redd+ in mongolia
TRANSCRIPT
5/27/2013
1
REDD+ in Mongolia
Batkhuu Nyam-Osor
(PhD in Forest Environmental Science)
Department of Forest Science,
School of Biology and Biotechnology,
National University of Mongolia
LOGO
Outline of presentation
• Opportunities for REDD+ in Mongolia
– Characteristics of forest cover
– Understanding of deforestation and forest degradation and
strategies to address them
• REDD+ in Mongolia
- Identification of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation
-REDD+ strategy options
-REDD+ Readiness so far …
-REDD+ Roadmap (REDD+ readiness) and main activities
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Pop=2.7 million, lowest
pop density in the world
Land: 1,566 thousand km2,
Population: 2.5 million (population density = 1.54/ km2)
Capital: Ulaanbaatar (1,580m above sea level)
Biogeoclimatic zones: Montane, Boreal forest, Forest-Steppe, Steppe,
Steppe-Desert, Desert
Precipitation: Mountainous (400 mm), Desert and steppe-desert (less than
100 mm)
Mongolia: Country context • Population 2.8 million (64% urban)
– Urban drift placing increasing pressure on forests near urban
centre
• Currently experiencing rapid economic growth
– Driven primarily by the mining sector
• Impact on forests
– Clearing of forest for mines and effects of contamination
– Increase in domestic demand for timber for construction and
household use
• Government is committed to directing growth towards a green
economy
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Forest distribution in Mongolia
Mongolia’s forests are administratively divided into three zones for the purpose of
forest resources management according to the Law on Forest.
Forty-seven percent of forests fall within the Strict Zone, which includes sub-
alpine forests, special protected areas, national parks, nature reserves and cultural
monuments. Only limited exploitation to meet local subsistence needs for fuelwood
and NTFPs is allowed in this zonal category.
The next category is the Protected Zone, covering 46% of the country’s forest area.
This covers forest around bodies of water such as rivers and lakes, cities, towns,
roads and railways. Commercial logging is strictly controlled within this zonal
category of forests, while harvesting of fuelwood and NTFPsfor domestic
consumption, to a limited degree, is permitted. In the first two categories, much of
activities are limited to “forest cleaning”, which means collection of deadwood and
harvesting of fire-damaged trees.
The last category is the Utilization Zone, covering the remainder of the forest (<
10%), and commercial logging in this zone is permitted under strict control by the
Government.
Classification according to Forest Law
Conservation of Biological Resources and the Key
Ecosystems
About 18.2 million hectares, 11.6%
of the total land area of Mongolia is
under some form protections at the
present, the Mongolian
Government’s long term goal being
to increase this percentage to 30%.
The Protected Areas System now
comprises 12 Special Protected
Areas, 8 National Parks, 16
Nature Reserves, and 6 Natural
and Historical Monuments.
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Hectares % of land
area
Annual
change
rate
Carbon stock
(million metric
tonnes)
Total land area 157 million
Total forest area 12.8 million 8.14%
Northern coniferous and
hardwood forests
10.9 million 6.7% -0.74% 583.00
Saxaul forests and shrubs 1.9 million 1.44% -6.5% 3.18
Forest cover in Mongolia
Source: FAO, FRA 2010
Tree species (thousand, ha) Economic regions
Total Western Khangai Central Eastern
Larix sibirica (Siberian larch)
Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine)
Pinus sibirica (Stone pine)
Abies sibirica (Siberian fir)
Picea obovata (Siberian spruce)
Betula spp. (Birch)
Populus spp. (Poplar)
Populus tremula (Aspen)
Ulmus spp. (Elm)
Salix spp. (Willow)
Haloxylon ammodendron (Saxaul)
647.3
-
12.6
5.4
-
1.1
9.4
0.004
-
0.3
776.4
6091.6
54.5
251.6
3.7
-
289.9
6.2
1.3
2.2
20.0
201.0
1128.7
493.5
527.2
19.1
2.4
696.4
5.7
10.9
0.7
9.5
1063.4
786.4
115.9
200.5
0.3
-
174.5
6.2
6.0
-
-
-
8654.0
663.9
991.9
28.5
2.4
1161.9
27.5
18.2
2.9
29.8
2040.8
Grand total 1452.4 6922.1 3957.5 1289.8 13621.8
Species distribution in the economic regions of Mongolia
*Sources: Report on State of Environment, Ministry Nature and Environment,
Mongolia 2006.
Key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation
Driver Direct causes Indirect causes
1 Forest fires 80-95%, caused by humans Perverse incentives in
regulations
2 Illegal logging Commercialized illegal
logging; small-scale logging;
fuel wood collection (cooking
and heating)
Weak law enforcement;
increasing demand for timber;
poverty; lack of alternative fuel
sources
3 Insect invasion Moths and beetles Lack of research
4 Forest disease Lack of research
5 Grazing forest
areas
Livestock damage on forest
regeneration/regrowth
Increased number of livestock;
lack of regulation
6 Mining industry Clearing mining sites and
chemical contamination
Mining licence overlap with
forested areas
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FOREST LOSS AND DEGRADATION
Forest resources in Mongolia
have been continuously degraded
over the past few years due to
-Improper exploitation,
-Forest fires,
-Insects and diseases,
-Mining,
-Uncontrolled grazing, and
-Inadequate management.
According to reports on forest
status, some 1.6 million ha of
forest area have been completely
destroyed between 1974 and 2000.
2130.2
2173.5
939.1
2203.4
2068.1
2236.1
2205.3
1919.1
1800.5
1290.8
1200
892.4
854.8
856.6
864.5
636.2
653.2
509.1
711.2
464.4
520
593.2
568.3
576.6
596.5
609.9
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Years
Vo
lum
e, th
ou
san
d c
ubic
met
ers
64
391
205120
34
2300
2710
732
25131
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Years
Are
as (t
hous
and
ha)
A) Timber harvesting done in 1980~2005
B) Areas affected by forest fires in 1991~2000
10
7.2
4.6 1
53
.6
87
.3
15
6.2
33
.3
28
.6 14
3.3
2.3
17
.4
64
9.8
63
.9
39
0.7
20
5.2
12
0
34
.1
23
00
27
10
73
2
25
13
3.1
87
.3
34
51
.33
2.7
11
0 31
1
39
2
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Forest fire disturbance (thousand. ha )
TIMBER HARVESTING AND EXPORT
21
30
.2
21
73
.5
93
9.1
22
03
.4
20
68
.1 22
36
.1
22
05
.3
19
19
.1
12
90
.8
12
00
89
2.4
85
4.8
85
6.6
86
4.5
63
6.2
65
3.2
50
9.1
71
1.2
46
4.4
52
0 59
3.2
18
00
.5
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
19
80
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
11
96
19
98
20
00
Years
Volu
me
in C
ubic
met
er
Since 1990, when Mongolia's economy started receding, big timber
factories split into smaller ones and presently there are about 500 small
forestry entities in operation. This coupled with increasing environmental
concerns, led to reduction of timber export. During 1980s average timber
export in Mongolia was approximately 2 million cubic meter per year,
and in 1990s, it reduced to about 0.8 million cubic meter a year.
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Climate change
Air temperature increase -2.10С during
1940-2007
Mountain area – 1.9-2.30С
Gobi and steppe area – 1.6-1.70С
By season:
Higher in cold season – 3.60С
Lower in warm season – 1.8-1.90С
Total precipitation were decreased by 7% or 16 mm during last 68 years of observation.
Dendrolimus superans sibiricus
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Ocneria dispar
967
877
1688
2610
2236
3203 35
75 3819
3229
4039 44
02
4992
4488 4586 49
34
3970
3211
5001 53
00
5005
9030
8000
9050
500
1500
2500
3500
4500
5500
6500
7500
8500
9500
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
Years
Area
, ha
73.5
72.7
71.9
71.1
70.3
9
69.5
68.7
65.7
1
70
62.9
5
64.2
9
67.1
4
64.2
3 65.7
1
64.2
9
67.1
4
71.1
1
69.4
54.2
3
57.1
4
51.4
2
52.3 53
.75
50
55
60
65
70
75
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
Years
Are
a, h
a
Reforestation and Tree Planting Activities
Reforestation activity in Mongolia has started
in 1970s.
Reforestation success was very low, (30~60%),
seldom reaching 50%.
Main reasons for the poor result of the
plantations:
-lack of compatibility (sites vs species),
-nursery systems (outdated techniques and
poorly equipped),
-poor site preparation,
-poor quality of planting stock due to poor seed,
-no seed orchard was available and
-forest plantations on grazing land often was
resented by herders
A) Reforested area from 1980 to 2005
B) Survival rate of planted seedlings
REFORESTATION AND TREE PLANTING
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Drivers: Comparison of round wood and fuel wood
Purpose of removal
Removal of wood, annual average
in 2005 (000 cubic meter)
Requests to
remove wood
made by
Forestry
Agency, 2010
Boreal
forests
Saxaul
forests
Total
Industrial round wood 50 50 107.9
Fuel wood 450 124 574 801
Total forest harvest 625 Not known
REDD+ strategy options
Key drivers
Possible ways/strategies of REDD+
1 Over harvesting for fuel wood • Develop alternative low carbon fuel sources
•Support for community-based forest
management
2 Illegal timber collection • Support for community-based forest
management to guard forest areas
•Improved forest governance e.g. low
enforcement
3 Demand for round wood for construction Increase efficiency of wood use
4 Insect attack/outbreak Improved control measures (removal of dead
tress, chemical/biological control)
5 Forest fires Improved early warning systems (e.g. aerial
control/patrol)
6 Overgrazing Regulate herder community activities
REDD+ Readiness so far …
June 2011
– Mongolia becomes UN-REDD Partner Country
• September 2011
– Decree established National REDD+ Roadmap Taskforce
• November 2011
– Regional consultation in Selenge province
• March 2012
– Draft REDD+ Roadmap prepared
– First National REDD+ Workshop held to validate proposed Roadmap
activities
– Regional consultation in Khuvsgul province
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REDD+ Roadmap (REDD+ readiness)
Main activities Sub-activities (outputs)
1
National REDD+ management
arrangements established
(including Consultation and
Participation Plan)
Broad-based, multi-stakeholder National REDD+
Taskforce established
Establish REDD+ Programme Unit
Establish CSO/LC Forum
Consultation and Participation Plan (stakeholder
engagement)
FPIC Guideline and REDD+ Grievance Mechanism
2
National REDD+ Strategy prepared
Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation identified
and legal policy alignment
Identification of REDD{ strategies
Capacity building Action Plan
Land tenure, carbon rights, benefit-sharing and gender
analysis
REDD+ Social and Environmental Safeguards
Main activities Sub-activities (outputs)
3
Reference emission levels and
reference levels developed
REL/RL developed, including National Forest Inventory
Assessment of National circumstances
4
National forest monitoring
system and safeguards
information system developed
National information, monitoring and MRV framework
established
Information system for measuring multi-benefits, other
impacts, governance and safeguards established
National Taskforce structure
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1. Forestry Agency, Director (Taskforce Chair)
2. Forestry Agency, Director of the Forestation Policy Division (Taskforce Secretary)
3. Cabinet Secretary of the Government of Mongolia
4. National Human Rights Commission, Director of the Division of Complaints, Monitoring and Evaluation
5. Special Envoy for Climate Change, Mongolia
6. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry: Deputy Director of the Department of Livestock
Policy Implementation
7. Ministry of Finance, Specialist of the Division of Budget Expenditure
8. Ministry for Nature, Environment and Tourism, Specialist of the Department of Environment and
Natural Resource Management
9. Forestry Agency, Director of Forest Exploitation, Regulatory Division
10. Forestry Agency, Chair of the Forest Organization Service of the Forest Reserve and Forest Protection
Division
11. Agency of Land Affairs, Geodesy and Cartography, Chair of the Urban Planning and Land Affairs
Division
12. Agency of Mineral Resources, Specialist of the Mining Research Division
13. Mongolian Environment Civil Council
14. National University of Mongolia, Head of the Department of Forest Science
15. Ministry for Nature, Environment and Tourism, Chair of the Division of CDM
16. Director of the ‘Future of Forest’ LLC
The Members of the National REDD+ Taskforce (Annex of the
Decree establishing the Taskforce)
Proposed national management structure to
REDD+ readiness
Cooperation with development partners
• The development of the REDD+ Roadmap in Mongolia has been
funded by:
– Government of Japan (UN-REDD Tier 2: UNDP)
– UNDP Mongolia Country Office
• Close cooperation with other partners:
– GIZ Climate Change and Biodiversity Program
– FAO in-country work with community-based forest groups
• The Government of Mongolia is committed to self-financing several
REDD+ activities
• However technical support is still required through to support REDD+
readiness
– E.g. REDD+ Strategy, Benefit-sharing, National Forest Monitoring
System, and Safeguards Information System
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Where we are now?
• Lack of long-term strategy.
Highly politicized bureaucracy, government policy decisions tend to be temporary and are
often made by non-professional political appointees, and the bureaucratic structure is
largely influenced by each election. This has resulted in a lack of long-term focus and
strategy.
•Weak policy framework.
Mongolia’s National Forestry Policy is tends to reduce legal timber supply with strict
controls and inspections without addressing current market demand, and this has resulted
instead in increase in illegal logging and corruption. Meanwhile, local governments are
expected to generate revenue from forestry services, which should be directly used for
forest conservation but in reality goes to support other activities as they can be used as a
income generation tool. This has resulted in poor management of their forest resources.
Some challenges with REDD+
• Unclear legal and regulatory framework.
Overlaps in laws and regulations create confusion over implementation and this hinders
effective enforcement of measures against illegal logging and unsustainable land and forest
management practices including mining.
•Weak capacity and shortage of resources.
A shortage of capacity and financing for scientifically-based policy development and legal
enforcement. Much of the responsibility for combating illegal logging goes to the local
authorities without given a corresponding budget.
•Technical and financial support. However several different donor and international
organizations are supporting REDD+ activities, technical and financial support is still
required to support REDD+ readiness in Mongolia
Some challenges with REDD+
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• Limited knowledge on sustainable forest management.
Limited technical understanding and knowledge to maintain and enhance forest resources
and growth hinder systematic efforts towards sustainable forest management in Mongolia.
• Overlapping institutional responsibilities.
Several government institutions are responsible for developing and monitoring the forest
industry, and there are overlaps between their responsibilities, which create confusion and
conflicts.
Some challenges with REDD+
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