redd-alert wp5: case studies in cameroon innocent bakam macaulay land use research institute...
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REDD-ALERT WP5:Case studies in Cameroon
Innocent BAKAMMacaulay Land Use Research Institute
Aberdeen, UK
Criteria for site selection
• Image availability: the villages should be included in the area identified within WP1, where satellite images are available and cloud free, such that an historical analysis of deforestation is possible.
• Range of drivers: the villages should allow coverage of the range of deforestation drivers in southern Cameroon: agriculture, logging, market, infrastructures…
• Data availability: As far as possible, we should try to work in villages where it is possible to benefit from data from past or on-going projects, such as STCP
Image availability
Image availability
Image availability
Image availability
Gradient of deforestation
Range of drivers
Agriculture for subsistence in Ekeke
Agriculture for Gabon and Equatorial Guinea markets in Meyo-Centre
Logging in Somalomo near the Dja Reserve
The REDD-Camer model
• Purpose: to study the implications of REDD policies at the local level
• Agents:– Land patches (to represent
land uses)– Households (to make
decisions on land use)– Local/national institutions
(to implement REDD policies)
• Scenarios to be tested: REDD policies at local level
• Output: the 3Es– effectiveness: emission
avoided – efficiency: relative cost– equity: how benefits are
shared
REDD effectiveness
Avoided deforestationBalance of land usesBalance of ecosystem servicesSocial equitySystem resilience
Carbon pricesOpportunity costsAgricultural practices
Economic factorsPopulation
Land tenureSocial structure
Social/institutional factors
Coupled Human-Environment system
households
Land patches
The REDD-Camer model
• Agent-based model with PALM• Following ASB-CamFlores model + development of
household decision making processes• Land patches
– each land patch represents a field which supports a crop system described by a specified transition (mixed food-fallow system, forest melon fields, cocoa plantations)
– transitions follow basic rules of local farming systems, – the actual timing of land use change is determined by
households’ decisions. – the forest area surrounding the village is represented by a
special land patch where farmers may convert portions to crop patches (deforestation process), and which can also be extended with abandoned old fallow patches (fallow to forest conversion).
The REDD-Camer model
• Households make decision about:– selection of forest patch for conversion into agriculture– area associated to each land use– priorities for labour allocation to different tasks.
• Decisions are influenced by a combination of factors:– household basic needs (subsistence, cash requirement for
education, health, recreation)– labour availability (household composition, possibility to hire or
exchange labour)– crop productivity (soil fertility, fallow age, forest, previous crop)– land availability (land tenure/access/usage rights, security of land
tenureship)– spatial configuration (distance to farms, proximity with other
farms, with other households’ farms)– access to market (possibility of selling farm products, availability
of food on the market)– social norms (usual agricultural practices, peer pressure, attitude
towards innovation)
The REDD-Camer model
• A household will be characterised by its composition (men, women, children), its land ownership and usage rights, and the level of importance it associates to each of these factors, building on the study of personal preferences of farmers in land use decisions from Brown (2006).
• Local/national authority may adopt a set of policies in order to influence farmers decisions and deliver the required level of avoided deforestation.
Capacity building
PAM: Compensation for policies and measures
RAC: reference level crediting
CAT: cap and trade
Projects level crediting
National level compensation
Funded projects
CertificationBest practice
Integrating climate policies in broader development policies
Implementing strategic planning of road improvements
Resettlement incentives
Land rehabilitation - incentives for local government
Land tenure reform – establishing and enforcing clear property rights
Funding fire prevention programs
TaxesIncentives: subsidies, tax credits
PES (not only carbon)
Tradable permits
Set up protected areas
Stop illegal logging
Suspend permits for palm oil, plantations or peatland
Non deforestation law
Promoting off-farm employmentInformation
instruments (awareness campaigns)
Voluntary agreements – mainly between government and industry
Forest fire hotspot detection
Enhancement of conservation activities inside/outside protected areas
Promote sustainable forest management practices
Provide alternative livelihood opportunities
Use of idle land
Agricultural intensification – alternatives for subsistence agriculture – reduce pressure on forests
Establishment of new markets
Development of market mechanisms and instruments – carbon offset markets
Rehabilitation of degraded forests
Farm forestry
Community forest management
Local groups lease tracts of forest from the government, and sell C units according to the amount of deforestation avoided
Paying communities for reduced deforestation or natural regeneration
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The REDD-Camer model
• Scenarios to be evaluated will include – the current situation as a baseline (static, in absence of
REDD)– population increase leading to agricultural intensification
and changes in different land tenure types (dynamic, in absence of REDD)
– REDD funding being used to accelerate intensification (e.g. fertiliser subsidies)
– introduction of community forestry schemes, e.g. perhaps where REDD benefits are allocated by a village representative (who can allocate as little or as much as he wants, but must deliver avoided deforestation or not receive money)
– differing carbon prices and opportunity costs. Also how uncertainty in this prices may affect decision-making regarding land use options.
– other policy instruments arising from WP4 (Task 5.7)
The REDD-Camer model
• Criteria for evaluation of each scenario in comparison to the baselines will include the way that REDD mechanisms may affect – rates of (avoided) deforestation and associated GHG
emissions (effectiveness)– the balance of land-uses and hence balance of
ecosystem services– the relative cost per unit of emission avoided
(efficiency)– distribution of wealth, social equity (fairness, equity)– the resilience or sustainability of the system (i.e.
what happens if REDD disappears).
Forest Melon Field
D. Brownhttp://aem.cornell.edu/special_programs/afsnrm/brown/photos/ForestMelonFieldCameroon.jpg
Mixed food crop field
D Brownhttp://aem.cornell.edu/special_programs/afsnrm/brown/photos/MixedFoodCropFieldCameroon.jpg
Primary forest
Mongabayhttp://www.mongabay.com/images/brazil/deep_primary_forest_02.gif
Land-use transition (Brown 2006)
Land-use transition in Akok (Robiglio 2008)
Data requirements for REDD-Camer model
Draft questionnaire