenotbeenreducedbyhuntingordisease.Anumberofrespondentsintheeastoftherange,describedthatinthepast,theycouldtravelfordaysintheforestandnotseeasingleredcolobusthencomeonaverylargemonospecificgroup.Severalrespondentsclaimedthatthesegroupscouldnumberseveralhundredanimals.Wheretheirpopulationsarelow,KisanganiRedColobusarereportedtojoinothergroupsofprimates,CercopithecusascaniusandLophocebusalbigenawerementionedasconsortspecies.SingletonKisanganiRedColobusarerarelyreported.

TheKisanganiRedColobusisreportedtohaveastrongodorandhuntersusedtheodortotrackdownlargegroupstohuntthem.Theyarereportedtonotfleehunters,evenastheyarebeingshot.

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DirectThreatsHuntingRespondentsreportedthathuntingiscurrentlypracticedinallbutafewinterviewlocalities(FIGURE5).Evidenceofhuntingwasreportedoneveryreccesurvey.Huntersreportusingtwoprimarymethods:Shotgunsareusedtotargetarborealspecies,andinsomeareastohuntduikerswiththeaidofheadlampsatnight.Snaresusingeithermetalcableornylonnoosesareusedtotargetterrestrialgame.Archerywasalsomentioned,butislesscommonlypracticed.KisanganiRedColobusareatriskofsomelevelofhuntingessentiallyeverywhereintheareasurveyed.Huntersin63of92localitiessurveyed(79.3percent)reportedthatredcolobusareafavoredtarget.In38localities(41percent)theyweredescribedastargetedandfrequentlykilled.Redcolobuswerereportedasbeingrarelykilledinonly19(21percent)oflocalitiessurveyedbyinterviews.

Currenthuntingpressureonredcolobuswascharacterizedin33of37polygons.Redcolobuswerebothtargetedandfrequentlykilledin7polygons.Theyweretargeted,butnotfrequentlykilledin15polygons,andwerereportedinfrequentlythoughopportunisticallykilledin10polygons.

Themethodsusedinthissurveydonotprovideestimateofpopulationsize;nevertheless,relativeabundancecanbeassessedforsomepolygonsbasedonstatementsmadeininterviews.For5of10polygonswhereredcolobuswerereportedtobetargetedbutonlyinfrequentlykilled,respondentsmentionedthatredcolobusweredifficulttofind,locatedfarfromthevillage,andwerenolongerfoundinlargegroups.In5polygonsreportingthatkillingswererare,redcolobuswereclassifiedasonlydoubtfullypresent.Thusthedegreetowhichredcolobusaretargetedandkilledisprimarilyafunctionofanimalnumbersandencounterrates.Areaswithlowhuntingpressureareoftenareaswithdepletedpopulations.

Thirty-fourindicatorsofhuntingactivitywererecordedontheforestrecces.Ofthese,8wereindicatorsofshotgunhunting;15wereindicatorsofsnarehunting,theremaining9observations,mostlyofabandonedhuntingcampscouldnotbeclassifiedbyhuntingtype.

Onlyonepolygon,fromaremoteareaonthesouth(left)bankoftheTshopoRiver(FIGURE4)wasreportedtohavehighnumbersofredcolobus.Redcolobusweresaidtobeonlyinfrequentlykilledinthisareabecauseitwasremoteandlessvisitedbyhunters.

MasskillsRespondentsin39localities(42percentoftotal)reportedeventsofmasskillingsofredcolobusbyhuntersarmedwithmilitaryweaponsoverthelastthreedecades.Masskillingswerereportedinthelast5yearsat13localities,representing10polygons,allinthesoutheastoftherange,(FIGURE6).Soldiersofthe9thand10thbrigadesoftheFARDC(nationalmilitary),operatingfromgarrisonsintherange,wereresponsibleforalloftherecentepisodesofkilling.Themostrecentmassacresoccurredinearly2019,justmonthsbeforethesesurveyswereinitiated.Numbersofanimalsreportedbyrespondentstohavebeenkilledinthesemassacresinclude:20redcolobuskilledinonedayin2019(PolygonI);147monkeys,including130redcolobuskilledbyonehunterin2015inPolygonGoverseveraldays,followedin2016byacontingentofmilitaryhunterswhokilledadeclared1500redcolobusoverathreedayperiodfromthesameblock(FIGURE6).

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Epidemicdiesoffs.Interviewrespondentsin16localities,representing6polygonscitiedepisodesofepidemicdieoffsofredcolobusfrom2004through2017(FIGURE7).Theareaaffectedcoveredapproximately5000km2.Allrespondentsreportedfindingdeadanimalsintheforest.Onehunterstatedthathefound50deadredcolobusoverthecourseofafewdays.Onelocalityreportedthatamajordieoffoccurredbetween2004and2007andwasfollowedbyaminordieoff,withfewerdeadanimalsfound,in2017,tenyearslater.Manyrespondentsmentionedthattheepidemicdidnotappeartoaffectotherprimates.Nocarcassesofsickanimalsotherthanredcolobuswerefound.Unfortunately,noinformantshadphotosofthedeadanimals,orprovidedadescriptionofhowthesicknesspresenteditself.

IndirectThreatsMiningMiningiswidespreadintheeasterntwothirdsoftherangeofKisanganiRedColobus.Currentminingismostlynon-mechanized(termedartisanal),andfocusedondiamondsandgold.Coltanoreandtinoreareofsecondaryorminorinterest.Goldminingisconcentratedintheeasternandsouthernportionoftherangeanddatestothecolonialera.Semi-industrialgoldminingwasconductedinwhatisnowthenorthernMaikoNationalPark,includingtheAngumuPlateau,fromthelate1930’sthroughthe1950s(HartandSikubwabo1994).Diamondswereunknownintheregionbeforethe1980’s.Discoverywasfollowedbyadiamondrush.ArtisanalminersscatteringoverlargeareasintheTshopo,LindiandAruwimiwatersheds,seekingpocketsofdiamondsinstreamdeposits.Theseoperationsvariedinsize,butmanyoperationsweresmallandlocalized.Depositsinmanycaseswererapidlyexhausted.Diamondminingpeakedinfirstdecadeofthiscentury(MpakaandPaluku2012).By2019,diamondminingwasdecliningorevenabandonedinmanyareas,asdocumentedduringthecurrentsurvey.

Goldmining,incontrasttodiamondmining,ischaracterizedbypermanentlyoccupiedsitesexploitedovermanyyears(artisanalgoldminingcontinuesontheAngumuPlateau).Atseveralsites,useofdieselwaterpumpswasreported.MotorizeddredgingoperationswerereportedontheLindiandMaikoRivers,thelatterwithinthelimitsoftheMaikoNationalPark.

FIGURE8summarizescurrentstatusofminingintherangeoftheKisanganiRedColobus.Thirty-oneof92interviewlocations(34percent),representing12surveypolygonsreportedlargescale,permanentminingsitescurrentlypresent.Numeroussmallminingsites,someoccupiedonapermanentbasis,werereportedat20interviewlocations(22percent)representingafurther12polygons.Forty-oneinterviews,representing10polygons,reportednocurrentminingintheirarea,althoughanumberofthesereportedahistoryofmining.Onlyfourpolygons,allinthewesternportionoftherange,didnotreportanycurrentorrecenthistoryofmining.

Evidenceofminingwasencounteredinfrequentlyontheforestrecces.Of7signsrecorded,onlyonewasassociatedwithactiveexploitation.

Respondentsfromsixlocationsreportedshotgunhuntersbasedatminingsites.Thehunterssoldbushmeat,(primarilyprimates),tominers.Mostoftheshotgunhuntingwasreportedforsurveypolygonsthathadnumerous,largeorpermanentminingsites.

Masskillingsbymilitarywerealsoassociatedwithpolygonswithpermanentorhighnumbersofminingsites(10of12polygonsreportingmasskillings).ActiveconflictbetweenFARDCnationalmilitaryand

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localmilitiasovercontrolofgoldfieldswasreportedinthreeofthesurveypolygons.Inoneoftheseareas,surveysteamswereforcedtofleeasfightingintensifiedwhiletheywerepresent.

Logging.LogginghasoccurredintheKisanganiregionfornearlyacentury.Industrialscaleselectivelogginghasbeenpracticedfromthe1950’stopresent,focusingprimarilyonseveralhighvaluespeciesnotablymahoganies(Meliaciae),Iroko(Meliciaexcelsa)andAfromosia,(Pericopsisalata).ThelatterspeciesiscurrentlylistedonCITESAnnex2.IndustrialscalelogginghasdeclinedoverthepasttwodecadesasthemostaccessiblestandsofAfromosiahavebeenlogged,insecurityhasincreased,andkeyinfrastructure,inparticulartheregion’sroadnetwork,andportfacilitiesinKisangani,hasdegraded,increasingtherelativeraisedcostsofoperations.AtpresentthereareonlytwoindustrialscaleloggingoperationsactiveintherangeoftheKisanganiRedColobus.Bothoperateinthewesternhalfoftherange,ForestalongtheroadsrunningfromKisanganitothenorth,westandeasthasbeenmostimpacted.Noneofoursurveyrespondentsreportedactiveloggingintheirarea,however,thesitesalongtheroad(RN4),upto180kmeastofKisangani,reportedextensiveselectiveloggingforAfromosiainthepast.

Specimensandphotodocumentation.WehavephotosandorspecimensofKisanganiRedColobusfromatotalofsixlocations,includingfourlocationsdocumentedduringthissurvey(seeFrontPiece).Livinganimalswereobservedonreccesurveysatfourlocationsontwodifferentrecces.Threefresh,hunter-killedanimalsweredocumentedfromtwolocations.Wehavetwophotostakenin2012ofhunter-killedanimalsfromtwoadditionallocations.ThesewerethelastknownphotostakenoftheKisanganiRedColobusbeforethissurvey.

Redcolobusatfiveofthesixlocations,includingthe2012animals,presentastablephenotypethatconformscloselytothedescriptionofthetypespecimenofP.langi(Allen1925).Atthesixthlocation,ontherightbankoftheLindiRiver,northofBafwasende,tworedcolobuskilledfromthesamegroupofmonkeysonalocalhuntaccompaniedbyPaulFalay,didnotresembletheP.langitype.One,anadultfemale,hadacoatcolorationthatrangedfromsepiatoslatebutthecoatpatternwasblurred,andnotsharplydemarcated,andtheventrumwaspale,unlikeP.langi.Thesecond,anadultmale,wasoverallumberbrown,dorsally,withoutanytraceofslateorreddishsepiatypicalofP.langi.FollowingColyn(1991)andStruhsakerandGrubb(2013)weareassigningthetworedcolobusfromtherightbankoftheLindiRivertothetaxonPiliocolobusellioti,apolychromatic,presumablyhybridform,originatinginpartfromP.langi(Colyn1991,1993).Basedonweight,theadultfemale,P.langiisalmost25percentsmallerthantheP.elliotifemale,asreportedalsobyColyn(1991).P.elliotishowsmarkedsexualdimorphism.Theadultmaleweighsover20percentmorethantheadultfemale.TABLE2.providesdetailsonthecollections.

OtherprimatespeciesintherangeFifteenspeciesofanthropoidprimatesareknowntooccurintherangeofKisanganiRedColobus,makingthisoneofthemostspecies-richassemblagesinAfrica.The2019surveyrecordedevidenceof12speciesincluding9documentedbyphotos.Cercocebusagilis,recordedonaprevioussurveyin2012,wasnotrecordedonthecurrentsurvey.Tenspeciesofprimateswereobservedduringthereccesurveys.TABLE3.

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Twospeciesofblackandwhitecolobus,theAngolanColobus(Colobusangolensisssp.cottoni)andtheWesternGuereza(Colobusguerezassp.occidentalis)arereportedtohaverangesthatincludethesurveyregion(Colyn1991,Oatesetal2019).Informationontheoccurrenceofthesespecieswassoughtduringinterviews.However,wefoundthatitwasnotalwayspossibletodistinguishbetweenthesetwospeciesininformationprovidedbyrespondents,whosometimesgavethesamevernacularnameforbothspecies.Interviewreportsoftheoccurrenceofthetwospeciesaretreatedtogetherhere.Blackandwhitecolobuswereconfirmedforonlythreepolygons,withaprobableoccurrenceinafourth(FIGURE9).ArecentlykilledindividualeastofBafwasendewasidentifiedasColobusangolensis,basedondescriptionsprovidedbythehuntertoD.Kaisala,adayafteritwaskilled.TheinterviewresultsconfirmtheLindiRiverasthedistributionallimitofbothspecies,asreportedalsobyColyn(1991).NeitherspeciesisknowntooccurinalargezonesouthoftheLindiRiver.TheapparentlylocalizedanddisperseddistributionofblackandwhitecolobusintheregionisinmarkedcontrasttowidespreadandnearlycontinuousdistributionoftheKisanganiRedColobus.Interviewrespondentsstatedthatblackandwhitecolobus,wheretheywerereportedtooccur,areuncommonwithlocalizeddistributions.

Interviewsrevealedthatchimpanzee(Pantroglodytesssp.schweinfurthi),l’hoestimonkey(Allochrocebuslhoesti)andowl-facedmonkey(Cercopithecushamlyni)allremainwidespreadintheregion,despitebeingregularlytargetedbyhunters.Recenthunterkilledindividualsofallthreespecieswereseen.Fewinterviewlocationsreportedlocalextirpationfortheseoranyotherprimate.

Elevenprimatespecieswereconfirmedtobetargetedbyhunters.Thisincludeddirectobservationsof9specieskilledbyhuntersduringthecourseofthesurvey,includingonechimpanzeekilledbyashotgun(TABLE3).

DiscussionWhatistheKisanganiRedColobus?Taxonomicidentity,phenotypicvariationandrangelimits

ThisstudyconfirmsthattheredcolobusoccupyingtherangeoftheKisanganiRedColobusbelongtomorethanonetaxon(FIGURE10).Wefoundphenotypicallystable,distinctivelydemarcated,bi-coloredredcolobuscharacteristicofthetypedescriptionofP.langi,tobewidespreadintheLindi-Tshopointerfluve,rangingeastatleasttotheLoyaRiver,aleftbanktributaryoftheLindiatabout28degreeseastlongitude.P.langialsorangesthroughportionsoftheTshopo-Maikointerfleuve.Thisincludesthelocationsofthetypespecimenandrecentcollectionsfromthe1980s(Colyn1991).TherangelimitsandidentityofredcolobusreportedfromtheupperMaikoRiverhavenotbeendescribed,althoughredcolobusareconfirmedtooccurhere(HartandSikubwabo1994).

RedcolobusrangingintheeasternLindi-AruwimiinterfluvediffermarkedlyfromP.langiandareassignedtoP.ellioti.TheidentityoftheredcolobusinthewesternLindi-Aruwimiinterfluveisuncertain.Colyn(1991)reportedthatredcolobuscollectedinthewesterninterfluvenearYambuyacorrespondtotheP.langitype.Ifso,wheretheseformsarereplacedbythepolychromaticP.elliotithatoccurintheeasterninterfluve,andtherelationshipbetweenthetwoforms,remainstobedetermined.

Phenotypicvariationofredcolobusfromtheareaofourcollectionshasbeenrecognizedforoveracentury(Colyn1991).IndeedAllen(1925)reportedmarkedlydifferentcoatpatternsofindividuals

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collectedfromthesamegroupofredcolobusintheseconddecadeofthe20thcenturynearAvakubi,about40kmfromwhereourpolychromaticspecimenswerecollected,overacenturylater.

Hiatusesinredcolobusoccurrencewerereportedinthreeareas,notablyattheeasternlimitsoftherangeintheLindi-Tshopointerfluve.Theseincludeoneareawhereredcolobusarecurrentlyabsent,andarenotknowntohaveoccurredhistorically,andtwoareaswhereredcolobuswerereportedtohavebeenhistoricallyabsent,butwheretheyhavebeguntobeseensince2016.FieldteamsinvestigatedoneareawhererespondentsidentifiedasmallrivertheOkweda,thattheyclaimedwasarangelimitforredcolobusintheirarea.Theriverwasfoundtobesmallenoughtolikelypermitredcolobustocrossincanopiesoftreesfromeachside.TheOkwedadoesnotappeartobeaphysicalbarrier,unlikethelargerriverssuchastheLindiandAruwimidelimitingtaxon,rangeandpelagevariation.Table4summarizesdistributionandtaxonomyoftheKisanganiRedColobus,andidentifiesoutstandingissuesrelatingtorangelimitsandidentity.

Epidemicdieoffs.DiseaseoutbreaksandassociatedmortalityhavebeenobservedinP.rufomitratusinKenya(P.Waserpersonalcommunication)andP.tephrocelesinUgandawhereaprotractedoutbreakofinfectiousdiseaseoccurredinKibaleredcolobusfrom1971to1981(Struhsaker,2010).MortalityintheKibaleoutbreakwassometimeshigh,accountingforthedeathsof10of17adultmalesinonefocalgroup.Theoutbreakdidnotappeartovisiblyaffectorcausemassmortalityinotherprimatespecies.SubsequentserologicalsurveysofP.tephroscelesinKibalein2006,(Goldbergetal.2008,Goldbergetal.2009)aswellsurveysofP.badiusinTaiCoted’ivoire(Sivetal.2010)revealedhighratesofexposureandantibodydevelopmentforawiderangeofviraldiseasesinvisiblyhealthyredcolobus.Thesestudiessuggestthatthepotentialfordiseaseoutbreaksishighinmany,ifnotmostredcolobustaxa.Factorstriggeringamajorepidemic,however,leadingtohighratesofmortality,arenotknown.

TheepidemicoutbreakintheKisanganiRedColobusrangerepresentspotentiallyoneofthelargestareasaffectedbyaprimateepidemicaccompaniedbymassmortalityreportedtodate.AsintheUgandancase,theepidemicdevelopedoveranumberofyearsinepisodicfashion.Mortalitywasmainly,ifnotentirelylimitedtoredcolobus.Wehavenoinformationonhowthediseasedmonkeysappeared,ortheidentityofthediseaseagents,butthefactthatoneinformantrecountedingraphicdetaildiscoveryofover50deadanimalsoveraveryshortperiod,suggeststhatthediseasecouldachieveacutestagessynchronouslyacrossnumbersofanimals.

TheepidemiczonewasreportedonlyfromtherangeofP.langi,anddidnotincludeareasoccupiedbyP.elliotipopulations.Redcolobuswerereportedtohavebeenhistoricallyabsentfromthreepolygonsadjacenttotheepidemiczone.Intwoofthethreepolygons,redcolobuswerereportedtohavecolonizedtheareain2016–2017(FIGURE7).Furtherinformationisrequiredbeforemuchmorecanbesaidaboutthesecases,buttherespondentdeclarationssuggestthepossibilitythatepidemicsmayplayaroleindeterminingdistributionandrelationshipofdifferentredcolobustaxainthisregion.

MasskillingsofredcolobusbyCongolesemilitarywerereportedinallsixofthepolygonswhereepidemicdie-offswerereported,insomecasesoccurringduringthesameperiods.Whilewecannotevaluatetherelativeimpactofthesedifferentcausesofmortality,itseemslikelythatredcolobusmust

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haveoccurredathighdensitiesinatleastsomeoftheseareas.Severalinformants,attributeddisease,notuncontrolledhunting,asthecauseofcurrentlownumbersofredcolobusintheirarea.

ImpactofhuntingUncontrolledhuntingthreatensKisanganiRedColobusacrosstheentirerange.Masskillings,however,havethelargestimpacts.TwoFARDCmilitarybrigades,the9thand10th,deployedtocontrolmai,maiandothermilitias,werethemostimportantsourceofmasskillingsofredcolobusoverthepastdecade.Interviewrespondentsreportedmasskillingswereassociatedwithgarrisonswherefiveormoremembersofthesebrigadeswerepresent.Severalinformantspointedoutthatmasskillingswerepossiblebecausemembersofthesebrigadeswereunsupervisedandhadabundantammunitionfortheirautomaticweapons(AK47s).Nationalpolice,militiagroupsandlocalhunterswerenotassociatedwithmasskillings,mostlikelybecausetheydidnothavethesuppliesofammunitionavailabletotheFARDCbrigades.Masskillingswerereportedforotherperiods,overthelast30yearsormore.Wehavefewdetailsontheseearlierevents,butatleastsomewereassociatedwithFARDChunters(MpakaandPaluku2012).

Anumberofareasreportedlowlevelsofhuntingforredcolobus.Insomecasesthisisduetothereductionorevenlocalextirpationofredcolobus.Redcolobusaresimplynolongeravailabletobehunted.Huntingmethodisalsoafactor.Redcolobusarekilledbyshotgunandarchery.Archeryisinfrequent,andshotgunuse,whilepresent,isnotpredominantinthelandscape,wherehuntersprefersnaresandothermethodsthattargetterrestrialgame.Twelveof61localities(20percent)whereavailabilityofshotgunswasdetermined,reportedhavingnoshotguninthevillage.Another17localities(28percent)reportedasingleweapon.Only5localities(8percent)reportedhavingmorethan3shotgunsinthevillage.Theseresultsparallelobservationsontheforestrecces.Indicatorsofsnarehunting(15observations)wererecordednearlytwiceasfrequentlyasindicatorsofshotgunhunting(discardedspentcartridges,8observations).

Onlyonepolygon,aremoteblock,farfromroadandsettlement,southoftheTshopoRiverwasidentifiedasanareawhereredcolobusarecommonbuthuntingpressureisnothigh.(LocationshowninFIGURE4.)Wefoundonlyoneinformantwithinformationonthisarea,andhisexperiencewaslimitedasheclaimedtheareaisdifficulttoaccess.

MiningArtisanalmininghasbeenassociatedwithuncontrolledhuntinginanumberofareasinAfrica,includingDRCongo(Tieguhongetal.2009,Spiraetal.2019).IntherangeoftheKisanganiRedColobustheassociationofminingwithhuntingvariesgiventhesizeandageofoperations.Nineinterviewlocalitiesreportedminingsiteswherehunterswithshotgunswerepresent.Allbutoneofthesereportedlarge,permanentminesinthearea.Bothdiamondandgoldoperationsattractedattentionofmilitaryandrebelmilitias.Artisanaldiamondminingunderwentarapidexpansionintheregioninthe1990s,butfellbackintheseconddecadeofthiscenturyasdepositswereexhausted.MpakaandPaluku(2012)reportedmilitaryhuntersassociatedwithsmallscalediamondminesinin2011-12intheBomiliareaatanumberoflocationswherewefounddecliningminingactivityandfewmilitarypresentin2019.

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Goldmines,becausetheyareoftenlargeandhavelongerlifespans,havebeenconsistentlybeenusedasbasesbyarmedgroups,includingnationalmilitaryandmilitias.MostoftheblocksreportingmasskillingsofredcolobusbyFARDCmilitaryalsoreportedlarge,permanentgoldminingoperations.Theestablishmentoflargeoperationsandespeciallydredgingmayleadtopermanentoccupationofpreviouslyremoteareas.TheopeningofdredgingoperationsontheMaikoRiver,withintheMaikoNationalPark,isahighlythreateningdevelopment.

Small-scaleartisanalminingislikelycompatibleatsomelevelwitharangeofconservationoptions.However,thebalanceisprecariousasshownintheMinkebeinGabonwhere,inthecourseoflessthantwodecades,smallscalerelativelybenignfamilybasedoperationshavegivenwaytomassiveopenpitsitesassociatedwithpoachingandmajorenvironmentaldegradation(LahmandFontaine2002,Hund2013).

Primatesandthreatstothem:acomparisonofthe2019surveyresultswithMaikoNationalParksurveys1989-1992.

Encounterratesofprimatesandindicatorsofhuntingandminingrecordedonthe2019KisanganiRedColobusreccesurveyscanbecomparedtoencounterratesobtainedonmethodologicallycomparablesurveysinMaikoNationalParkfrom1989through1992(HartandSikubwabo1994).ThecomparisonprovidesperspectiveonthestatusandevolutionoftheKisanganiRedColobusrangefaunaandthreatstothem(FIGURE11).Althoughthesurveyzonesdonotoverlap,thetworegionsarecontiguous,andsharecomparableelevationrangeandforesthabitats.Inaddition,thesameprimatespeciesoccurinbothareas.Themethodsusedinbothsurveysaresimilar.Welimitcomparisonstovisuallyobservedfaunalencountersandhumansignfrombothdatasetsandexcludedfaunalobservationsthatwerebasedonauditoryvocalizationsonly.

ThemoststrikingcomparisonbetweentheMaikoParksurveysandthoseintheKisanganiRedColobussurveyzoneisthemarkeddifferenceinencountersofredcolobus.RedcolobuswerethesinglemostabundantmonkeyspeciesrecordedintheMaikoPark,buttheywereamongtheleastfrequentlyencounteredin2019surveys.RedcolobusencounterratesintheMaikosurveysarefourtimeshigherthanthoserecordedintheKisanganiRedColobusrangein2019.Encounterratesofothermonkeyspecies,arecomparablebetweenthetwosurveys:2.52groupsper10kmintheMaikoPark,versus2.31groupsper10kminKisanganiRedColobusrange.Chimpanzeenestsiteencountersincontrastarelowerinthe2019surveythanintheMaikosurvey:0.29versus0.75nestgroups/10km.Encounterratesofhuntingindictorsare1.7timeshigherintheKisanganiRedColobussurveythanareencounterratesofthesameindicatorsrecordedintheMaikoPark.Miningsigntrendsshowcomparabledifferences,butintheoppositedirection:morefrequentlyencounteredintheMaikoParkthanontheKisanganiRedColobusrangerecces.

Thecomparisonsshowthestrikingvulnerabilitiesofredcolobusandtoalesser,butappreciableextent,chimpanzee,tohuntingthreatsthattargetthem.Thisisbroughtintoprofilebythefactthatwiththesoleexceptionoftheredcolobus,thefourmostcommonlyencounteredmonkeyspeciesonthe2019surveys,Cercopithecusascanius,Cercopithecusdenti,CercopithecusmitisandLophocebusalbigena,werealsothemostcommonlyencounteredspeciesontheMaikoParksurveys.Hunterstargetallof

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theseprimates.Theredcolobusandchimpanzeesshowthegreatestevidenceofrelativedeclinebetweenthetwositesandperiodsoftime.

ConservationofKisanganiRedColobusThechallengesfacingtheconservationoftheKisanganiRedColobusarehuge.DespitetheexceptionalprimatediversityincludedintherangeoftheKisanganiRedColobus,Theregion,includingitstwoprotectedareas,theMaikoNationalParkandtheYangambiBiosphereReserve,hasneverhadaprojectdedicatedtodiscoveringandconservingthisgloballysignificantbiodiversity.

Insecurity,lackofreadymechanismstocontrolhuntingandmining,andthedauntinglogisticsofoperatinginremoteareas,areallclearlyconstraints.Nevertheless,theresultsofthisprojectpointtoseveralconcreteactivitiesthatarepossibleandthatwould,ifundertaken,initiateaconservationagendaintheregionthatwouldlikelybringpositiveresults.Thefollowingprovidesapreliminarysynopsisofproposalsthatareimmediatelyfeasible,basedontheresultsandexperiencefromthisstudy:

IdentityandconservationoftheYambuyaredcolobus.ClaudeMande,workingontheKisanganiregion’schiropteranfauna,confirmedthatthatredcolobusstilloccurintheYambuyaarea,northoftheYangambiReserve(whereredcolobusappeartobeextirpated).Afieldsurveytodeterminetheoccurrenceandidentity(throughphotosorspecimens)oftheseredcolobusisapriority.AkeyissueistodetermineiftheseredcolobusarephenotypicallystableP.langi,oriftheyareintergradedformsliketheP.elliotifoundinthesameinterfluvetotheeast.Claudehassuggestedthatseveralofthelocalauthoritiesintheareawouldbesupportiveofeffortstoendredcolobushunting,andevenbeopentothepossibilityofcreatingacommunityreserveintheculturallysignificantYambuyaForest.

Surveysofimportantremainingpopulationsofredcolobus.ThepotentiallylargestremainingpopulationsofP.langiappeartooccurontheleftbankoftheTshopoRiver(FIGURE4),andpossiblyintheOpiengearea.TheTshopobasinpolygonisnotreportedtohavemajorminingoperations,norentrenchedinsecurity.Opiengeareahasseveralpolygonsthatareworthfurtherinvestigationsandsurvey.

MobilizationofFARDC9thand10thbrigadestoendmasskillingofredcolobus.Kisangani-basedFARDChavecontributedtoensuringsecurityinsupportofarmedpatrolsinseveralprotectedareas,mostnotablyfortheLomamiNationalPark.Themilitaryhierarchy,ifitisnotalreadyaware,shouldbemadeawareoftheillegalanddestructivemasskillingsbyFARDCbrigadesstationedintherangeoftheKisanganiRedColobus.Effortstosolicitsupportofthemilitaryleadershiptoendthekillingofprotectedspecies,includingredcolobus,wouldlikelybearfruit.EvidenceforthisistherecentopencourtheldinKisanganiinwhichseveralFARDCofficerswerejudgedguiltyofparticipationinelephantpoaching,andsentencedorsanctioned.See:https://www.bonoboincongo.com/2016/06/09/pleading-for-elephants-in-open-air-court-on-the-congo/

StrengtheningtheNationalRoute4bushmeatcheckpointoutsideofKisangani.ThecurrentcheckpointcontrolsthemainroadslinkingtheeasternsectorsoftheKisanganiRedColobusrangetoKisangani.Followingthesurveys,wemadecontactwiththeprovincialministryofenvironment’sRN4bushmeatcontrolteamthatissupportedbyfundingfromtheWorldBankfollowingtheircontributiontothe

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rehabilitationoftheroad.Asof2016,bushmeatfromallprotectedspecies,includingredcolobusisforbiddentoenterKisanganithroughthischeckpoint.Vehiclesaresearched.Thischeckpointmayexplainwhyallcolobusarenowrarelyseeninthebushmeatmarketofthecity.Aprojectincollaborationwiththeenvironmentministrytoevaluatethecheckpointdatabaseandsupportimprovementsinoperationswouldstrengthenapotentiallyimportantongoingconservationeffort.Thecheckpointteamcouldpossiblyadvisesimilaroperationselsewhereintheregion,inparticularminingsites,wherethemarketforbushmeatremainsuncontrolled.

ThefieldleadersalsosuggestedseverallongertermandlargerscaleprojectsfortheKisanganiRedColobus.Theseincludedevelopmentofcommunityconservationeffortsinvillagesthatshowedaninterestinthisduringthesurveyinterviews.TherehabilitationofthecurrentlyabandonednorthsectoroftheMaikoNationalPark,asafunctionalprotectedareawouldbeamajorandimportantproject,asinterviewrespondentsstatedthattheareastillsupportsotherendangeredprimates,notablyeasterngorillas.

ConclusionsKisanganiRedColobusarehighlyendangered,butstilloccurwidelyovertheirlargerange.Currentlevelsofuncontrolledhuntingwillleadtofurtherdeclinesandevenregionalextirpation.Populationsofthetworedcolobustaxathatoccurinthisrange,andinparticularPiliocolobuslangi,haveshownresilienceinthefaceofdecimatingfactorsintheirpast,includingdiseaseoutbreaksandmasskillings.Ifhuntingcanbebroughtundercontrol,andaslongastheregions’forestcoverremains,theconservationofKisanganiRedColobus,andeventheirrecoveryatsomelevel,ispossible.

Acknowledgements

TomStruhsaker,TonyGoldbergandPeterWaserallcontributedimportantinsightsonepidemicoutbreaksinredcolobus.TereseHartandKokoBisimwacontributedtotheproductionofthereportandmaps.SilasFundiprovidedadditionalobservationsonthedeclineofredcolobusinYangambiReserve.HelèneMitshumbi,projectleaderoftheRN4checkpointteamprovideduswithfrankandusefulassessmentofherproject.REFERENCESAllen,J.A.1925.PrimatescollectedbytheAmericanMuseumCongoExpedition.Bull.Amer.Mus.Nat.Hist.47:283-497Colyn,M.M.1991.L’importancezoog.ographiqueduBassinduFleuveZairepourlaspeciation:lecasdesPrimatessimiens.AnnalessciencesZoologiquesMuséeRoyaldel’AfriqueCentrale,Tervueren,Belgique264:1–250Colyn,M.M.1993.Coatcolourpolymorphismofredcolobusmonkeys(Colobusbadius,Primates,ColobinaeineasternZaire:taxonomicandbiogeographicimplications.RevuedeZoologieAfricaine107:301–320.Emlen,J.T.andSchaller,G.B.1960.Distributionandstatusofthemountaingorilla(Gorillagorillaberingei)–1959.Zoologica,45,41–52.

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Evangelista,P.H.,A.M.Mohamed,I.A.Hussein,A.H.Saied,A.H.Mohammed,andN.E.Young.2018.IntegratingindigenouslocalknowledgeandspeciesdistributionmodelingtodetectwildlifeinSomaliland.Ecosphere9(3):e02134.10.1002/ecs2.2134Gandiwa,E.2012.LocalknowledgeandperceptionsofanimalpopulationabundancesbycommunitiesadjacenttothenorthernGonarezhouNationalPark,Zimbabwe.TropicalConservationScienceVol.5(3):255-269.GoldbergTL,ChapmanCA,CameronK,SajT,KareshWB,WolfeN,etal.2008.Serologicevidencefornovelpoxvirusinendangeredredcolobusmonkeys,westernUganda.EmergInfectDis.14(5):801–803.Golberg,TL,Sintasath,DM,ChapmanCA,Cameron,KM,Karesh,WB,ShaohuaT,WolfeND,RWegoIBTing,NSwitzerWM.2009.CoinfectionofUgandanRedColobus(Procolobus[Piliocolobus]rufomitratustephrosceles)withNovel,DivergentDelta-,Lenti-,andSpumaretroviruses.JournalofVirologyOct2009,83(21)11318-11329;DOI:10.1128/JVI.02616-08Groves,C.P.2007.ThetaxonomicdiversityoftheColobinaeofAfrica.JournalofAnthropologcialSciences85:7-34.HartandSikubwabo.1994.ExplorationoftheMaikoNationalPark,Zaire1989–1992.History,EnvironmentandtheDistributonandstatusoflargemammals.WCSWorkingpapersnumber2.91pp.Hund,K.2013.GreengoldforGabon?https://blogs.worldbank.org/nasikiliza/green-gold-gabonLahm,SandFontaine,B.2002.L'orpaillageaunord-estduGabon:historiqueetanalysesocio-écologique.Centrenationaldelarecherchescientifiqueettechnique.CentralAfricanRegionalProgramfortheEnvironment,Libreville,Gabon

KamgaingTOW,DzefackZCBandYasuokaH(2019)DecliningUngulatePopulationsinanAfricanRainforest:EvidenceFromLocalKnowledge,EcologicalSurveys,andBushmeatRecords.Front.Ecol.Evol.7:249.

Mpaka,E.andPaluku,G.2012.Rapportsynthétiquedelamissionsurl’évaluationdelapresenced’okapi,éléphantetchimpanzé:SecteurTshopo-Lindi-Aruwimi.UnpublishedreportLukuruFoundation,TL2Project.

TieguhongJ.C.,Ingram,V.,Schure,J.2009ImpactsofartisanalgoldanddiamondminingonlivelihoodsandtheenvironmentintheSanghaTri-NationalParklandscape.CIFOR,Bogor,Indonesia.Oates,J.F.,Struhsaker,T.T.,Maisels,F.&Fashing,P.J.2019.Colobusguerezassp.occidentalis.TheIUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies2019:e.T136891A17983202.Siv,A.,Leendertz,J.,Junglen,S.,Hedemann,C.,Goffe,A.,Calvignac,S.,Boesch,C.andF.Leendertz.2010.HighPrevalence,CoinfectionRate,andGeneticDiversityofRetrovirusesinWildRedColobusMonkeys(Piliocolobusbadiusbadius)inTaïNationalPark,Côted'Ivoire.JournalofVirology,84:7427–7436SpiraC.KirkbyA,KujirakwinjaDandPlumptreA.2019.Thespocioeconomicsofartisanalminingandbusmeathuntingaroundprotectedareas:Kahuzi-BiegaNationalParkandItombweNatureReserve,easternDemocraticRepublicofCongo.Oryx.53:136-144.

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Struhsaker,T.T.2010.TheRedColobusMonkeys:VariationinDemography,BehaviorandEcologyofEndangeredSpecies.OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford,349pp.Struhsaker,T.T.andP.Grubb2013.Pilicolobusrufomitratus,inMammalsofAfrica.TingN.2008.Molecularsystematicsofredcolobusmonkeys(Procolobus[Piliocolobus]):Understandingtheevolutionofanendangeredprimate.PhDThesis,CityUniversityofNewYork.VanVliet,N.etal.2012.ThebushmeatmarketinKisangani,DemocraticRepublicofCongo:implicationsforconservationandfoodsecurity.Oryx46:196-203.

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Table1.Classificationoffaunalpresenceobtainedbyinterviewdata.Presenceclass Spatial temporal Note

Confirmed Present.Specificlocationsidentified.

Specificdatewithinlastthreeyearslastobserved.

Detailsgivenofencountersuchasgroupsize,identityhunter.

ProbablePresent.Specificlocationsnotidentified.

Datewithinlastthreegiven,butnotspecified.Nodategiven.

Generaldescriptionofencounter(liveordead),butnootherdetails.

DoubtfulNolongerorunlikelypresentbutnodetailsoflastlocation.

Declaredformerlypresent,butlastdateobservednotknown.

Presenceunlikelybutcannotbecompletelyexcluded.

ExtirpatedConfirmednolongerpresent,detailsoflastlocationsgiven.

Confirmedextirpated,datesprovided.

Detailsoncauseofextirpationgiven.

Neverpresent

Animalneveroccurred,areaofabsencedefined,rangelimitsgiven.

Respondentdistinguishesbetweenformerlypresentandneverpresent.

Respondentsconfirmthattheyknowandcanidentifythetaxon,andknowofitsoccurrenceelsewhere.

Unknownorundetermined

Insufficientinformationtoevaluatepresence.

Insufficientinformationtoevaluatepresence.

Respondentmayrefuseinformationormaydeclareignorance.

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TABLE2.SpecimensofPiliocolobuscollected.

TABLE3.ObservationsofanthropoidprimatesmadeduringtheKisanganiRedColobussurvey.

Genre Species subspecies DistributionnoteReccerecords

Hunterkills

PhotoNote

Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Widespread 13 1 Yes Recce:Nestsites7,vocalization6Gorilla beringeri graueri ReportedMaikoNP,southofLoyaRiver ReportedininterviewsinBabuseandBalobevillages.Piliocolobus langi Widespread, 2 1 Yes SpecimencollectedPiliocolobus ellioti North(rightbank)LindiRiver 2 2 Yes Specimenscollected,hybridformColobus angolensis cottoni NorthofLindiRiver 1 Hunterkill,notseenColobus guereza occidentalis NorthofLindiRiver Noobservation,noconfirmedreportPapio anibus Widespread 3 Yes SeenincaptivityLophocebus albigena johnstoni Widespread 10 1 Yes SeenandheardonrecceCercocebus agilis MayrangesouthtoMaikoRiver Yes 2012Photocaptive,Baego,147kmeastofKisanganiAllochrocebus lhoesti Widespread 3 4 Yes SeenonrecceCercopithecus neglectus Widespread 1 HeardonrecceCercopithecus denti Widespread 22 5 Yes SeenandheardonrecceCercopithecus hamlyni Widespread 2 2 Yes HeardonrecceCercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni Widespread 18 4 Yes SeenandheardonrecceCercopithecus ascanius schmidti Widespread 28 7 Yes Seenandheardonrecce

CatalogID date Species Sex/

ageHead&bodycm

Tailcm

Earcm

Hindfootcm kg Sample preservation Source

specimenOriginSpecimen

Photo Latitude Longitude

PF_001 17-Aug-2019 Piolocolobusellioti M/Ad 59 67 4 16 10.2 Skin,

Tissues dried Hunter,freshkill Basuaforest yes N1.13361 E27.06314

PF_002 17-Aug-2019 Piolocolobusellioti F/Ad 58 65 4 16 8.2 Tissues Alcool Hunter,

freshkill Basuaforest yes N1.13361 E27.06314

DK_001 24-Aug-2019 Piolocolobuslangi F/Ad 51 65 3 14 6.1 Tissues RNAlater Hunter,

freshkillBabagoloforest yes N0.53232 E27.12830

22

TABLE4.DistributionandtaxonomicidentityofredcolobusintherangeoftheKisanganiRedColobus

Interfluve Zone Taxon Outstandingquestions

Maiko-TshopoWest P.langi Occurrenceandtaxonomicidentityofredcolobusat

Maiko-Lualabaconfluenceunknown.

East P.langi DistributionallimitsandtaxonomicidentityredcolobusinupperMaikobasinunknown.

Tshopo-LindiWest P.langi Probablynolongerexistsinlargeportionofzone.

East P.langi TaxonlimitatLoyaRivertobeverified.Confirmlocalizedzonesofhiatusateasternrangelimits.

Lindi-AruwimiWest P.langi? Taxonidentitytobeconfirmed.Lastcurrentlyknown

populationoccursnearYambuya.

East P.ellioti Pointofcontactandrelationswithwesterninterfluveformsremaintobedetermined.

23

KisanganiCongo

River

0 250 500Kilometers

Piliocolobus langi

Piliocolobus lulindicus

Piliocolobus semlikiensis

Piliocolobius foai

Piliocolobus tholloni

Piliocolobus parmentieri

Piliocolobus oustaleti

FIGURE1.RangesofRedcolobus(Piliocolobus)inDemocraticRepublicofCongobasedonIUCNRedListprofiles.

Figure1.2019Projectcalendar:RediscoveryoftheKisanganiRedColobus(Piliocolobuslangi)

FIGURE2.2019Projectcalendar.RediscoveryoftheKisanganiRedColobus.

24

!( !(

!(

!(!(!(

!( !( !(!( !(

!(!(!(!(!(

!(

!(

!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(

!(

!(

!(!(!(!(

!(?

????

!(!(!(!(!(!(!(ggg?

g!( ??

!(!(??

!(!(!(!(!(g!(!(!(

!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(

!(!(

? !(!(!(

!(

!(!(!(

?

?!(

!(!(!(

KisanganiLin

di

Ar

uwimi

Maiko

Maiko NP

YangambiBiosphere Reserve

0 25 50 75 100

Kilometers

reported occurence 2017-2019!( Confirmed

!( Probable

!( Doubtful

? No longer occur

!( Never present

g Unknown

Kisangani Red Colobus

Bomili

Bafwasende

Opienge

Tshopo

Loya

Field data: FZS/TL2 ProjectImage: UCL 2006 DRC Occupation du SolMap: GCS WGS 1984

Democratic Republic of Congo


Yambuya

FIGURE3.ReportedcurrentpresenceofKisanganiRedColobus:Resultsofinterviews

!(

Kisangani

Lin

di

Ar

uwimi

Maiko

Maiko NP


0 25 50 75 100

Kilometers


Bomili

Bafwasende

Opienge

Tshopo

A

B

C

D

E

I

J

F

G

H

Occurrence 2017-2019Confirmed

Probable

Doubtful

Never present


**

*red colobus historicallyabsent; reported present 2016 - 2017

2019 forest recce

Loya

Observations on forest reconnaissance walks (recces)

Yambuya

+

probable highnumbers red colobus+

FIGURE4.Redcolobusoccurrencepolygonsandresultsofforestreconnaissancesurveys(recces).

25

FIGURE6.MasskillingsofRedColobus

FIGURE5.Huntingthreattoredcolobus.

!( !(

!(

!(!(!(

!( !( !(!( !(

!(!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(

!(

!(

!(!(!(!(

!(!(

!(!(!(!(

!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(

!(!(!( !(!(

!(!(!(!(

!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(

!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(

!(!(

!( !(!(!(

!(

!(!(!(

!(

!(!(

!(!(!(

KisanganiLin

di

Ar

uwimi

Maiko

Maiko NP


0 25 50 75 100

Kilometers

Hunter interviewsred colobus!( rarely killed

!( killed, not targeted

!( targeted

Bomili

Bafwasende

Opienge

Tshopo

Hunting and killingof red colobus

Opportunistic, not frequent

Targeted, not frequent

Targeted, frequent

Insufficient information

Red colobus not present

Occurrence 2017 - 2019Confirmed

Probable

Doubtful

Never present

Kisangani Red Colobus Field data: FZS/TL2 ProjectImage: UCL 2006 DRC Occupation du SolMap: GCS WGS 1984

Yambuya

Kisangani!(

!!!(!!!!!!(!(!

! !!

!!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!!!

!!!(

!(!(

!(!(!(!(

Lin

di

Ar

uwimi

Maiko NP


0 25 50 75 100

Kilometers

occurrence 2017-2019Confirmed

Probable

Doubtful

Never present

mass killing by militaryBomili

Bafwasende

Opienge

Tshopo

AB

C

D

E

I

J

F

G

H

Mass killing of red colobus atrributed to the FARDC K L

Mass killingsred colobus

Congo-Lualaba

Maiko

most recent event! 2015 - 2019

! 2010 - 2014

! 2000 - 2009

!( 1990 - 1999

!( before 1990


Kisangani


Yambuya

26

Kisangani

!( !(

!(

!(!(!(

!( !( !(!( !(

!(!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(

!(

!(

!(!(!(!(

!(!(

!(!(!(!(

!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(

!(!( !(!(

!(!(!(!(

!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(

!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(

!(!(

!( !(!(!(

!(

!(!(!(

!(

!(!(

!(!(!(

!

!!!

!

!

!!!

Lindi

Aruwim

i

Maiko NP


0 25 50 75 100

Kilometers

occurrence 2017-2019Confirmed

Probable

Doubtful

Never present

Bomili

Bafwasende

OpiengeTshopo

A

B

C

D

E

KisanganiCongo (Lualaba) Maiko


Interview reports of mining!( no current mining

!( small scale, few sites

!( small scale, many sites

!( large scale permanent sites

! shotguns reported at mining site

current mining sitesfew or none

frequent, small

large permanent

not classified


Yambuya

!(

!(!(

!( !(!(!(

!(

!(!(!(

!(

!(!(

!(!(!(

KisanganiLin

di

Ar

uwimi

Maiko

Maiko NP


0 25 50 75 100

Kilometers


Bomili

Bafwasende

Opienge

Tshopo

A

B

C

D

E

F

!( epidemics reported

epidemic mortality

Occurrence 2017 -2019Confirmed

Probable

Doubtful

Never known to occur

Congo-Lualaba


*

red colobus historicallyabsent; reported present2016 - 2017*

*

Yambuya

FIGURE7Epidemicdie-offsofRedColobus

FIGURE8.ArtisanalminingintherangeofKisanganiRedColobus.

27

FIGURE9.Presenceofblackandwhitecolobus(Colobusspp)

!(

g

ggg

g g ggg

ggggg

g

g

!(g!(gggg!(!(

g!(

!(!(!(

g

g!(

!(!(!(!(

!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(

!(!(!( gg

!(!(!(!(

!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(

!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(

!(!(

!( !(!(!(

!(

!(!(!(

!(

!(!(

!(!(!(

Kisangani

Lindi

Aruwimi

Maiko

Maiko NP


0 25 50 75 100

Kilometers

OccurrenceConfirmed

Probable

Doubtful

Never present

No Information

Bomili

Bafwasende

Opienge

Tshopo

Village interviewsreported occurrence

!( Confirmed

!( Probable

!( Doubtful

!( Never present

g No information

Colobus angolensis and/or C. guereza


*

*

Colobus angolensisconfirmed

28

!( !

!

!

!

!

!

Kisangani

Lindi

Aruwimi

Maiko

Tshopo

0 20 40 60 80

Kilometers

Loya


?


type specimens (Allen 1925)collections (Colyn 1991)

?

?

Piliocolobus langiKisangani Red Colobus

current survey (2019)Piliocolobus ellioti (hybrid)

current survey (2019)Unknown forms

undescribed

?

FIGURE10.PhenotypicvariationinKisanganiRedColobus

29

FIGURE11.Comparisonsofencounterratesofprimatesandhumanactivities.

30

Annex1.TrainingobjectivesandcontentforpreparationoffieldleadersforfieldsurveysoftheKisanganiRedColobus

A.Butetobjectifs

Laprésente formation commephasepréparatoireauxdeux candidatsdeprojet colobe rougeapoursuivi lesobjectifs

suivants:

ü Assurerquelesdeuxstagiaires,candidatsduprojetcolobeontuneconnaissanceetl’expérienced’appliquerles

méthodologiesduterrain

ü Améliorerlacapacitédeconnaissancesurlafaune(observationdirecteetindirecte)

ü Connaitrelamanipulationdesoutils(GPS,Boussole)debasedenavigationenforêt

B.Travaildesouvragesetliterature

1Objectifs:Renforcerlacapacitédelire,comprendreetappliquerlesrésultatspubliésdanslesouvragesscientifiques

Danscetterubrique,nousavonsfaitdesexercicessurlalecturedesouvragesscientifiquesenligne,àlabibliothèquede

bureaudeTL2/KisanganietsurleterrainàBangaliwa.

ü Etreàmesured’élaborerunplanningsurleslogicielsGoogleearthetArcGIS

ü Etrecapabled’appliquercorrectementleplanningélaboréaupréalablesurleterrain

C.Activitésréaliséesaucoursdelaformation

ü Exercicesur la lecturedesGuidesdesMammifèresd’Afriqueetd’autresouvragesscientifiquesen ligneeten

bibliothèquephysique

ü NotionssurlaComptabilité

ü PrésentationetmanipulationdeGPSetdeBoussole

ü Initiationauxlogiciels:MapsourceetGoogleEarth

ü Transfertdesdonnéesmapsourceà l’ordinateuretexplicationsommairesur ledossiercontenant labasedes

données

ü NettoyageetsaisiedesdonnéesMapsource

ü PrésentationdelistedePrimatesdePNL,dedépliantdePNLetdeGuidedeMammifèresd’Afrique

ü Présentation (power point) sur l'orientation et navigation en forêt et les Méthodes (Recce, Point d'écoute,

transect)decollectedesdonnéesdeterrain

ü Transfert, nettoyage et saisi des données de terrain de l'équipe de patrouille ''1905BL'', Paramétrage de

l'appareilphotoetexercicesurlaprisedesphotos,IntroductiondescoordonnéesgéographiquesdansleGPS

ü Paramétrage de l'appareil photo et exercice sur la prise des photos, Introduction des coordonnées

géographiquesdansleGP

ü Saisiedesdonnéesducarnetdeterrain

ü Prisedesphotos:CarnetetPV

ü ExercicesurGoogleEarth

ü ChoixdesphotosMOV

ü ElaborationetplanningdeMissionscientifiquesurGoogleMap

ü Notionssurlacomptabilité

Alafindecetteexercice,lestagiaireétaitcapabled’assurerlesuivant

• Uneconnaissancedelafauneetleurdistribution,etunecapacitédeconnaitre:siuneobservationreprésenteunedécouverteinattendu,etpotentiellementimportante

• Unecapacitéd’identifierlesespècesendémiquedelaRDCetleurreprésentationauniveaudusite• Unecapacitéd’évaluercorrectementlesobservationsdeconfirmerlavaliditédesobservationsoudéclarations

faitesdesgardescollaborateurslocauxetautres.• Unecapacitédeproposerlazonaged’unesiteentermesdecesespècesphare,avecunaccentparticuliersurles

espècesdeprimates.• Capacitédefournirlesrapportsavecsoutienscartographiqueetanalysesspatialesdepremierniveau.

31

Annex2Instructionsandmethodsforinterviews1)Documentationparphotosdesspecimensvu(Animauxmortsetintact)Prioritisephotosdefaune,etenparticulierprimates.Prisedephotos:Envillage,survelo/moto,aumarchéPrisedephotos(animalintacteetfrais):Pose1profileparterresurcotéPose2tete,etvisage(frontal)Pose3dos/dorsalPose4ventreNotezlasexedel’animal.Origined’animal Lieuobservé:L’endroitouvousavezvul’animal

Lieuachat:L’endritoupeproprietairedel’animalaeulespecimen,siiln’etaitpasluimemechasseur. Lieuabattage.Fournirunlieumemeapproximativementsipossible.Sipasdéterminé,indiquez«incounnue»,2)Informationprisependantlesenquêtes:Nomdevillageoulieudel’interviewNomdelapersonne,sarésidence,ageQuelestsaprofession(chasseur,cultivateur,vendeur,transporteur,etc).Fourniruneévaluationdesonexpérienceenforet,etsaconnaissancedelafauneetducoloberougeenparticulier.Quelestldernierdatequ’ilavuuncoloberouge?Ou?estcequel’animaletaitvivantoumort.Simort,ilétaittuéou?Estcequ’ilconnaitlesendroitsousetrouvelecoloberouge?Estcequ’ilpeutfournirunedescriptiongéographiquedulieuetcommentyarriver?C’estqueldiretiondelaroute,enquelbloc,etcombiendetempspouryarriverQuelsautresespecessetrouventdanssazone?…Utiliseznomsvernaculaire,etassociésavecnomsscientifiquesPourespècesinconnudonneznomvernaculaire3)EspècescibléesparlesenquêtesColoberouge(Kolongo)Colobenoiretblanc(Magistrat)OkapiGorilleChimpanzeeSingedelhoestiSingedeteted’hibouPreseneznotesurpresenced’autresespecesmentionnesourcibleparlespersonnesobjetd’entervue

32

ANNEX3.KisanganiRedColobusInterviewdatacollectionformInstructions:Remplirpourchaquelieuouvousavezlesenquêtessubstantielles1)Localité:__________________________________.Date_____________NoWayPoint___________________Latitude:____________________________________Longitude:__________________________________________2)NomsdepersonnesressourcesoufournisseursinformationNom Fonctionouactivité Quelestsonexpérienceenforetetaveclafaune? Informationsfourniparenquêtessurlacoloberouge(kolongoouangboko)Derrnieredatevu?Vivantoumort?ousontlesendroitsnouspouvonsvoircoloberouge?quelsautresespècessontla?3)Activitésdechassedanslevillage:Nombredepersonnesavecchiendechasse_________________ Nombrevu,ouautrecommentaireNombredecalibres12danslevillage:________________

NombreVuetleurétat:

Utilisationouprésenced’autrematérieldechasse:Compléterpourchaqueclassedematérielsonutilisationdanslevillage:fréquent,moinsfréquent,pasutilisé:Matériel Utilisation CommentaireCâble Piègenylon Cartouches00enventeambulant

Cartouches00enventeboutique

Autre 4.Activitésminièresetl’exploitationartisanaleClassezlevillageparlaprésencedesactivitésminièresetleurproximitécommesuivantClassededistance:

A) Villageacoted‘unecarrièreoubasededragueB) Villageamoinsde2heuresdemarched’unecarrièreoudragueC) Carrièresprésentes,maisàplusdedeuxheuresàunejournéedemarcheD) Activitésminièreplusd’unejournéedemarchededistance,oupasdanslazone

Nomdecarrièreousitedrague ClassedeDistance Noteoucommentaire

33

Protocole,pagesuite.Nomdevillage______________________________5.PrésencedelafaunePourchaqueespècefournirlacatégoriedesaprésence:

A. Présentetprèsduvillage.Fournirdatesd’observationsdanslecommentaire

B. PrésenceconnuemaisauneadeuxheuresdemarcheFournirdanslescommentaireslesnomsderivières,directionapartirdelaroute

ouautreinformationquipermettentlocalisationapproximativeAussidateobservationsrécentes.

C. Présenceconnuemaisplusloinquedeuxheuresdemarches.Fournirtoutévidencequipermetunelocalisationcartographique,dates

d’observationsrécentesD. Présenceinconnue,carl’espècen’estpasbienreconnueparlesinformateurs.E. Présentdanslapasséemaisdisparueactuellementdanslazonedevillage

Fournirdanslescommentairespériodededernièreprésence,raisonspourdisparitions

F. L’espècen’ajamaisexistédanslazoneduvillage

Ilestimportantdefournirdocumentationphotographiquepourtouteobservationdesinge,etparticulièrementtoutcoloberouge(Piliocolobus)Deuxespècesdecolobenoiretblancsontpossiblepourlazone,ColobusangolensisetC.guereza.Ilfautassurerenquêtesquidistinguententrelesdeux,sipossible.

Espèce NomscientifiqueNomvernaculaire(àcompléterpendantinterview)

Catégoriedeprésence Commentaires

Gorilledel’est Gorillaberingei Ngila

Chimpanzé Pantroglodytes Sokomutu

Coloberouge Piliocolobuslangi Kolongo,Angboko

Guereza Colobusguereza Magistrat

Colobenoiretblancd’Angola Colobusangolensis Magistrat,

Singeàtêtehibou Cercopithecushamlyni Mutubu,mundukbu

Singedel’hoesti Allochrocebuslhoesti Sabila

Singedebrazza Cercopithecusneglectus

Eléphant Loxodontacyclotis tembo

Okapi Okapiajohnstoni

Léopard Pantherapardus chui

Pangolingéant Smutsiagigantea Nkaka

rediscovery of the kisangani red colobus · 2020. 3. 10. · care of gps and camera, field data...

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