recovering silver from photographic processing solutions

8/12/2019 Recovering Silver from Photographic Processing Solutions

1/12

Eastman Kodak Company, 1999

Kodaks health, safety,

and environmental

publications are available

to help you manage your

photographic processing

operations in a safe,

environmentally sound

and cost-effective

manner. This publication

is part of a series of

publications on silver

management designed

to help you optimize

silver recovery. It will

help you understand

available silver-recovery

EnvironmentI N F O R M A T I O N F R O M K O D A K

J-215 $12.00

techniques.

Recovering Silver from

Photographic Processing Solutions

Silver halide crystals are a majorcomponent of photographic film orpaper. The chemistry of silverhalide image capture and thesubsequent chemical changes thattake place during processing

represent the most efficient form ofhigh-quality image capture knowntoday. Although electronics arechanging the frontier of imagingscience, they will probably neverreplace all silver halide products,but will instead complement theimaging technology.

THE PHOTOGRAPHICPROCESS

As silver halide films and papersundergo the photographicprocessing steps, key changes takeplace in the form and location of thesilver. In color processes virtually100% of the silver comes out of thefilm or paper and remains in one orseveral of the processing solutions.With black and white processes thesilver is split between remaining in

the processed image and migratinginto a photographic processingsolution.


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Recovering Silver from Photographic Processing Solutions J-2152

Silver is recovered from thephotographic processing solutionsfor two reasonseconomic andregulatory (compliance). The tablebelow presents an overview of thethree most common types of silver

recovery.

The technique you choose and themethod you use depends on anumber of factors including: Whether you are recovering the

silver for economic reasons or tocomply with stringent dischargecodes

The volume of solution to betreated

Your budget

Comparison of Silver-Recovery Techniques

Electrolysis Metallic

Replacement Cartridges Precipitation

Recovery Efficiency > 90% > 95% > 99%

Advantages Can produce> 90% pure silver Initial costs are relativelyinexpensive; if used for

compliance; ongoing costs

can be high.

Consistent low silverconcentration. Easy to

monitor preformance.

Disadvantages Relatively high final silver

concentration; may require

secondary recovery

Difficult to know when to

replace; discharges iron;

limited by some sewer codes.

In some cases, not consistent.

Not available for all

processes

Applications All photographic processing

facilities except

very small facilities

All photographic

processing facilities

Very small and

large facilities


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Recovering Silver from Photographic Processing Solutions J-215 3

The diagram below details thedifferences between terminalprimary silver recovery, terminalsecondary silver recovery, and in-line recirculation silver recovery.

Unit

#2 Silver

Recovery

Comparisons of Primary, Secondary, and In-Line Silver Recovery

Terminal Primary Silver Recovery(typically electrolysis)

Solution Source

(holding tank or processor)

#1 Silver

Recovery

Unit

Drain

Processor

Fixer

Tank

In-Line

Recirculation

Unit

Terminal

Silver Recovery

and Drain

In-Line Circulation Silver Recovery

Terminal Secondary Silver Recovery(optional, typically MRC)

The amount of silver found inoverflow photographic processingsolutions varies extensively fromsolution to solution. The table at theright shows some of shows theranges that are found in commonprocessing cycles.

Silver Concentrations in Various Overflow Solutions

Solution KODAK Process Silver Concentration

(mg/L)

Bleaches

(Washless Process) C-41 Minilab 5 200

Bleach-Fix RA-4, NR 6,000 10,000

RA-4, NT 3,000 4,000

Fixer Black-a nd -White 3,0 00 7,000

E-6, Tank 1 5,000 12,000

E-6, Tank 2 1,000 3,000

C-41 5,000 12,000

RA-4, separate

bleach and fixer 2,000 10,000

Low Flow Washes RA-4, Tank 1

Low Flow 1,000 3,000

Stabilizers

(Washless Process)

C-41/RA-4

Minilab 100 1,000


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Electrolytic silver recovery is, inmany cases, the most cost-effectiveand efficient way to remove silverfrom silver-rich photographic

processing solutions. However,silver concentrations out of theelectrolytic unit usually are in therange of 200 800 mg/L and sometype of secondary or tailingrecoverytechnique is necessary in order tomeet stringent regulatory dischargelimits. Trying to push mostelectrolytic equipment to treatsolutions lower than about200 mg/L: Is usually not energy or time

efficient

May generate noxiousby-products

Requires larger-than-normal cellsize (high cost)

You can treat almost all fixers,bleach-fixes, low flow washes, andcombinations by electrolysis.

ELECTROLYSIS

There are three basic types ofelectrolysis cells: Fixed cathode

Rotating cathode (or some well-

designed fluid pump throughcells)

In-line recirculation (either fixedor rotating cathode cells with theinstallation of special electroniccontrollers)

Fixed cathode units generally areused for low-iron solutions such asProcess C-41 or black-and-whitefixers. Rotating cathode cells arecommon for solutions that contain ahigh level of iron chelate such as

color paper bleach-fixes. The iron inthese solutions produces anelectrochemical reaction thatcompetes with the reduction ofsilver at the cathode; increased fluidmovement across the cathode isnecessary to produce a higherplating efficiency to offset thiscompetition and provide anadequate desilvering rate. Thedisadvantage of rotating cathodeunits is that they contain more parts,which adds to their cost and

maintenance.

TYPES OF UNITSIn-line electrolytic fixer

recirculation or closed-loop fixerrecirculation, is common in certainblack-and-white and Process C-41color applications. Either kind ofelectrolytic cell will work. The

solution is continually desilveredand returned to the processor tank.The fixer tank is maintained at amuch lower silver level thannormal (0.51.0 g/L versus asmuch as 6.0 g/L or higher). Theresult is a reduced amount of silverbeing carried into the wash tank inthe next processor section.Therefore, you dont need toconcerned with silver concentrationin the wash discharge. Thereplenishment rate of the fixer may

also be reduced by as much as 50%.A colorimetric silver test is an

excellent tool used to adjust andmonitor in-line electrolyticrecirculation equipment to ensureoptimum performance. Too muchsilver being removed by the unitmay result in solution sulfiding anddeposits on the film or paper; toolittle silver being removed defeatsthe purpose of the equipment.


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Two of the major factors thatdetermine the correct electrolyticunit for a photographic processing

facility to use are the type ofsolution(s) being treated and thedaily volume requiring treatment. Ifyou are going to treat largequantities of bleach-fix, low-flowwash following bleach-fix tanks, orE-6 fixer, you should use a rotatingcathode unit or pump-throughunit specially designed for thisapplication. If you are going to treatonly low iron solutions such asblack-and-white or Process C-41fixers, you can use a simpler (andusually less expensive) fixedcathode unit. Always pay carefulattention to the manufacturersadvertised rate of silver removal.Although occasionally optimistic,these specifications represent thebest approximation of how muchsilver can be removed per unit timeand therefore are key in determiningthe size of cell necessary to meet afacilitys needs. The examples on theright provide a method of

calculation to size an electrolyticunit to your operation.

SELECTING THE PROPERUNIT

Gallons per day of silver-richsolution.

Nature of the Solution

(chart at left).Silver Content (grams/litre) inthe Solution.

Time available (daily, in hours)to run ESR.

NATURE OF EFFLUENT

If Effluent is: Then B =

AreaCathodeRequired

Area

1.1 ft=2

40=

CathodeRequired

=Amps10.6

4 x 8=

AmpsRequired 20 x 3.785 x 4.5 10.6 x 4

EXAMPLE #2

8 hours per day.

A radiography group produces 20 gallons of black-and-white fixer at 4.5 g/L; work time is only

=2

1.8 ft= =40

35.5 x 2

amps3.55

2 x 16

100 x 3.785 x 3=

ampsRequired

ft 210.6amps

AmpsRequiredC

4.5

B

4

g/L

D

8hours

A

gal20

(chart)1.1

CathodeArea

Required

2ft1.8

amps35.5

hours16

g/L3

(chart)2

gal100

AreaCathodeRequired

AmpsRequired

DCBA

busy day. Average silver content is approximately 3 g/L with a second-shift operation.

A consumer lab produces 100 gallons of combined Process RA-4, C-41, and E-6 effluent on a

EXAMPLE #1

40

Amps x B

B x D

A x 3.785 x C

2Determine the Cathode Area Required (ft ) =

Determine the Required Amperage (amps) =

1.5

2

3

4

Bleach-Fix alone

C-41, and/or E-6

Bleach-Fix + Low Flow Wash,

C-41 or E-6 Fixer

Black-and-White Fixer

)(

)(

D =

C =

B =

A =

YOU NEED TO KNOW:

Sizing an Electrolytic Silver Recovery (ESR) Unit


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It is very important that you followthe installation/operation manual

that comes with your new unit. Installthe electrolytic unit in a well-ventilated area with enough roomaround it to allow someone to serviceit. The electricity to the unit must besufficient to provide the voltage/current requirements specified for theunit. Follow the current and timerecommendations suggested in themanual for your type of solution ormixtures. Keep a log detailing criticalparameters (voltage, current,electrolysis time, preventive-maintenance service, generalcomments) to allow a process re-creation in the event troubleshootingbecomes necessary. Use the correctiveactions shown in the troubleshootingtable to optimize your process.

The correct initial unit set-up isessential to good long-term

performance, the quality of silverflake produced, and the ease ofremoving that flake from the cathode(sometimes referred to as mining thecathode). Some troubleshootingguides are included in table at theright. Generally, current adjustment isthe best tool. Surface preparation iskey to easy removal of the silver flakefrom the cathode. We recommendmildly polishing the surface with aScotch-Brite or similar pad prior to

beginning electrolysis. In some cases,where good flake is being formed atthe correct deposition rate but is stilldifficult to remove from the cathode, avery thin coating of automotive waxprior to electrolysis will help. Consultyour equipment manufacturer fortheir advice in this area.Developments in electronics andequipment design over the pastdecade have significantly reducedproblems in this area.

GENERAL TIPS FORSTARTING UP ANELECTROLYTIC UNIT

REMOVING SILVER FROMTHE CATHODE

The table below provides a guide totroubleshooting various problems

that can occur with electrolytic silverrecovery equipment.

Proper pH is important foroptimum performance inelectrolytic desilvering; this is

TROUBLESHOOTING ANDTIPS FOR BETTEROPERATION

especially true for iron-containingsolutions. Increasing pH: Reduces the tendency for iron to

interfere with reduction silverelectroplating.

Makes the cathode reaction for

silver plating energetically morefavorable.

Electrolysis Troubleshooting

Problem Probable Cause Corrective Action

Poor platinglow

silver plating or lost

silver

Current too high

Improper plating time

Adjust current or plating

time

Improper cathode surface

preparation

Scour w/Scotch-Brite-like

pad prior to electrolysis

Sulfiding Current too high for silver

concentration

Plating time too long

Agitation too low


time

Recovered silver not

pure

Current too high, resulting in

sulfiding

Current is not appropriate for

the type of solution being

desilvered


time

Match current neededwith

the type of solution being

desilvered

Nodules on the

cathode or sell

shorts out

Accumulated dirt in the bath

plates or becomes occluded

in the silver plate

Make sure used fixer fixer

is adequately filtered prior

to electrolysis

Silver sulfideformation

(silver platingfalls off

or silver collects in

the bottom of the

cell)

Low sulfide in solution To maintain plating effi-ciency from most fixers,

the concentration of

sodium sulfite should be

8 10 g/L when the silver

level is 1 5 g/L

Platingcurrent toohigh orunit

run too long

Adjust current or time

Solution not

desilvered to proper

level

Low pH Adjust pH

Low current or insufficient

time

Adjust current or time

Electrical problems, bad

connection

Check connections,

consult operation manual

Very dark plate Initial silver concentration of

solution is too low

Adjust current

Platingcurrent toohigh orunit

running too long


time

Always exercise care when working with corrosive chemicals

(use proper eye protection, adequate ventilation, gloves, etc.)


7/12


Generally, the higher the pH, thebetter. In practice pH should not beincreased above 7.8 8.0 due to theevolution of ammonia that takesplace in ammoniumbased fixers andbleach-fixes. You can use a strong

base, such as sodium (orammonium) hydroxide or sodium(or potassium) carbonate, to adjustthe pH upward. The carbonates arethe safest to work with; thehydroxides are usually the leastexpensive. You can also use pHadjustment chemicals sold by manyswimming pool supply houses.Some examples are given in table onthe right.

Always exercise care whenworking with these corrosive

chemicals; use proper eyeprotection, adequate ventilation,gloves, etc.

You can perform the adjustmentsatisfactorily using most brands ofpH measurement strips. Two typesof strips that perform particularlywell are: colorPHast Indicator Strips

pH 0 - 14, by EM Science,Gibbstown, New Jersey.

Baker pHIX, Universal pH Sticks,range 2.0 9.0.

Obviously, a pH meter worksbetter than pH adjustment papers,but requires significant effort tocalibrate. Consult the video, UsingKODAK Control ToolsHow toMeasure pH(CAT No. 129 5914), for

additional information on pHmeasurement and adjustment withmeters.

If your facility plans to reuse thesolution being electrolyticallydesilvered or is experiencingdifficulty with the quality of silverflake formed, you may wish to add

additional sodium sulfite to thebatch prior to electrolysis. A rule-of-thumb is to add the equivalent of1 g/L of additional sulfite for everyg/L of silver to be removed from thesolution. This will help to prevent

the solution from being degradedand the cathode burned. Neveradd sulfite to Process RA-4 Bleach-Fix, since it significantly reduces theelectrolysis efficiency.

Recommendations for Adjusting the pH of Iron-Containing Solutions

Solution mL of Solution per Litre of

Bleach-Fix Overflow*

* Approximate mL required to raise EKTACOLOR RA-4 Bleach-Fix overflow pH to 7.5 8.0. Use a pHmeter or pH strip to determine exact amount required for your facilitys overflow.

28% Ammonium hydroxide 10

10N Sodium hydroxide 13

45% Potassium hydroxide 14

10% Sodium carbonate 200

10% Potassium carbonate 300

EKTACOLOR RA Developer Tank Overflow 900


8/12


A metallic replacement cartridgecontains metallic iron in a form thatphotographic solutions can passthrough in a controlled manner toallow the silver complexes in thesolution to react with the iron. Thesilver is reduced to its metallic formand stays in the cartridge while theiron is oxidized and passes intosolution. There are many forms ofiron that can be used in MRCs.Some include: Steel wool

Iron filings

Steel screen wire

Iron filings on a rigid support

Most photographic solutions canbe desilvered by the proper use of aMRC or MRC system. Someexceptions include: Black-and-white reversal bleach

Fixer preceded directly byferricyanide bleach

Seasoned ferric-ammoniumEDTA bleach

Fixers with a highly alkaline pHCall Kodak Environmental

Services for information on how todesilver these specific cases.

Some of the pros and cons ofMRC use are shown in the followingtable.

METALLICREPLACEMENTCARTRIDGES (MRCs)

Pros and Cons of MRC Desilvering

Pros Cons

If used properly, can be very efficient for

low silver compliance.

MRCs are relatively inexpensive and

work reasonably well with a broad range

of solution types. The metallic replacement process is a

simple technology not requiring a high

degree of sophistication to perform.

It is easy to monitor canister

breakthrough, especially with a

colormetric silver test.

Breakthrough can be estimated by

keeping records of time in service and

volume throughout.

Although capable of good efficiency, a

less than optimum performance is

common.

Spentcanisters aremore costly to refine

than silver recovered by othertechniques.

MRCs are dependent upon contact time

with steel media and therefore require

good control of solution flow rate.

MRCs frequently require a "break-in"

period and work best when used

continually with no breaks in service.

Monitoring required to detect

breakthrough.

MRCs discharge iron to the effluent.

The single biggest factor influencingthe performance of MRCs is theresidenceor dwell time of thesolution in the cartridge. In actualpractice, the cartridges are usuallyused in pairs for performance safety.You can control solution flow eitherby gravity feed through a flow-restricting orifice or by a meteringpump. Almost always, metering

pump systems do a better job.Always follow the flow raterecommendations provided by themanufacturer of your MRC. If youmust, use a longer residence timerather than a shorter one. Althoughthis may dissolve the steel slightlyfaster than necessary and reduce theultimate capacity of the cartridge,too little residence time can lead tohigh silver discharges from thesystem.

CHOOSING THE PROPERUNIT

Each MRC has a fixed amount ofsteel in it. As this is consumed by thedesilvering process the MRC willeventually decrease in its capacity toremove silver from the solutions.MRCs are normally used in pairs(series)*, preferably with a samplingport placed between individualunits. Samples are taken from theport and silver concentrationmeasured by some convenient

technique such as estimating paper,copper strips or a colorimetricmethod. (See KODAK PublicationJ-211,Measuring Silver inPhotographic Processing Facilities,for additional information onmeasuring silver.) When either ofthese tools detect silverthecolorimetric method is much moreaccurate and reproducibleyoushould replace the cartridges.

USEFUL LIFE OF MRCs

* A few customers have used3 MRCs in series

for added insurance.


9/12


Generally, you remove the firstMRC, move #2 into the #1 position,and place a new unit in the #2position. If strict silver compliance isnecessary, you can replace bothcartridges at the same time.

You can use Metallic ReplacementCartridges as a primary (and only)system or as a secondary or tailingsystem following electrolysis. Acommon misconception is thatcartridges will work much longerbefore replacement when they areused for the tailing operation (i.e.,due to less silver removal). This istrue, but the natural corrosivity tosteel of many photographicprocessing solutions consumes steelwool even when silver is not being

removed. Always monitor thesystem to detect breakthrough, andreplace the cartridges on a regularbasis.

You must monitor (and sometimescontrol) the pH of the solutionpassing through the system. Tooperate most efficiently, the pH ofthe solution needs to be acidic to

encourage the steel wool to dissolve.Most photographic fixers andbleach-fixes have an acceptable pHrange. Ideally, the pH should bebetween 5.5 and 6.5. If the pH isbelow 5.0, the steel wool will becatalyzed to dissolve too rapidly andthe capacity of the cartridge could bereduced significantly. If the pH is

ADJUSTMENT OF pH

basic (above 7), the steel wooldissolution reaction will be slow andoptimum silver removal may nottake place.

You can adjust the pH upward ordownward with acetic acid or pH

adjustment chemicals found atswimming pool supply stores.Again, pH papers are sufficient tomonitor this adjustment.

MRCs work best when they are pre-conditioned by allowing to stand forseveral hours with a mildly acidicsolution such as fixer or bleach-fix inthem. This allows the steel wool to

PRE-CONDITIONING MRCs

begin to etch or becomechemically activated for silverrecovery. At the very least, fill a newMRC with water to begin tochemically prepare the steel surfaceand minimize the potential to

channel or form pathways that donot contact the steel wool once it isplaced in service.

You will obtain the bestperformance and longest life bycontinuous use with approximatelythe same solution composition/mixture. Intermittent or infrequentuse of MRCs allows the steel wool tooxidize or rust. Once this processhas begun, it is very difficult topredict the useful life of thecartridge.

MRC Troubleshooting

Problem Probable Cause Corrective Action

Cartridge becomes

exhausted too quickly

Flow rate too high

MRC too small for

application

Adjust flow rate

Use larger MRC

pH of solution too low Raise the pH

Loss of recovery efficiency

Lower silver yield thanexpected

Highsilver concentration

out of MRC

Solution discharged is

untreated

Solution pH too high

Flow rate too high Cartridge not

"preconditioned"

Solution flow pattern

causes steel wool

erosion to form a

channel; solution is able

to pass untreated. (This

is a possible result of

low volume or

intermittent usage.)

Lower the pH

Adjust flow rate Soak with solution prior

to installing

Pre-condition MRCs

before installation. Use

a mildly acidic solution,

fixer, bleach-fix, or at

the very least, water

Flow has become

plugged allowing MRC

by-pass

Look for obstructions to

flow; may be as simple

as a "crimped tube"

Plugged drain lines Precipitation of iron

hydroxide

Use an acid-type drain

cleaner when changing

MRC


10/12


Chemical precipitation, or theaddition of a chemical to thephotographic processing solution tocause an insoluble silver salt to form,

has not been popular in the pastexcept at large centralized waste-treaters. Over the past several years,Kodak has developed a newprecipitation technology based onTri-sodium 2,4,6-Trimercapto-s-triazine, more commonly called (forobvious reasons) TMT. TMTprecipitation technology wasinitially optimized for use assecondary treatment followingelectrolysis at large photographicprocessing facilities. The advantagesof the technique versus traditionalsecondary treatment with MRCs are: More consistent low silver results

Lower cost over the long-term

Reduced refining cost of theresulting silver sludge

Less labor required

PRECIPITATIONLarge-scale secondary recovery

can be very simple. However, youshould follow certain procedures.You must use the proper TMTdosage for the silver level of themixture under treatment.

Consistently mix the same solutions(day after day) and use acolorimetric silver test to determinethe correct dosing level. Typically,the silver concentration of thesolution mixture before treatmentshould not be below 300 mg/L.Choose the proper electrolysisconditions during primarytreatment. If you use the properTMT dosage level and do not obtainacceptable final silverconcentrations, consult the

following table.

Large-Scale Secondary Precipitation Troubleshooting

Concern Probable Cause Corrective ActionFinal silver concentration

too high

Improper dosing Determine initial silver concentration of

mixture and adjust dose

Try to treat as consistent a mixture of

overflow solutions as possible

Insufficient settling time Optimize using a controlled study

Silver concentration before treatment less

than 300 mg/L

Adjust electrolysis conditions with

primary equipment

Settled sludge volume exceeds stand-pipe

height. (You may see excessive yellow solid

getting to final filter.)

Adjust stand-pipe height

Line purge step has been skipped or

shortened

Lengthen purge line

Improper filter cartridge or improper

installation

Check filter type and installation

Several manufacturers now makecustomized equipment forautomated secondary precipitationtreatment with TMT.

In 1995, Kodak introduced a semi-automatic unit designed to serve as

the primary silver-recovery unit forsmaller Process C-41, Process RA-4,and Process E-6 photographicprocessing facilities. This unit hassignificantly changed the way silveris recovered at many smallphotographic processing facilities.Some of the features of the unitinclude: More consistent low silver results

Less labor (almost fully-automaticoperation)

Lower refining cost of the

resulting silver sludge

Less floor space required

Easy-to-monitor performance


11/12


The operation of the semi-automatic unit makes silverrecovery as simple as it can get;however, you must keep an eye onseveral very basic items. Like large-scale TMT recovery, proper dosing

level is important with the semi-automatic unit. The Part B flocculantmust be mixed properly and withinmix age to ensure the formation oflarge "scrambled egg-like" particlesthat easily separate from the liquidphase of the treated solution. Toguarantee easy solution flowthrough the unit, you must rinse thesystem according to themaintenance schedule in theoperator's manual and you mustoccasionally clean the particle screen

in the unit's hold tank. Althoughthese items may seem cumbersome,proper routine maintenance on theunit is by far the least time-consuming of any type of functionalsilver-recovery equipment today.

Semi-Continuous Precipitation Troubleshooting

Concern Probable Cause Corrective Action

Final silver concentration

too high

Improper Part A dosing Determine initial silver

concentration of mixture

and adjust Part A dose.

Always treat solutions in

"as replenished" propor-

tions. If you periodically

dumpyour stabilizer tanks,

try to blend this solution

gradually with the other

overflows.

Part B is either not mixed

properly or is very old.

(Another clue is lack of

formation of "large

particles" in the reactor

tubing prior to the filter.)

Refill the Part B reagent

tank with a fresh mix of

Part B.

Short filter life Equipment not forming

large particles (i.e., a lotof"dust" instead of clumps).

Check Part A & Part B

delivery rates. Checkinitialsilver concentration to

verify at least 1 g/L

concentration. Modify

procedure for stabilizer

dump to increase silver

concentration, if

applicable.

Slow flow-through

system

Tubing is beginning to

plug

Rinse system according to

Users Guide

The screen on the pump

suction line in the

collection tank is plugged

Clean screen per Users

Guide

Pumps need calibratingorcheck valves require

cleaning

Check flow rate of eachpump using the calibration

procedure in Appendix C

of the Users Guide;

remove and clean the

check valve.

Semi-automatic unit will

not run, although

plugged in and turned on

Solution level in collection

tank is low

This is part of the normal

operation; youdo not need

to take any corrective

action.

Low level in Part A tank;

not indicated by status

light

Check solution level in

Part A tank and refill, if

necessary. Replace

indicator bulb,if necessary.

Low level in Part B tank;

not indicated by status

light

Check solution level in

Part B tank and refill, if

necessary. Replace

indicator bulb, if

necessary.

High system pressure; not

indicated by status light

Check sludgelevel in filter.

Replace, if full.

Replace indicator light

bulb, if necessary.


12/12

EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY ROCHESTER, NY 14650

Revised 7/99

Recovering Silver from PhotographicProcessing SolutionsKODAK Publication No. J-215

CAT 804 1576

If you have environmental or safety questionsabout Kodak products or services, contact KodakEnvironmental Services at 1-585-477-3194,between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. (Eastern time) or visitKES on-line at www.kodak.com/go/kes.

Kodak also maintains a 24-hour health hotlineto answer questions about the safe handling ofphotographic chemicals. If you need health-related information about Kodak products, call1-585-722-5151.

For questions concerning the safetransportation of Kodak products, call Kodak

Transportation Services at 1-585-722-2400.Additional information is available on the

Kodak website and through the Canadafaxback system.

The products and services described in thispublication may not be available in all countries.In countries other than the U.S., contact your localKodak representative, or your usual supplier ofKodak products.

MORE INFORMATIONThe following publications are available from

Kodak Customer Service or from dealers who sell

Kodak products.

J-210 Sources of Silver in Photographic Processing

Facilities

J-211 Measuring Silver in Photographic Processing

Facilities

J-212 The Technology of Silver Recovery for

Photographic Processing Facilities

J-213 Refining Silver Recovered from

Photographic Processing Facilities

J-214 The Regulation of Silver in Photographic

Processing Facilities

J-216 The Fate and Effects of Silver in the

Environment

J-217 Using Code of Management Practice to

Manage Silver in Photographic Processing

Facilities

For more information about Kodak Environmental Services,

visit Kodak on-line at:

www.kodak.com/go/kesMany technical support publications for

Kodak products can be sent to your fax machine

from the Kodak Information Center. Call:

Canada 1-800-295-5531

Available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week

If you have questions about Kodak products, call Kodak.

In the U.S.A.:

1-800-242-2424, Ext. 19, MondayFriday

9 a.m.7 p.m. (Eastern time)

In Canada:

1-800-465-6325, MondayFriday

8 a.m.5 p.m. (Eastern time)

Kodak, Ektacolor, and e mark are trademarks.

recovering silver from photographic processing solutions

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