recent studies of mars: 2013-2014
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Recent Studies of Mars: 2013-2014. Richard W. Schmude, Jr. Gordon State College Barnesville, GA. Overview. Purpose of work North Polar Cap (NPC) Hellas Brightness measurements. Purpose. NPC interannual variability Hellas variability Time of day Year season - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Recent Studies of Mars: 2013-2014
Richard W. Schmude, Jr. Gordon State College
Barnesville, GA
Overview
• Purpose of work
• North Polar Cap (NPC) • Hellas
• Brightness measurements
Purpose
• NPC interannual variability
• Hellas variability– Time of day– Year– season
• Brightness (visible & Near infrared)
Hubble Image Processed by P. James, T. Clancy, S. Lee and NASA
Introduction: Ls
Ls range Season (N. hemisphere)0 – 90° Spring
90 – 180° Summer180 – 270° Fall
270 – 0° Winter
Voting Questions
• Do not talk to anyone until after 1st vote
• After 1st vote– Talk to someone that you disagree with– Convince him/her that you are right– Listen to your partner
Voting Question
• If Ls = 135° it is ___________ in the northern hemisphere.
a. late spring b. mid springc. early summer d. mid summer
Voting Question
Ls = 50° is similar to _______ in the USA.
a. February b. Junec. October d. May
Method and Materials
• WinJupos– Name an image• 2014-07-12-1320-name & other info.
– Load an image– Software computes longitude & latitude
Polar Cap MeasurementGoal: get all longitudes
NPC: Mean latitude
Hellas measurements
• Northern border measured– Every 5° of longitude– 270° W to 320° W– Red light images used– Mean values computed for each 5° of longitude
Why red light?green-left & red-right
Results: NPC in 2013 – 2014
Interannual variability
• Spring NPC – Mean latitudes (all longitudes) considered– Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test• 90% confidence level• As few as five values • Non-parametric test
Data sets
• MGS: 2000, 2002, 2006*, 2007-08*
• Schmude: 2009-10, 2011-12, 2013-14
• Individual latitudes are not reported
ResultsYear D mean latitude Comparison to 20002000 --- The standard2002 0.9° Larger2006 ~0.2° Probably the same
2007-08 ~0.6° Probably smaller2009-10 0.8° Larger2011-12 0.3° Same2013-14 0.0° Same
Voting Question
At Ls = 50°, the temperatures are __________ in the southern hemisphere of Mars.
a. rising b. falling
Hellas: white layer
• Northern border– Clouds or frost?– Growth during fall?– Changes from morning to afternoon?– Interannual differences?
Hellas: white layer
Hellas: changes in Northern border
• Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test– Mid fall (1995) and late fall – early winter (2014)– Morning afternoon (2014)– 2012 and 2014 (similar seasons)
Statistical results: Hellas
• There is no statistical difference (90% conf.)– Mid fall and late fall/early winter– Morning and afternoon– 2012 and 2014 (similar seasons)
Brightness Measurements
• Purpose– Long-term changes– Water reservoirs– Dust storms– Brightness model of planet
Brightness in Magnitudes
• Zero magnitude = a flux of light
• As magnitude drops, brightness increases
Electromagnetic Radiation
• Electric wave • Magnetic wave• Velocity = 186,000 miles/hour (vacuum)• Wavelength (length of one wave)
Electromagnetic radiationWavelength and color
Filter Wavelength ColorV 540 nm greenR 700 nm redJ 1250 nm noneH 1650 nm none
Previous work
• Schmude measured B, V, R and I brightness of Mars from 1991 to 2014
• Mallama (2007) summarizes work up to 2005.
• Almost no work done for J and H filters
Near Infrared light
Voting question
Please rank the objects from highest to lowest magnitude.
a. Sun, full Moon, Venusb. Sun, Venus, full Moonc. Full Moon, Venus, Sund. Venus, full Moon, Sun
Materials
• SSP-4 photometer• Celestron CG-4 mount• 0.09 m Maksutov telescope• Extension cord (requires AC power)
Experimental set-up
Method of brightness measurement
• Sky brightness and then comparison star• Sky brightness and then Mars• Repeat 2 ½ more times
• Compute Mars’ magnitude• Make corrections
Normalized Magnitude J(1,0) and H(1,0)
• Mars is 1 au from Earth and Sun
• Sunlight reflects directly back to observer (zero phase angle)
Results: Albedo
Light curve J filter
Light curve H filter
Conclusions
• NPC may undergo small changes from one year to the next
• Hellas white area: No change with respect to diurnal, seasonal or year to year cycles
• Mars’ albedo does not rise in near infrared
• Mars brightens as it rotates in the J & H filters