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EXPT NO: 3 SALT ANALYSIS -1

AIM

To identify the anion and cation present in the given salt.

MATERIALS REUIRED:

Test tubes, test tube holder, spatula, glass rod, watch glass.

PROCEDURE

PRELIMINARY TESTExperiment Observation Inference

1

2

3

4

Colour

Solubility test:

i. Solubility in water

ii. Solubility in dil. HCl

Flame test:

The substance is made into a paste

with conc. HCl in a watch glass and

a little of this shown in the flame

Ash test:

Salt + conc. HNO3+ Cobalt nitrate

solution and heat the mixture. Then

dip a filter paper in it and burn to

ash.

Colourless

Soluble but gives a ppt with Na2CO3Soluble

No characteristic flame colour.

Pink ash.

Cu2+

, Fe3+

, Co2+

, Ni2+

, Mn2+

may be absent.

NH4+absent.

Pb2+

absent.

Absence of Cu2+,

Sr2+

, Ca2+

, Ba2+

Mg2+present.

Systematic test for anions.

i Add a pinch of substance to dil. HCl No characteristics reactions. Absence of CO32-

ii Salt + 2 or more drops of conc.

H2SO4and warm it.

Brown gas and the solution

remains colourless.

Presence of NO3-

iii Salt + conc. H2SO4+ Cu turnings +

heat

Light brown gas and solution turns

bluish.

Presence of NO3-

Confirmatory Test for Nitrate

To a solution of NO3-, add freshly

prepared FeSO4 solution followed

by conc. H2SO4along the sides ofthe test tube.

Brown ring at the junction of two

layers.

Presence of NO3-confirmed.

Result:

The given salt contains NO3-anion.

Systematic test for cations.

I

Ii

Iii

Iv

V

Vi

vii

Test for NH4+:

Heat the salt with NaOH solution.

Salt solution + dil. HCl

Salt solution + dil. HCl + H2S

Salt solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH

Salt solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH + H2S


+NH4(CO3)2Salt solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH

+Na2HPO4

No characteristic smell

No ppt.

No ppt.

No ppt.

No ppt.

No ppt.

White ppt.

NH4+absent.

Group I absent.

Group 2 absent.

Group 3 absent.

Group 4 absent.

Group 5 absent.

Group 6 (Mg2+

) absent.

Confirmatory test for magnesium ion

i Magneson test:

Salt solution + magneson reagent

followed by NaOH.

Blue ppt. Presence of Mg2+

confirmed.

ii Ash test:

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ash.

Pink ash Presence of Mg2+

confirmed.

Result:

The given salt contains Mg2+

cation.

Report:The given simple salt is Magnesium nitrate [Mg(NO3)2]


AIM


MATERIALS REUIRED:


PROCEDURE

PRELIMINARY TEST

Experiment Observation Inference

1

2

3

4

Colour

Solubility test:



Flame test:




Ash test:




ash.

Colourless

Soluble but gives a ppt with Na2CO3Soluble

Brick red flame.

No characteristic ash.

Cu2+

, Fe3+

, Co2+

, Ni2+

, Mn2+

may be absent.

NH4+absent.

Pb2+

absent.

Presence of Ca2+

Absence of Mg2+

, Al3+

, Zn2+

.


i Add a pinch of substance to dil. HCl No characteristics reaction. Absence of CO32-


H2SO4and warm it.

Colourless fuming gas with

pungent smell which gives dense

white fumes with NH4OH

Presence of Cl-

Confirmatory Test for Chloride ion

AgNO3test:

Add AgNO3to salt solution in the

presence of dil.HNO3

White curdy ppt soluble in excess

of NH4OH.

Presence of Cl-confirmed.

Result:

The given salt contains Cl

-

anion.Systematic test for cations.

I

Ii

Iii

Iv

V

Vi

Test for NH4+:





Salt solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH + H2S



No ppt.

No ppt.

No ppt.

No ppt.

White ppt.

NH4+absent.

Group I absent.

Group 2 absent.

Group 3 absent.

Group 4 absent.

Group 5 (Ba2+

, Sr2+

, Ca2+

) present.

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+NH4(CO3)2

Confirmatory test for cations

Dissolve group 5 ppt in dilute acetic acid and divide the solution into 3 parts.

I

Ii

iii

To the first part, add K2CrO4To the second part, add CaSO4To the third part add (NH4)2C2O4

No yellow ppt.

No white ppt.

White ppt.

Absence of Ba2+

.

Absence of Sr2+

.

Presence of Ca2+

iv Flame test:




Brick red flame. Presence of Ca2+

confirmed.

Result:

The given salt contains Ca2+

cation.

Report:

The given simple salt is Calcium chloride [CaCl2]


AIM

To identify the anion and cation present in the given salt.MATERIALS REUIRED:


PROCEDURE

PRELIMINARY TEST


1

2

3

4

Colour

Solubility test:



Flame test:




Ash test:




ash.

Colourless

Insoluble

Soluble


Blue ash.

Cu2+

, Fe3+

, Co2+

, Ni2+

, Mn2+

may be absent.

NH4+absent.

Pb2+

absent.

Absence of Cu2+,

Sr2+

, Ca2+

, Ba2+

Al3+

present.


i Add a pinch of substance to dil. HCl No characteristic reaction. Absence of CO32-


H2SO4and warm it.

Violet vapours condenses to black

violet particles on the side.

Presence of I-

Confirmatory Test for Iodide

AgNO3test:

Add AgNO3to salt solution in the

presence of dil.HNO3

Yellow ppt insoluble in excess

NH4OH

Presence of I-confirmed.

Result:

The given salt contains I-anion.


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I

Ii

Iii

Iv

Test for NH4+:






No ppt.

No ppt.

White gelatinous ppt

NH4+absent.

Group I absent.

Group 2 absent.

Group 3(Al3+

) present.

Confirmatory test for magnesium ion

i To the salt solution in dil. HCl, add 2drops of blue litmus and then NaOH

drop by drop.

Gelatinous blue ppt suspended insolution.

Presence of Al3+confirmed.

ii Ash test:




ash.

Blue ash Presence of Al3+

confirmed.

Result:

The given salt contains Al3+

cation.

Report:

The given simple salt is Aluminium iodide [AlI3]


AIM


MATERIALS REUIRED:


PROCEDURE

PRELIMINARY TEST


1

2

3

4

Colour

Solubility test:

i. Solubility in waterii. Solubility in dil. HCl

Flame test:




Ash test:




ash.

Colourless

Soluble but no ppt with Na2CO3Soluble


No characteristic ash.

Cu2+

, Fe3+

, Co2+

, Ni2+

, Mn2+

may be absent.

NH4+present.Pb

2+absent.

Absence of Cu2+,

Sr2+

, Ca2+

, Ba2+

Mg2+

, Zn2+

, Al3+

absent.


i Add a pinch of substance to dil. HCl No characteristic reaction. Absence of CO32-


H2SO4and warm it.

No characteristic reaction. Absence of Cl-, Br

-, I

-, NO3

-

Iii

iv

Salt + conc. H2SO4+ Cu turnings +

heat

Salt solution in dil HCl + BaCl2

solution

No characteristic reaction.

White ppt.

Absence of NO3-

Presence of SO42-

Confirmatory Test for Suphate

Salt solution + BaCl2solution White ppt insoluble in conc. HCl Presence of SO42-

confirmed.

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Result:

The given salt contains SO42-

anion.


I Test for NH4+:

Heat the salt with NaOH solution. Smell of ammonia. NH4+present.

Confirmatory test for NH4+ion

Salt solution in water + Nesslers

reagent + NaOH

Brown ppt. Presence of NH4+confirmed.

Result:

The given salt contains NH4+cation.

Report:

The given simple salt is Ammonium sulphate [NH4(SO4)2]

ORGANIC EXPERIMENTS

EXPT NO:7 IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP

AIMTo detect the presence of unsaturation, alcoholic hydroxyl group, phenolic group, aldehydic group, carboxylic

group and primary amine group.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Test tubes, test tube stand, burners, water bath etc.

PROCEDURE:

(I) TEST FOR UNSATURATION

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

The given substance is treated with

cold dil. KMnO4

Decolourises Presence of unsaturation in

compound confirmed.

(II) TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC HYDROXY GROUP

Add a few drops of ferric ammoniumnitrate to the solution

Red colouration Presence of alcoholic hydroxyl group.

ESTERIFICATION TEST

Add glacial acetic acid and con.H2SO4

to the solution and heat it

A fruity smell is given out Presence of alcoholic hydroxyl group

confirmed.

(III) TEST FOR ALDEHYDE GROUP

i. Add Tollens reagent to a given

solution and heat it in water bath

Silver mirror is formed on the walls

of the test tube

Presence of aldehydic group

ii. Add Fehlings solution A and B to

given sample and heat it in water

bath

Brown ppt is formed Presence of aldehydic group

(IV)TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUP

Add neutral ferric chloride solution

to given sample

Violet colouration Presence of phenolic group

(V) TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC GROUP

Add NaHCO3to sample Effervescence evolved Presence of carboxylic group

(VI) TEST FOR PRIMARY AMINE GROUP

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To sample add few drops of CHCl3

and alcoholic KOH

An offensive smell is produced Presence of primary amine group

CONCLUSION

Detected presence of unsaturation, alcoholic hydroxyl group, phenolic group, aldehydic group, carboxylic group,

primary amine group in the given sample.

BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS

EXPT NO:8 IDENTIFICATION OF STARCH AND GLUCOSE

AIM

To identify starch and glucose from the given sample.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Test tubes, test tube stand, burners, water bath etc.

PROCEDURE

EXPERIMENT OBSERATION INFERENCE

(I)Test for starch

Add iodine solution to given

sample

Blue black colouration Presence of starch

(II)Test for glucose

i. Add equal amount of Fehlings

solution A & B. Shake well and

heat in water bath

Red ppt formed Presence of glucose

ii. Add Tollensreagent to sample

and heat in water bath Silver mirror

Presence of glucose

RESULT

Detected the presence of glucose and starch in the given sample.

EXPT NO:9 IDENTIFICATION OF FATS AND PROTEINS

AIM

To identify fats and proteins from given sample.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Test tube, test tube stand, burner etc.

PROCEDURE

I.Test for fats.


1. Put 2 drops of given solution in a

filter paper.

A translucent greasy spot appears. Presence of fats.

2. Heat the sample in alcoholic KOH,

cooled, diluted and add dil. HCl

A semisolid mass is formed which give

white ppt with dil. HCl to form

carboxylic acid

Presence of fats.

II. Test for proteins

1. Biuret test

Add a few drops of dil. NaOH to an

aqueous solution of given sample and

add dil. CuSO4drop by drop.

Violet colour Presence of protein.

2. Xanthoproteic test

Add conc. HNO3 to the sample. Deep yellow colour. Presence of protein.

RESULT

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Detected the presence of fats and proteins in the sample.

EXPT NO: 10 IDENTIFICATION OF PAIRS OF COMPOUNDS

AIM

To identify a pair of compound from the packet A and B by using suitable reagents.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Test tube, test tube stand, burner, water bath etc.PROCEDURE

I. Methanol and Ethanol


Take the given sample in two test

tubes. Add I2 and NaOH solution to

both, warm and then cool it.

Sample A gave yellow ppt of

iodoform.

Sample B give no yellow ppt.

Sample A is ethanol.

Sample B is methanol.

NaOH/I2 NaOH/I2 NaOH/I2

CH3CH2OH ---- CH3CHO ---- CI3CHO ---- CHI3+ HCOONa

Yellow ppt

II. Ethyl alcohol and phenol

i. Litmus test:

Add 2 drops of blue litmus solution

to the sample.

Sample A turns blue litmus to red

Sample Bno change

Sample A is phenol.

Sample B is ethyl alcohol.

ii. Treat samples with neutral FeCl3

solution.

Sample A- violet colouration.

Samplr B- no colouration.

Sample A is phenol.


iii. Iodoform test:

To the sample add I2and NaOH,

warm in water bath and cool.

Sample ANo yellow ppt.

Sample B-Yellow ppt of iodoform.

Sample A is phenol.


NaOH/I2 NaOH/I2 NaOH/I2

CH3CH2OH ---- CH3CHO ---- CI3CHO ---- CHI3+ HCOONa

Yellow ppt

III. Benzaldehyde and acetone

i. Add Tollens reagent to the sampleand heat in a water bath

Sample A- No silver mirror wasfound.

Sample B- Silver mirror

Sample A is acetone.

Sample B is benzaldehyde.

C6H5CHO + 2 [Ag(NH3)2]++ 3 OH

---- C6H5COO

-+ 4NH3+ 2Ag

iii. Iodoform test:

Take samples in different test tubes

and add I2and NaOH to both, warm

in water bath and cool.

Sample AYellow ppt.

Sample B- No yellow ppt of

iodoform.

Sample A is acetone.

Sample B is benzaldehyde.

NaOH/I2 NaOH/I2CH3COCH3 ---- CI3CO CH3 ---- CHI3+ CH3COONa

Yellow ppt

IV. Phenol and Benzoic acid

i.FeCl3test

Treat the sample with neutral FeCl3

solution.


Sample B- no colouration.

Sample A is phenol.

Sample B is benzoic acid.

6C6H5OH + FeCl3 ---- Fe(OC6H5)6]3-

+ 6H++ 3 Cl

-

ii.NaHCO3test

Treat the sample with solution of Sample A- No change. Sample A is phenol.

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NaHCO3 Sample B-Effervescence observed Sample B is benzoic acid.

C6H5COOH + NaHCO3 ----C6H5COONa + H2O + CO2

(effervescence)

v. Phenol and aniline

i. Add blue litmus solution to thesamples

Sample A turns blue litmus to redSample Bno change

Sample A is phenol.

Sample B is aniline.

ii. Treat the sample with neutral

FeCl3solution.


Sample B- no colouration.

Sample A is phenol.


6C6H5OH + FeCl3 ---- Fe(OC6H5)6]3-

+ 6H++ 3 Cl

-

iii. Add NaNO2and dil. H2SO4to the

samples in an ice bath.

Sample A- No characteristic

reaction.

Sample B- Yellow coloured dye

formed

Sample A is phenol.


RESULT

Identified the pair of compound from given samples.

EXPT NO:11 PREPARATION OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTION OF EGG ALBUMIN

AIM

To prepare colloidal solution of egg albumin.

THEORY

Egg albumin readily forms a colloidal solution with water at room temperature since it is hydrophobic. The sol

obtained is quite stable and it is not affected by presence of impurities.

PROCEDURE

i. Separation of egg albumin from egg was done by making a suitable sized hole at the end. Care was taken as to

pour first albumin into beaker without disturbing the yolk.

ii. Solution was prepared by adding adequate amount of water into a beaker containing egg white.

iii. Filtered insoluble particles and obtained a clear solution.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCEHeat a little of clear solution in it White coagulate was obtained with

turbid suspension

Egg albumin coagulated with the

action of heat

Add 2 drops of conc. HCl to a little

of sol.

Sol gets coagulated. Egg albumin can be coagulated by

using suitable electrolyte.

RESULT

Prepared egg albumin solution and studied its properties.

EXPT NO:12 PREPARATION OF FERRIC HYDROXIDE SOLUTION

AIM

To prepare Fe(OH)3solution and to study its properties.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Beaker, glass rod, test tube and test tube holder.PRINCIPLE

When concentrated solution of FeCl3is added drop by drop to excess of hot distilled water, a deep red solution of

hydrated Fe2O3commonly known as Fe(OH)3sol is obtained. It is hydrophobic solution.

FeCl3+ 6H2O ---------> Fe2O3.3H2O + 6HCl

(OR)

2Fe(OH)3+ 6HCl

PROCEDURE

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Pour 2 ml of concentrated FeCl3solution drop wise into 100ml of boiled water in a 250ml beaker. Hydrolysis of

FeCl3occurs quickly forming a reddish brown solution of Fe(OH)3.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1) Filtered Fe(OH)3solution

through filter paper

No brown ppt was separated Colloidal particles of Fe(OH)3are

smaller than pores of filter paper

2) Add Na2CO3solution to little of

solution

A brown ppt of Fe(OH)3was formed Colloidal particles can be

coagulated by using suitableelectrolyte

RESULT

Fe(OH)3 sol was prepared and studied its properties.

EXPT NO:13 PREPARATION OF DOUBLE SALT

AIM

To prepare crystals of potash alum.[K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O]

PROCEDURE

About 20ml of water was taken in a 100ml beaker. Dissolved about 2g of K 2SO4 in it by shaking with the help of

glass rod. Similarly, dissolved about 8g of Al2(SO4)3in 20ml of distilled water. Warmed it and added 3-4 drops of

H2SO4to make the solution clear. Filtered it and filtrate was mixed well with K2SO4solution. The solution was taken

in a crystallization dish. It is kept overnight, separated the crystals and washed them with ice cold water, later it

was dried by pressing between the folds of filter paper and weighed.

K2SO4+ Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + 6H2O --------> K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O

RESULT

Crystals of potash alum was prepared.

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