reconceptualizing morphology: the architecture of a giant single-celled alga & the latent shapes of...

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Reconceptualizing morphology:

The architecture of a giant single-celled alga & the latent shapes of grapevine leaves

Dan ChitwoodDonald Danforth Plant Science CenterSeptember 28, 2015

A giant single-celled alga & the implications for plant cell theory

Latent genetic & developmental shapes in grapevine leavesThe shape of climate change:Inter-annual variability in grapevine leaf shape

Independent origins of multicellularity

Independent origins of multicellularityOpisthokontsStreptophytesViridiplantae

Plantae

ChlorophytesRhodophytesAlgae(polyphyletic)

M Abedin & N King (2010)Trends in Cell Biology


Plantae




Plantae




Plantae



Plantae



Plantae


Macroscopic morphological complexity:plant architecture without multicellularity

V Coneva & D Chitwood (2015)Front Plant SciAdapted from Cocquyt et al. (2010) Mol Biol Evol

Macroscopic morphological complexity:plant architecture without multicellularityHmmerling, 1930s

www.science-projects.com


V Coneva & D Chitwood (2015)Front Plant SciAdapted from Cocquyt et al. (2010) Mol Biol Evol


Ernst Haeckel, Wikipedia,Wikimedia commons

Cell vs. Organismal Theory:Plant development Animal development

Kaplan and Hagemann (1991)BioScience


Plasmodesmata, symplasm


Cilia and Jackson (2004)Curr Opin in Cell Biol



Plasmodesmata, symplasmPhragmoplasts



Plasmodesmata, symplasmPhragmoplastsCell lineage patterns



Plasmodesmata, symplasmPhragmoplastsCell lineage patterns

Brukhin, Curtis, Grossniklaus (2005)Current Science


Plasmodesmata, symplasmPhragmoplastsCell lineage patternsCoenocytic female gametophyte



Plasmodesmata, symplasmPhragmoplastsCell lineage patternsCoenocytic female gametophyte

Conclusion: there is as much evidence to view morphologically complex plants as coenocytes as there is to consider them multicellular (at least in the same sense as animals)

An intracellular transcriptomic atlas of thegiant coenocyte Caulerpa taxifolia

Ranjan et al. (2015)PLOS Genetics


Why Caulerpa taxifolia?

Debatably worlds largest single-celled organismRanjan et al. (2015)PLOS Genetics



Debatably worlds largest single-celled organismCan regenerate from any fragmentRanjan et al. (2015)PLOS Genetics



Debatably worlds largest single-celled organismCan regenerate from any fragmentKiller algaeinvasiveRanjan et al. (2015)PLOS Genetics



Debatably worlds largest single-celled organismCan regenerate from any fragmentKiller algaeinvasiveEndosymbiotic bacteriaRanjan et al. (2015)PLOS Genetics



Debatably worlds largest single-celled organismCan regenerate from any fragmentKiller algaeinvasiveEndosymbiotic bacteriaConvergent morphology with land plantsRanjan et al. (2015)PLOS Genetics



A wave of apical-basalgene expression
















A wave of apical-basalgene expressionRanjan et al. (2015)PLOS Genetics

Intracellular patterns of gene expression coincide with pseudo-organsRanjan et al. (2015)PLOS Genetics

Intracellular patterns of gene expression coincide with pseudo-organsRanjan et al. (2015)PLOS Genetics

Molecular homology between land plant organs and algal pseudo-organs?Leliaert et al. (2012)Crit. Rev. Plant Sci.

Molecular homology between land plant organs and algal pseudo-organs?Ranjan et al. (2015)PLOS Genetics


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?D Reinhardt


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D Reinhardt



Species effects

Species, developmental stage,& leaf number effects



ShootbaseShoottip


L1L2L1L3L4L5L6L7L8L9L10ShootbaseShoottipLeafNumber,different leaf types


S1S2S9S10S3S4S5S6S7S8L1L2L1L3L4L5L6L7L8L9L10DevelopmentalStage,unequal expansionLeafNumber,different leaf typesShootbaseShoottip


ShootbaseShoottipLeaf numberDevelopmental stageUnequal expansionDifferent leaf types





Evolutionary vs. developmental pathsin the Vitis leaf morphospace

Species effects


Developmental stageUnequal expansion


Leaf numberDifferent leaf types

Species identity can be predictedindependently from development

Species identity can be predictedindependently from development

Developmental stage can be predictedindependently from species identity

Leaf number can be predictedindependently from species identity



Landmarks sensitive to allometry

Blade expands faster than vein



Genetic & developmental shapes are independent




Discriminating leaves from different years:Same vines, same stages




Climate interannual variability:2014/15 was colder & drier than 2012/13

Climate interannual variability:2014/15 was colder & drier than 2012/13

Extant and geologic history:Leaf shape & size correlate with climate

Extant and geologic history:Leaf shape & size correlate with climate

Paleomap, scotese.com

Thanks!CaulerpaAashish RanjanBrad TownsleyYasu IchihashiNeelima SinhaGrapesLaura KleinAllison MillerJason LondoSusan RundellQuaneisha WoodfordDarren LiTommy YuJose LopezJulie Kang

Tomatoes/graftingMargaret FrankViktoriya Coneva

The morphospace ofwild & domesticated Vitis

The morphospace ofwild & domesticated Vitis

Changes in developmental timingin domesticated grape