reclamation presentation 2
TRANSCRIPT
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LAND SUPPLY LAND SUPPLY ANDAND RECLAMATION RECLAMATION
““SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT”SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT”
填填海海CHAN Kong Yau // CHANG Enoch // LAI Cho Lee // LAM Hoi Yi // LAM Yuet Ting // SO Yuk Wa // YIM Natalie
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INTRODUCTION
• Reclamation is the creation of new land from lakes, rivers or the sea
• Crucial to the socioeconomic development of Hong Kong
• less than 25% of Hong Kong’s land is developed
• 6% of Hong Kong’s land is reclaimed
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HISTORY
206-9 BCE
Reclamation for agricultural purposes - beaches reclaimed for salt production
1841
British occupation of Hong Kong; private land owners reclaimed land without planning or governmental authorization, leading to the irregular coastline
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1851
Bonham Reclamation Scheme - first official reclamation project adding land to Sheung Wan and the West island area
1860-1900
Intensive reclamation from Kennedy Town to Causeway Bay
1867-76
Non-government authorized reclamation around the peninsula and Yau Tsim Mong area by private land owners
文咸填海計劃
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1868-73
Praya Reclamation Scheme - first large scale reclamation scheme adding a significant amount of land to Central
1890-1904
Second project of the scheme; 59 acres added to the waterfront of Central
海旁填海計劃
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1916 Reclamation for Kai Tak Airport
1917Expansion of peninsula due to construction of East Rail Line
1921-31
Praya East Reclamation Scheme - expansion between Central and Wan Chai. Allowed for cross-harbor pipeline for fresh water supply from NT
海旁東填海計劃
Wan Chai, 1920
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1951-60
More intensive reclamation after WWII:-Sha Tin (Shing Mun River) by private landowners (first major project in NT)-Causeway Bay (Victoria Park)-East island (Chai Wan, Siu Sai Wan)-Kwun Tong, Hung Hom-Expansion of Kai Tak Airport
Causeway Bay, 1950
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1961-70Tuen Mun and Castle Peak Bay reclamation (New Town Development Scheme)
1971-80
Tsuen Wan, Kwai Chung, Sha Tin, expansion of Kowloon peninsula, Aberdeen, Ap Lei Chau, Cyberport - mainly for residential development
Sha Tin, late 1970sSha Tin, 1973 Sha Tin, today
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1981-90
-Tai Po Industrial area-East of Hong Kong island (Taikoo, Sai Wan Ho, Shao Kei Wan, Heng Fa Chuen)
1989-98
Airport Core Programme (Port and Airport Development Strategy) - reclamation for the site of HKIA (Chek Lap Kok) and improving transportation infrastructure - North Lantau, Tung Chung, Central and West Kowloon
Chek Lap Kok before and after reclamation. West Kowloon, 1995
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1991-2000
Central, Wan Chai, Kowloon peninsula, Kai Tak and expansion of outlaying islands
1997
Protection of Harbour Ordinance, Cap. 531 was passed, setting many constraints on harbor reclamation
2003-9 Penny’s Bay Reclamation
2003-Central Phase III/Wan Chai Phase II
Penny’s Bay, 2010 Central, today
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GENERAL TREND and remarks.
• Around the coastlines on either side of the harbor
• New Territories with the new town development with continual development around the harbor
• Further urban development and the creation of urban infrastructure
• Implementation of the PHO to limit development
• General struggle with essential balance between socioeconomic development and sustainability and environmental sustainability
• Reclamation is a result of land supply challenges
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WHY RECLAIM LAND?
• Land use challenges lead to the need of reclamation
• Financial prosperity - helps facilitate economic development of Hong Kong as it allows urban development
• Extra supply of land - 40% of the land are country parks and nature reserves
• More land would mean cheaper land
• Land is mountainous - hard to develop on
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EFFECTS OF RECLAMATION
• Marine pollution - endangering marine life
• Increase in air pollution
• Further increases the urban heat island effect and disrupts airflow into these area
• Loss of cultural and historical heritage
• Beyond the narrowing of the harbour - i.e. destruction of the Queen’s Pier, which is historically significant
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• Harbour is getting smaller - less vessels are allowed through which can hinder relevant industries
• Increase in job opportunities
• Is a solution for waste management - major issue in Hong Kong
• Increase space for visually appealing recreative facilities (i.e. greenery and promenade) to increase social and living standards
• Helps develop the tourism industry
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TOWN PLANNING ORDINANCE城市規劃條例
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BACKGROUND• Town Planning Ordinance (TPO), Cap. 131, is a part of Hong
Kong law that has been amended throughout the years
• Designation of land use by regulating land use
• Meeting the specific development criteria for different land use whilst preserving natural environment
• Some sites only allow agricultural or conservation related activity
• Preserving the natural character of Hong Kong’s landscape and natural habitats
• Accommodating the scientific interest in these areas
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COUNTRY PARKS ORDINANCE郊野公園條例
WILD ANIMALS PROTECTION ORDINANCE
保護野生動物條例
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BACKGROUND
• Country Parks Ordinance (CPO), Cap. 208, is a part of Hong Kong law
• Enacted in 1976
• Aims to preserve natural environment - promotes environmental sustainability
• Platform for educational purposes
• Addresses recreational needs of the community - increases social sustainability
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BACKGROUND• Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (WAPO), Cap.
170, is a part of Hong Kong law that has been amended throughout the years
• Reduce the loss of natural habitats due to urbanization
• Decrease in biodiversity
• Protect wild animals and their habitats
• Set up restricted areas to isolate from any disturbance
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POLICY GAPS• Conserving these areas does not eliminate disturbance
• People are attracted to natural environments
• Visitors may not be educated about wildlife protection
• May disrupt the natural environment through feeding animals and littering
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POLICY GAPS
• Lack of administration in restricted areas - policy is counterproductive
• Such as Tai Long Sai Wan
• Large area of flat land near Tai Long Sai Wan demolished in construction
• Dilemma - improved administration may disrupt natural environment; original purpose is not maintained
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Recommendations
• Foster closer communication and planning between governmental departments for future development projects
• Prevent human interference (i.e. noise pollution or construction) in nearby areas that are restricted
• Strategize better conservation techniques to improve administration without disrupting the environment
• Increase in public education about environmental protection
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PROTECTION OF HARBOUR ORDINANCE 保護海港條例
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BACKGROUND
• Protection of Harbour Ordinance (PHO), Cap. 531 is a part of Hong Kong law
• Proposed in 1996 by The Society for Protection of Harbour (SPH)
• Officially approved in 1997 by the Legislative Council
• Aims to limit reclamation activity outside the Victoria harbour
• Protection and preservation of the heritage for the public
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CONSTRAINTS
• Supervises and affects all reclamation projects proposed after 1997
• Not applicable to projects already approved or commenced (i.e. first two phases of Central-Wanchai reclamation unaffected as they were approved in the 1980s)
• Major hindrance to all development - causing delays and increasing costs to relevant projects
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Central-wan chai Reclamation
• Feasibility report completed in 1989; construction commenced in 1993
• Former Land Development Policy Committee agreed to divide the project into five separate phases:
• Central I-III
• Wan Chai I-II
• So far, projects have provided improved transport infrastructure for the HKIA, Tamar naval base and HKCEC
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• Improve transportation infrastructure to alleviate congestion during busy hours
• Central-Wan Chai Bypass, connecting to Eastern Corridor Link
• Aims to provide extra land for the MTR Railway
• Shatin-Central Link
• North Island Line
• Promenade to be constructed above - increase social standards and creates a more pleasant environment
• Targeted completion date: 2017
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• The Society for Protection of Harbour raised a judicial review to oppose Wan Chai II
• Final Appeal announced that the SPH won and the government had to stop the project
• Project is now currently under review
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KAITAK RECLAMATION
• Hong Kong’s official airport until 1998
• Covers 328 hectares
• Has since been temporarily used for fill banks, bus depots, car parks, car sales exhibitions and recreational grounds
• Many plans and proposals for what to do with Kai Tak since 1998 (Outline Zoning Plan)
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• Repeatedly refused and reconsidered due to:
• Town Planning Ordinance
• Protection of Harbour Ordinance
• Pending the completion of the study of South East Kowloon Development
• Objections from the public and other parties during exhibition periods of these plans
• Though initially approved Chief Executive in Council in 2002, plans were refused after public inspection
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• 1998 - Outline Zoning Plan proposed reclamation of 299 hectares
• 2001 - Proposed reclamation reduced to 133 hectares
• 2004 - PHO restricted ANY further reclamation
• Development strategies used zero reclamation as a starting point
• Kai Tak Planning Review in 2004 due to the change of criteria by the PHO; finalized scheme after extensive planning and public participation - approved in 2007
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• The plan for the project considered...
• Final plan will consist of a cruise terminal, parks, housing, a hospital, a stadium, district cooling systems and space for MTR development
Urban design, landscape and cultural heritageTraffic and transport reviewInfrastructure and utilitiesMarine usesInfrastructural capacity and development thresholdDevelopment requirements
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POLICY GAPS.• PHO aims to promote social and environmental
sustainability by restricting reclamation in the harbour but is hindering the progression of many projects
• Causes many delays → increase of costs
• Governmental departments are still proposing projects with reclamation as a way to address land supply issues
• Different departments within the government are not in alignment of each other, causing inconsistencies, conflict and waste of time
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Recommendations.
• Must compromise between the government’s notions to develop Hong Kong and the environmentalists/people who wish to preserve cultural heritage
• Redevelop older areas in Kowloon (i.e. former government buildings, Kai Tak, etc.)
• Strategically develop land reserves - there are about 386 hectares of land in NT and about 360 in other areas of Hong Kong
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• Town Planning Board should have comprehensive consultation with all relevant parties before commencing such projects
• Comprehensive planning has been shown to be effective especially in ensuring sustainability (i.e. Kai Tak) by addressing various social, economic and environmental challenges Hong Kong is put in
• WWF states that damage done by reclamation is irreversible - should be only considered as a last resort
• The Environmental Protection Department can improve the criteria used in the Environmental Impact Assessment Report which should be same as the international standard.
• Standardized development strategy and criteria (for example, zero-reclamation as a starting point?) written with comprehensive consultation with different departments and the public for future projects can save time in planning, consultation and reduce conflicts.
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FUTURE OF LAND SUPPLY ISSUES
• CE announced in latest Policy Address (2011-12) to innovate to expend land resources and to build up a land reserve
• $300 million allocated for conducting studies relevant to reclamation and rock cavern development
• Civil Engineering and Development Department has conducted an extensive feasibility report on land supply options as part of the Enhancing Land Supply Strategy
• Prepared for public engagement
• Flexibility in land supply strategies
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Reclamation Outside of Victoria Harbour
• Considering reclamation outside of the harbour
• ‘Public digest’ - parts of the study based on public feedback/involvements
• Key challenge: Mitigation of the impact on marine ecosystem
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• Challenges include ecosystems, and people not willing to live their daily lives in caverns
• Must consider the three aspects of sustainability, feasibility and impacts on the community
• 64% of Hong Kong is well-suited for rock cavern development
• Example: HKU’s Centennial Campus caused the relocation of the Western Salt Water Service Reservoirs
CAVERNS
• For facilities such as parking, storage, water/sewage treatment, etc. such that there is more space on land
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thank you.