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Recommended Best Management Practices (BMP) for the Prevention of P. ramorum
Introduction or Establishment in Nursery Operations
Karen SuslowHines Horticulture Production ManagerCOMTF Nursery Co-ChairCA Nursery Pest Advisory Task Force Vice Chair
Drivers in this Process
• Continued disease presence• Protection of the natural ecosystem• Protection of the nursery industry • Regional concerns – CA, OR, WA • National concerns – NPB • Bilateral (US – Canadian) trade
Development Process
Oct. 2005 ANLA/HRI,ARS, Industry, and
Regulators Meeting
Nursery Industry Subgroup
Reviewed andPresented at NPB Meeting
2002 BMPs forNurseries in CA
Quarantine CountiesCANGC/CDFA/OAN Refinement of BMPs
May 2007 Final review by USDA,
State Regulators, ARS, NPB, and Industry
Primary Collaborators
• ANLA/HRI • CANGC• OAN• WSNLA• CDFA• ODA• WSDA
• Nursery Operations• Land Grant
Universities• USDA – APHIS• USDA – ARS• NPB
Recommended Best Management Practices (BMP) for the Prevention of P. ramorum
Introduction or Establishment in Nursery Operations
• Developed using NAPPO RSPM 24 • Reviewed by researchers, regulators, and
industry representatives in multiple states • Based on best available science• Collaborative development & ‘vetting to
industry’• Weighted focus on High-Risk plants
What are High-Risk Plants in the US?
Percentages of total P. ramorum-positive plants in 2005Other
1%
Rhododendron38%
Pieris3%
Viburnum6%
Kalmia2%
Camellia50%
Other 8%Kalmia
2%Viburnum4%
Pieris 3%
Rhododendron 38%
CamelliaRhododendron Pieris ViburnumKalmiaOther
2006 Western Region P. ramorum-Positive Nursery Samples
Camellia45%
Other 5%Kalmia
7%Viburnum1%
Pieris 2%
Rhododendron 49%
Camellia 36%
CamelliaRhododendron Pieris ViburnumKalmiaOther
2007 Western Region P. ramorum-Positive Nursery Samples
0
50
100
150
200
250
2005 2006 2007
Year
Tota
l Pos
itive
Sam
ples
CAORWA
Trends in P. ramorum-Positive Nursery Samples
Criteria for Interstate Shippers of HAP of P. ramorum
Voluntarily selected BMPs
High Risk BMPs = 3x/year inspection of all HR plants by regulators; 2x/year inspection of MR plants
Approved nonApproved non--host host shipping nursery shipping nursery
listlist
Emergency Order = Compliance Agreement, buy-in restriction, record keeping
Proposed additions Proposed additions (currently being (currently being implemented in CA & implemented in CA & OR)
Monthly inspection by state agriculture dept.
Annual nursery inspection w/ focus on P. ramorum and mandatory sampling
Non-HAP in regulated state
Regulated state
Quarantined county
Mandatory/Regulated Mandatory/Regulated current practices:current practices:
Criteria for Interstate Shippers of Hosts and Associated Host Plants
(HAP) of P. ramorum
Approved non-host shipping nursery list
Emergency Order (EO) = Compliance Agreement, buy-in restriction, record keeping
Monthly inspection by state agriculture dept.
Annual nursery inspection w/focus on P. ramorumand mandatory sampling
Non-HAP in regulated state
Regulated state
Quarantined county
Mandatory/Regulated practices:
End Result• A Customized program that is composed of
– Mandatory BMPs in the EO– Mandatory HR BMPs (under review)– Customized, voluntary BMPs as deemed
appropriate by the nursery and the state ag. department, based on the nursery’s
• Geographical location• Climatic conditions• Physical location• Crops grown• Type of nursery operation
Components of BMPs
• Prevention/Management– Moisture management– Nursery layout– Cleaning and sanitation– Weed control and established nursery
landscape plants• Training• Internal/External Monitoring/Audits• Records/Traceability• Documentation of Program Procedures
Components of BMPs
• Prevention/Management–Moisture management– Nursery layout– Cleaning and sanitation– Weed control and established nursery
landscape plants• Training• Internal/External Monitoring/Audits• Records/Traceability• Documentation of Program Procedures
Avoid overhead irrigation of High-Risk plants. Irrigate in a manner to avoid prolonged leaf wetness of 12 hours or more.
Regulated
Site Specific B
MP
Rationale:• Properly time irrigation events
to reduce conditions favorable for disease development.
• Extended leaf wetness (such as overnight) is conducive to pathogen infection.
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of irrigation
practices
N/A
Irrigation water from any source other than well or municipal water supplies shall be monitored and tested to confirm that it is free from the pathogen.Rationale:
• For growing operations that utilize open irrigation water sources (ponds, lakes, streams), and/or who blend both well and surface water sources for irrigation purposes, proper water treatment, such as ozonation, chlorination, filtration, or other water disinfection program is recommended.
• Attention also needs to be directed to possible well water contamination with P. ramorum by back siphoning of irrigation water or water/soil into the system.
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of water sources
Regulated
Site Spe
cific
BMP
N/A
Avoid or minimize accumulation of standing surface water in containerized High-Risk plant beds.
Rationale:• Phytophthora spp. are
transmitted via water. Repeat finds occur more often in High-Risk plant beds where standing water accumulates.
• The pathogen may potentially enter either through the roots or by splashing onto leaf surfaces.
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of irrigation
practices
Regulated
Site Specific BMP
N/A
Divert soil and water movement during storm-related events from hillsides populated with P. ramorum host plants.
Rationale:• Keep possible offsite
contamination from entering production location.
• Unless the offsite area has been properly surveyed and determined to be P. ramorum-free, the grower cannot assume that run-off from offsite is not contaminated with P. ramorum spores.
Requirement for External Audit:• Nursery site inspection
Regulated
Site Specific B
MP
N/A
Risk awareness is critical !!!Risk awareness is critical !!!
• Assess the risk • Review it with your third-party auditor
• Do not implement a program that mayincrease your risk
Components of BMPs
• Prevention/Management– Moisture management–Nursery layout– Cleaning and sanitation– Weed control and established nursery
landscape plants• Training• Internal/External Monitoring/Audits• Records/Traceability• Documentation of Program Procedures
Review your Field Layout Plan. Determine how you can minimize the impact of the USDA Confirmed Nursery Protocol if P. ramorum is found. Break up long sections of host and associated host plants (HAP) with non-HAP material to the genus level.
Rationale:• Nursery production bed layout,
such as mixing or alternating of HAP and non-HAP plant material in production beds, can help eliminate large contiguous monocultures of plants that are P. ramorum-susceptible.
Requirement for External Audit:• Mapping of stock location
Regulated
Site Specific B
MP
N/A
Reduce inoculum splash from heavy sporulating HR plants (Camellia and Rhododendron) to all other crops.
Rationale:• These two HR genera are prolific
sporulators and are in association with infected plants at a frequency rate of 88% (See High-Risk Proposal).
• Space All plants a minimum of 2 meters from HR plants or
• Create a physical barrier between HR plants and all other crops or
• Apply preventative fungicide to HR crops throughout the growing season or
• Intersperse HR plants with 2 meters of resistant plants, e.g. grasses, Buxus sempervirens.
Regulated
Site Specific B
MP
Requirement for External Audit: Nursery site inspection
N/A
Maintain a separate cull pile for HR plants so they are not included in the soil recycling pile for potential future reuse. If infested plants are found, the pile must be quarantined and treated, or disposed of, according to regulatory requirements.
Rationale:• Proper sanitation measures
reduce the risk of spreading the pathogen in the recycled soil within the nursery.
Requirement for External Audit:• Nursery site inspection
Regulated
Site Specifi
c BMP
N/A
Components of BMPs
• Prevention/Management– Moisture management– Nursery layout–Cleaning and sanitation– Weed control and established nursery
landscape plants• Training• Internal/External Monitoring/Audits• Records/Traceability• Documentation of Program Procedures
After every crop rotation, disinfect propagation mist beds, sorting area, cutting benches, machines, and tools to minimize the spread or introduction of pathogens.
Rationale:• Basic sanitation practices
should be followed using registered fungicides in accordance with label instructions to reduce possible points of entry/contamination in the production cycle.
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of nursery
personnel training
Regulated
Site Specifi
c BMP
N/A
Use new or clean and sanitized pots for High-Risk plant production.
Rationale:• This measure reduces the potential of any
unknown residual P. ramorum contamination on the nursery site and possible further dissemination of the pathogen throughout the nursery.
• New pots should be stored and handled in such a manner as to avoid contact with potential P. ramorum sources.
• Recycled pots should be thoroughly cleaned of any residual substrate and disinfected before reuse. Recycled pots should also be stored and handled in such a manner as to avoid contact with P. ramorum sources.
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of nursery sanitation
practices
Regulated
Site Spe
cific B
MP
N/A
Ensure runoff from all cull piles is directed away from soil components, soil mixing area, and growing beds to prevent contamination.
Rationale:• Avoid any possibility of cross
contamination. If growers cull infested material, sanitation methods should be established to clean/disinfect trucks, wagons, and tools that are used to move infested material.
Requirement for External Audit:• Nursery site inspection
Regulated
Site Specific B
MP
N/A
For plants that are prone to disease, chemically treat crop in field prior to taking cuttings and dip cutting in an approved disinfectant solution before sticking.
Rationale:• Treatment of stock plants with
registered fungicide(s) before cutting of the propagation material can reduce the possible introduction of contaminated plant material into the propagation cycle and protect the open wounds from possible pathogen infection.
Requirement for External Audit:• Nursery pesticide application
reports
Regulated
Site Specific B
MP
N/A
If you visit known P. ramorum infested areas, wash shoes, tools, and vehicles that may have come in contact with contaminated soils before traveling to disease-free areas.
Rationale:• Best defense is to not visit areas
where known infestations are occurring to reduce accidental introduction of the pathogen into the nursery production site.
• If grower has visited infested areas, appropriate sanitation measures (washing and steam cleaning of trucks, etc.) as recommended by regulatory authorities should be undertaken.
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of nursery
sanitation procedures training
Regulated
Site Spe
cific
BMP
N/A
Components of BMPs• Prevention/Management
– Moisture management– Nursery layout– Cleaning and sanitation–Weed control and established
nursery landscape plants• Training• Internal/External Monitoring/Audits• Records/Traceability• Documentation of Program Procedures
Manage weeds on the nursery site because some can serve as alternate hosts for P. ramorum.
Rationale:• Maintaining clean cultivation in and
around the production site may eliminate possible reservoirs of P. ramorum.
• Since it is not known if insect vectors can also carry P. ramorum, clean cultivation will reduce opportunities for insect infestations and contamination in the nursery.
Requirement for External Audit:• Nursery site inspection
Regulated
Site Specifi
c BMP
Epilobium angustatum
N/A
No overstory or understory of known P. ramorum hosts on nursery growing ground should be maintained unless regular monitoring of those hosts is performed.
Rationale:• Reduce the potential of offsite
contamination of P. ramorum into the production site by establishing a regular monitoring program for P. ramorum host plants in the environs of the nursery.
• The monitoring program should be based upon the specific life cycle of the disease within that specific growing region and the time of year when the pathogen is most prevalent.
Requirement for External Audit:• Nursery site inspection
Regulated
Site Specific B
MP
ShadestructureCamelliaCamellia
N/A
Components of BMPs
• Prevention/Management– Moisture management– Nursery layout– Cleaning and sanitation– Weed control and established nursery
landscape plants• Training• Internal/External Monitoring/Audits• Records/Traceability• Documentation of Program Procedures
Educate nursery personnel to recognize and report pest or disease problems.
Rationale:• Personnel should be trained to not
only look for P. ramorum symptoms, but for any symptoms of plant abnormality in the production system.
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of training
Regulated
Site Specific B
MP
N/A
Nursery personnel should attend one or more P. ramorum trainings conducted by qualified personnel or document self training via one of the two websites below.
Rationale:• Responsibility for P. ramorum management on
nursery site should be the responsibility of a specified group of trained nursery personnel. These individuals should be trained in all aspects of the management of the disease.
• Special attention should be given to staying informed of new research findings regarding the disease and any changes in regulations regarding plant sampling, testing, or shipping of product.
• Training is available through the USDA, US Forest Service, CA Oak Mortality Task Force, state agriculture department, county agricultural commissioners offices, or through selected universities.
USDA:http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pram/index.shtml; COMTF:www.suddenoakdeath.org
Requirement for External Audit: Documentation of training
Regulated
Site Specific B
MP
N/A
Components of BMPs
• Prevention/Management– Moisture management– Nursery layout– Cleaning and sanitation– Weed control and established nursery
landscape plants• Training• Internal/External Monitoring/Audits• Records/Traceability• Documentation of Program Procedures
Annual nursery inspection of all plants in the nursery with a focus on P. ramorum-like symptoms. Inspection includes mandatory testing of at least 40 symptomatic samples.
Rationale:• The host list continues to expand
and as a result, all plants need to be inspected for P. ramorum-like symptoms.
• State and federal regulations require a minimum of 40 samples to be taken and tested.
Requirement for External Audit:• Annual nursery inspection report
Regulated
Site Specific B
MP
N/A
Regulators to inspect High-Risk plants (Camellia and Rhododendron) during the time of year the disease is most prevalent.
Rationale:• Camellia and Rhododendron
species have comprised the majority of the total positive plants in nursery settings throughout the regulated area (See High-Risk Proposal).
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of nursery
practices
Site Spe
cific
BMP
N/ARegula
ted
Routinely* inspect HAP on growing grounds and in the surrounding area for symptoms of P. ramorum. Implement appropriate testing and sanitation practices (particularly after pruning or significant weather events).
Rationale:• As part of the normal production
cycle, HAP plant material should be visually screened on a regular basis for any abnormalities.
• *Special attention should be given to those times during the production cycle when the pathogen is most prevalent.
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of nursery
practices
Regulated
Site Specific B
MP
N/A
Routinely monitor incoming (buy-ins, transfers ….) HAP for symptoms of P. ramorum.
Rationale:• First line of defense. Grower
priority should be to ensure that potentially contaminated stock is not allowed to enter the production site.
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of nursery
practices
Regulated
Site Specific B
MP
N/A
Ensure the use of P. ramorum-free growing media/growth substrate.
Rationale:• Since P. ramorum may contaminate
potting substrates, it is critical for the grower to reduce any sources of contamination in peat, bark, and other organic components of the substrate.
• Proper documentation of disease-free substrate materials shipped into the site should be obtained.
• Proper storage and prompt use of substrate materials is critical.
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of nursery practices
Regulated
Site Spe
cific B
MP
N/A
Components of BMPs
• Prevention/Management– Moisture management– Nursery layout– Cleaning and sanitation– Weed control and established nursery
landscape plants• Training• Internal/External Monitoring/Audits• Records/Traceability• Documentation of Program Procedures
Confirm nursery stock is propagated from materials obtained onsite, or is received from nurseries that are licensed and/or certified according to all applicable phytosanitary laws and regulations.
Rationale:• First line of defense. Know your
supplier. Grower priority should be to ensure that potentially contaminated stock is not purchased or allowed to enter production site.
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of nursery
practices
Regulated
Site Specifi
c BMP
N/A
Avoid product returns of nursery stock from a receiver in a quarantined area or from nurseries that are not under P. ramorumcompliance. If unavoidable, contact your county agriculture department or appropriate regulatory agency prior to accepting the nursery stock return.
Rationale:• Avoids possible cross
contamination.
• Returned nursery stock may have been exposed to P. ramorum prior to return.
Requirement for External Audit:• Nursery map• Documentation of nursery practices
Regulated
Site Spe
cific B
MP
N/A
If possible, nurseries should avoid commingling incoming HAP nursery stock with existing stock.
Rationale:• Avoids cross contamination of clean
and potentially diseased material.
• Assists with inventory control and tracking of plant material in the nursery.
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of nursery practices• Nursery site inspection
Regulated
Site Specific B
MP
N/A
For HAP buy-ins, suspend the use of Phytophthora-specific fungicides on 10%
or 100 plants, whichever is fewer, for a two-month period to determine if fungicides that may have been used by the seller were maskingsymptoms of P. ramorum or, through your stateagricultural department, sample and test a representative group via ELISA or PCR. If testsare negative, the BMP is not applicable.
Rationale:• This recommendation correlates
with avoiding the commingling of incoming HAP and supplements isolation efforts.
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of nursery practices
Regulated
Site Specifi
c BMP
N/A
Off load incoming High-Risk plant shipments to an area that can be cleaned of leafy debris. Sweep incoming plant debris from the receiving area and the delivery truck, collect debris, and dispose of appropriately.Rationale:
• Basic sanitation to remove possible sources of disease inoculum.
• Proper disposal of leafy debris should be governed by appropriate local/state/federal recommendations (bagging, burning, burying offsite, etc.).
• Composting of infected plant debris is not an acceptable practice. Leaf litter has been shown to be a potential source of inoculum.
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of nursery practices
Regula
ted
Site Spe
cific
BMP
N/A
Monitor sanitation practices of delivery trucks that ship High-Risk plants. Assure that trucks are properly cleaned of plant debris between shipments.
Rationale:• Trucks may be a source
of inoculum if not cleaned properly.
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of nursery
practices
Regulated
Site Specifi
c BMP
N/A
Maintain for two years minimum: accurate shipping documentation identifying product, amount, date, and origin or receiver for the purpose of identifying trace backs and trace forwards.
Rationale:• Proper documentation protects not
only the grower, but also the receiver of plant material.
• Production operation should investigate methods for quick recording and retrieval of documentation.
• Disease monitoring and scouting results should be integrated with inventory control to provide rapid trace forward and back of suspected infested nursery stock.
Requirement for External Audit:• Nursery records inspection
Regulated
Site Specifi
c BMP
N/A
Consider strategies that would facilitate the rapid identification and segregation of product based upon production location from the time it has left the growing operation through final sale.
Rationale:• Operations personnel should develop a “Code Red” crisis
management plan for dealing with possible P. ramorum infestations that stresses containment and considers all aspects of the plantproduction cycle, but especially the movement of plant material around site and shipping offsite.
Requirement for External Audit:• Written nursery “Code Red” plan
Regulated
Site Specifi
c BMP
N/A
Authorized and knowledgeable personnel should visually inspect all nursery stock (buy-ins, transfers, and returns), regardless of origin, for symptoms of P. ramorum prior to introduction into the nursery facility.
Rationale:• Since not all areas of the
country can be certified P. ramorum-free, this visual evaluation of offsite nursery stock can provide a major screening defense to the introduction of the pathogen.
Requirement for External Audit:• Documentation of nursery
personnel training• Documentation of nursery
practices
Regulated
Site Specific B
MP
N/A
Components of BMPs• Prevention/Management
– Moisture management– Nursery layout– Cleaning and sanitation– Weed control and established nursery landscape
plants• Training• Internal/External Monitoring/Audits• Records/Traceability• Documentation of Program Procedures
BMP #1a AddendumOverhead watering of HR plantsIf a practice is changed, update this addendum
Overhead irrigation not used
Overhead irrigation:Time irrigation early enough to allow for
leaf dryingCirculation fans usedPlant spacing is adequate and allows for foliage to dry within 12 hours
Other method used to minimize leaf wetness(explain) _____________________________
____ date___________________ Signature