[re]constructing the water's edge

Waters EdgeA r c h i t e c t u r e a s m a c h i n e t o

m a n a g e f l o o d w a t e r s & e c o l o g y

Daniel M. HornThesis Advisor: Farzana Gandhi

[Re]constructingthe

NYIT

School of Architecture & Design

Architectural Thesis - 2012/2013 Advisor: Professor Farzana Gandhi

Daniel M. Horn

5Research

Design

Contents

Abstract......................................................................................................................................................................................8

Terrain Vague.........................................................................................................................................................................10

Evolution of Newtown Creek............................................................................................................................................12

Building as landscape..........................................................................................................................................................30

Storm water mitigation.....................................................................................................................................................34

Bulkhead typology................................................................................................................................................................38

The Isolator............................................................................................................................................................................54

Sectional analysis.................................................................................................................................................................62

Bulkhead prototypes.............................................................................................................................................................70

Urban / infrastructural scale...........................................................................................................................................86

Building scale..........................................................................................................................................................................102

References...............................................................................................................................................................................140

Research

Abstract

Hurricane Sandy impacted the entire eastern seaboard on October 29, 2012, leaving devastation in its

path. Massive storm surges as high as 14 in New York City were recorded. With the increase of storm

storms caused by global warming predicted for years to come, our outdated infrastructure adjacent

to the waters edge must be re-thought and re-constructed to better protect our neighborhoods and

cities. Along NYCs waterways, various tributaries emerge which date back to the regions long forgotten

history as a rich natural ecology.

Newtown Creek, located in the City of New York, is a tributary of the East River and is part of the

New York/New Jersey harbor estuary system. It forms the northern border of Brooklyn and the

southern border of Queens. In the mid 1800s, the 3.5-mile creek became one of the busiest hubs of

industrial activity in the country. More than fifty industries emerged along the waters edge, including

refineries, petrochemical plants, glue factories and coal plants. Massive industrial pollution resulted

from this heavy activity. Whats worse, NYC began dumping raw sewage into the creek in 1856 -

something that continues to this day via combined sewer overflows. Currently, factories and facilities

still operate along the creek creating a physical and social barrier between the adjacent populations

and the water. It was proposed as a national superfund site in September 2009 and received that

designation in 2011.

If that wasnt enough, on October 5, 1950 an estimated 17-30 million gallons of oil leaked into the

water, settling on the creek bed and seeping into the soil underneath local communities. The spill

continues to burn underground to this day and is estimated to course below 55 acres of Greenpoint

residential, commercial and industrial property; affecting hundreds of homes and dozens of businesses.

This has all contributed to the creeks overall failure as a natural ecosystem.

Terrain Vague is a term that is used to describe areas within a failed ecosystem, often due to negative

human intervention. Specifically in New York City, these are areas right along the border between land

and water. They are considered industrial wastelands, brownfields, and generally under-utilized spaces.

A new typology of intervention is possible within these sites, making them experiments for human-

ecosystem interaction that can benefit the natural environment.

In my own investigations on site, a new typology of terrain vague has emerged. Waters edge terrain

vague spaces come about along the banks of the newtown creek mainly because of the lack of publicly

active spaces connected to the water. All of the programs along the creek are industrial related sites

which act as barriers, shielding people from experiencing the creek.

Terrain Vague

Evolution of Newtown Creek

Pre-settlement - 1600s[ site ecology ]

Prior to Dutch settlement of what is now known as Greenpoint, NY, much of the area was a natural

wetland, with diverse wildlife and plantlife around its edges. The Dutch settlers cultivated the land and

fished in both the East river and the Newtown Creek. The creek was and still is considered a watershed

and an estuary - a partly enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing

into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Natural ecologies slow the impact of severe storm

surges and cleanses retreating storm and flood waters by slowly filtering it back into groundwater.

13[ A Brief Timeline through maps ]

pre-settlement waters edge

wetlands

dense forrest

cultivated farmland


Pre-settlement - 1600s[ wildlife ]

Diverse wildlife inhabited Newtown Creek in the 1600s.

15

bluecrab

clams

bass

seagull

heron

crane


Industrial development - 1800s[ shipbuilding ]

The area was also used to house the regions ship building production needs.


Numerous oil refineries and petrochemical plants emerged as the needs for production increased during

the industrial revolution.

Industrial development - 1800s[ oil refineries ]


On October 5, 1950, an estimated 17-30 million gallons of oil leaked into the water, settling on

the creek bed and seeping into the soil underneath local communities. The spill continues to burn

underground to this day and is estimated to course below 55 acres of Greenpoint residential, commercial

and industrial property; affecting hundreds of homes and dozens of businesses.

Pollution - mid 1900s[ oil spill ]

21

current residential areas

2005 mapping of free-product

2003 mapping of free-product

former exxonmobile terminal

apollo st. creek parcels

former paragon oil terminal


As a result of the massive pollution, most of the sites along the waters edge have been deemed

environmentally hazardous, limiting them to only certain types of industrial programming.

Pollution - mid 1900s[ brownfields ]

23

Brownfield sites

environmental remediation sites

hazardous remediation sites

Major air pollution source

sewage treatment facility

combined sewage outfalls


FEMA future sea level rise / rapid ice melt prediction map. The threat of storm surge flooding will

always be present in this vulnerable zone.

Present day - 2012 / 2013[ FEMA flood map ]

25

fema current 1-in-100 yr flood zone

2020 1-in-100 yr flood zone (9 srl)




Hurricane Sandy flooding map on Newtown Creek and surrounding communities - October 29, 2012. 6 -

10 storm surge.

Present day - 2012 / 2013[ Hurricane Sandy flood inundation zone ]


As seen from the map on the next page, Greenpoints zoning layout is set up as a layered system,

consisting of residential, commercial, a transition zone and eventually industrial. This unique layered

condition seperates the public from the waters edge. Residents do not even know what goes on in the

existing industrial warehouses and other spaces that occupy the edge.

Present day - 2012 / 2013[ existing zoning ]

29

RESIDENTIAL/COMMERCIAL

COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL

INDUSTRIAL

OPEN SPACE

C A L V A R Y C E M E T A R Y

E A S

T R

I V

E R

NE

WT O

W N

C RE

E K

G R E E N P O I N T

W I L L I A M S B U R G

L O N G I S L A N D

C I T Y

M A S P E T H

M S G R.

M c G O R L I C K P A R K

M c C A R R E N P A R K

Site research on the Newtown Creek included a very in depth analysis and assessment of the differ-

ent types of bulkheads that create the waters edge. Once again, a series of maps and diagrams were

used to illustrate the many types of bulkheads.

Bulkhead typology

39

rip-rap revetment

natural boundary

mudflats

ruins

hybrid bulkhead

deteriorating bulkheadsconcrete wall bulkheadtimber bulkhead

Rip-rap RevetmentConcrete Wall BulkheadTimber BulkheadNatural BoundaryMudflatsRuinsHybrid Bulkhead

Bulkhead Edge Conditions

Issues related to Waters Edge:1 - storm surges - flooding2 - stormwater management3 - ecology management4 - soil contamination

rip-rap (revetment)concrete (rigid seawall)timber (seawall)natural boundary (green zone)mudflats (intertidal zone)ruins (numerous materials)hybrid (rigid seawall)

13

24

[ bulkhead typology ]

41

intact bulkhead - rip-rap revetment

43

intact bulkhead - concrete wall bulkhead

59

isolator position 2

Design

As part of my overall strategy, I conducted several targeted charrettes to come up with initial ideas

for bulkhead typologies and more. These specifc ideas address flood issues, ecological issues and

stormwater runoff issues related to current bulkhead design.

Bulkhead prototypes

73

proposal 1 - bulkhead as filter

75

proposal 2 - bulkhead as mitigator

77

proposal 3 - bulkhead as machine

79

proposal 4 - bulkhead as program

Underground systems[ Combined Sewer Outflows ] Canals[ Underground canal & reservoir system ]

CSO

outfall locations

undergroundcanals

undergroundreservoir tanksIncrease water runoffcapacity

89

Underground systems[ Combined Sewer Outflows ] Canals[ Underground canal & reservoir system ]

CSO

outfall locations

undergroundcanals

undergroundreservoir tanksIncrease water runoffcapacity

Above ground systems[ Storm water runoff patterns ]

storm-water

surface flow

impervious

surface

Convert to:

50% One-Way

Street

50% Sidewalk

Swale

Increase

water runoff

capacity

Re-route

storm water

runoff

capacity

91

One-Way Conversion

2-way protected bike

lane

1 lane of parking

1 way moving lane

Planted green buffer

zone

[ Storm water runoff patterns ]

50-50[ Bio-swales / One-Way Street Conversions ]

Convert to:

50% One-Way

Street

50% Sidewalk

Swale

Increase

water runoff

capacity

Re-route

storm water

runoff

capacity1

0

pa

rkin

g

11

m

ov

ing

la

ne

10

g

ree

n z

on

e

10

2

-wa

y b

ike

la

ne

93

Building systems[ Existing buildings ] 50-50[ Bulkhead buildings + building retrofitting ]

Convert to: 50% Existing building use50% Public access and flood resistance

post-industrialbuildingspost-industrialbuildings

bulkhead buildinglocations

The introduction of the bulkhead building was key to the overall concept of rezoning and

re-thinking the Newtown Creek waterfront and waters edge. The goal was to bring people back to the

water - in safe and resilient manner. A research lab and community/recreation center was the program

for the site.

Building scale

lobby/

entrance

historical presentation

space

outdoor exhibition

space

oces/admin &

enclosed space

open courtyard

research center

wetlands

canal

program

Lock 2

Lock 3

Lock 1

Sto

rm S

urg

e B

arr

ier

open space / r

Sto

rm S

urg

e B

arr

ier

Diagrams

109

recreational

open space

open space / recreation

Lock 1

Lock 2

Lock 3 recreational

open space

canal

hardscape / softscape

Lock 1

Lock 2

Lock 3

Sto

rm S

urg

e B

arr

ier

Flooding[ mean sea level to 25 storm surge ]

25 storm surge

15 storm surge10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)

0 mean sea level

Water + Program Diagrams

25 storm surge25 storm surge

15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)

0 mean sea level

10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)

0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level


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0 mean sea level0 mean sea level


15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)


15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)

25 storm surge25 storm surge25 storm surge25 storm surge25 storm surge25 storm surge25 storm surge25 storm surge


25 storm surge25 storm surge25 storm surge

15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)

0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level

15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)

0 mean sea level

10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)

0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level

15 storm surge10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)

0 mean sea level

10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)

0 mean sea level

15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)

0 mean sea level

15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)

0 mean sea level

15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)

0 mean sea level

15 storm surge15 storm surge15 storm surge10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)

0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level


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0 mean sea level

10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)10 storm surge (Hurricane Sandy)

0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level0 mean sea level

111

Water + Program Diagrams

Passive Building Systems[ mean sea level to 25 storm surge ]

High Tide Water Overflow

Excess Floodwaters FIlter Into Groundwater

Rainwater Drainage

Scupper System

Flood Control - Lock System

Lock 2

Lock 3

Lock 1

Lock System Diagram

115

ck 2

ck 3

ck 1

Lock 2

Lock 3

Lock 1

Site Plan

Section A-A

5 10

Section B-B

50 10

20

20

0

Sections

Plans

+1 level

19

17

Bus stop

Commercial Street

121

+0 level

3

4

16

5 16

Bus stop

To A

djace

nt Park

ing

To Public Boat Launch Commercial Street

17

2

1

8

4

15

10

Legend

1 - public lobby

2 - staff lobby

3 - research lobby

4 - restroom

5 - presentation space

6 - outdoor exhibition space

7 - classroom

8 - conference room

-1 level

9 - office

10 - research lab

11 - fabrication lab

12 - outdoor plaza

13 - public cafe

14 - kitchen

15 - dormitory

16 - outdoor patio

17 - wetlands

6

4

712

12 6

16

18

16

13

14 4

9

123

-2 level

6

11

12

6

Roof[ drainage flows into locks ]

Outdoor Patio Structure[ exposed trusses ]

Program Structure[ exposed steel ]

Program Structure[ board-form concrete ]

Circulation Material[ perforated metal ]

Lock System[ flood / tide control ]

127 127

129 129

Renderings

References / footnotesNewtown Creek Brooklyn and Queens, NY. EPA. Environmental

Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2012.

Ente, Bernard. NCA:Image Galleries. Newtown Creek Alliance.

N.p., 2006-2010. Web. 28 Dec. 2012.

Ritchie, Ian. Crystal Palace Concert Platform Ian Ritchie

Architects. Ian Ritchie Architects. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2012.

Allied Works Architecture - Maryhill Overlook. Allied Works

Architecture - Maryhill Overlook. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2012.

Eisenman, Peter. City of Culture of GaliciaEisenman Architects.

The City of Culture. ArcSpace, 23 Jan. 2006. Web. 28 Dec. 2012.

Broek, Rob. High-Tech Solutions for Flood Control. About.com

Architecture. Jackie Craven, n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2012.

Sack, Juergen. High-Tech Solutions for Flood Control. About.

com Architecture. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2012.

Marken Dike. Marken Dike. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. .

Groyne. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Sept. 2012. Web. 28

Dec. 2012. .

Thomas Engineering Photos.. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. .

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3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

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141BibliographyMathur, Anuradha, and Dilip Da. Cunha. Soak: Mumbai in an Estuary.

New Delhi: Rupa &, 2009. Print.

Harmon, Katharine A., and Gayle Clemans. The Map as Art: Contem-

porary Artists Explore Cartography. New York: Princeton Architec-

tural, 2009. Print.

Gandelsonas, Mario. X-urbanism: Architecture and the American City.

New York: Princeton Architectural, 1999. Print.

Mostafavi, Mohsen, and Gareth Doherty. Ecological Urbanism. Baden,

Switzerland: Lars Mller, 2011. Print.

Migayrou, Frdric, and Marie-Ange Brayer. ArchiLab: Radical Ex-

periments in Global Architecture. London: Thames & Hudson, 2001.

Print.

Bergdoll, Barry. Rising Currents: Projects for New Yorks Water-

front. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2011. Print.

Rowe, Colin, and Fred Koetter. Collage City. Cambridge, MA: MIT,

1978. Print.

[re]constructing the water's edge

Documents

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