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Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy NIPFP, New Delhi, India

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Page 1: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development:

A Case of India

N R Bhanumurthy

NIPFP, New Delhi, India

Page 2: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Scheme of presentation1.Recent trends in some major macro

indicators

2.Major issues that could hinder the medium to long term growth in India

3.Way forward

Page 3: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Recent trends in some major macro variables

•India currently experiencing disturbance in most of the macroeconomic as well as financial variables•GDP growth decelerated to about 5%, much lower even compared to during the crisis period•The slowdown was across the sectors, and particularly sharp in industrial sector (negative growth in some months)•Exports growth was negative for a long time•Mining sector growth negative for the last two years•Inflation continue to be persistently high and more so in the food articles prices•Problem of high twin deficits persist ‐ warnings from the credit rating agencies •While the trends from social indicators are better

Page 4: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF GDP (%)

Page 5: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Deceleration in savings‐investments

• Both savings and investments (as% of GDP) have declined• But the decline in savings is more than investments, resulting 

in sharp rise in the current account deficit

Page 6: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Risks to growth

ICOR Output Gap

• Structural bottlenecks pose risk to growth recovery• Doing Business Survey ranks India at 134th out of 189 countries –

deteriorated compared to last year

Page 7: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Inflation stays at elevated levels

• Headline inflation stay at higher levels for a long time with retail inflation at double‐digits 

• In the context of declining growth (particularly in industrial sector) this high inflation poses monetary policy challenges in reducing interest rates

• High inflation driven by prices of food articles and also policy‐induced through hike in MSP, Fuel prices, and large rural development schemes

Page 8: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Core sector growth slows down

Page 9: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

BOP‐CURRENT ACCOUNT INDICATORS

Worsening external account threatens the growth recovery

Page 10: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Monetary tightening is back

• The linkage between policy rates and investments are debated• This also brings the issue of whether growth is savings‐led or investment‐led

Page 11: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Poverty decline sharply

Year Rural Urban total1993‐94 50.1 31.8 45.32004‐05 41.8 25.7 37.22011‐12 25.7 13.7 21.9

• Based on the Tendulkar poverty line, there has been sharp deceleration in the poverty ratio both in rural and urban areas

• The decline is sharper in the lastest decade compared to previous decade

• Can be attribiuted to both high growth as well as introduction of major social development programs in since 2004 

Page 12: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Deterioration in Fiscal condition

• Fiscal deficit, well above the prescribed levels, poses major macroeconomic instability

• Higher revenue deficit crowding‐out private investments

• Fiscal dominance of monetary policy weakening interest rate channel of monetary policy transmission

Page 13: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Issues for medium to long term growth and development in India

Achieving 12th Five Year Plan objective of  “Faster, Sustainable and More Inclusive Growth”needs following:•Improving the growth‐distribution‐poverty nexus   

•Address the issue of regional divergences •Mobilise large domestic resources to finance plan objectives (infrastructure sector alone require US$ 1 trillions) while relying less on foreign capital, aid as well asPPP models

Page 14: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Four issues

•Improving financial access and financial inclusion through sectoral reforms

•Maintaining fiscal discipline and subsidy management

•Improving efficiency of public expenditure management

•Balancing growth and inclusion objectives

Issues for medium to long term growth and development in India

Page 15: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Financial Resource Gap (in %) in India: Segments & EconomyAgriculture Industry Services Total

Unorganised

Sectoral GDP Share 0.38 0.15 0.47 1.00Financial Resource Gap 51.61 76.3 91.16 67.53Organised

Sectoral GDP Share 0.03 0.30 0.67 1.00Financial Resource Gap 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Economy

Sectoral GDP Share 0.19 0.21 0.60 1.00Financial Resource Gap 49.00 22.00 41.00 38.53

• Financial sector reforms helped the sector to develop• However,  there  are  large  gaps  in  terms  of  providing 

sufficient resources for productive purposes

Page 16: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Fiscal discipline and subsidy management

Food subsidy bill as % of GDP is high....while oil subsidy bill ever‐raising and shows large unpaid component  

Page 17: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Utilisation ratios (in %) in NREGA

Page 18: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Duplicity of social development schemes

Schemes in departments

No. of existing schemes

After proposed merger

Agriculture & Co‐operation 13 6

Animal husbandry, diary and fisheries 15 3Environment & Forest 8 4Health and Family Welfare 11 5Home affairs 4 1School education and literacy 17 6Labour and employment 13 2Minority affairs 4 1Rural development 6 4Social justice and empowerement 13 5Others 43 23Total 147 60

Page 19: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Balancing growth and inclusion

• In the early stages of reforms, growth was given high priority

• That resulted in ‘job‐less growth’ and increased divergences

• As part of inclusiveness, more social development schemes  unveiled, largely piggy‐backing on the rewards from growth policies

• However, growth policies are neglected with no new policy reform towards that direction…

• ….the outcome is low growth and high fiscal deficit• Balancing growth, inclusion at the same time achieving 

fiscal consolidation is a challenge• One way to solve is to compromise on all the three 

objectives

Page 20: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Domestic Constraints for growth recovery

– High CAD and exchange rate depreciation needs some response

– Inflation and its expectations and identifying its drivers

– Clarity on interest rate policy and investments relation– Removal of ambiguity in the power (coal) sector policies

– Formalising high informal sector– Issue of Fiscal consolidation and fiscal/debt sustainability

– Achieving high growth, fiscal consolidation and at the same time running higher revenue expenditures –not consistent

– Large structural issues that could effect productivity

Page 21: Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging and for development: A India · Recent macroeconomic trends in emerging economies and implications for development: A Case of India N R Bhanumurthy

Domestic Constraints for growth recovery• Role of domestic savings and the need for more financial 

sector reforms to enhance financial access through reduction in transaction costs and risks

• Role of technology and improving revenue buoyancy• Expenditure switching policies and rationalisation of public 

expenditures• Fiscal‐monetary tensions in the context of fiscal 

dominance• Fiscal‐financial linkage a larger risk going forward (banking 

sector)• Role of institutions for balancing growth and development 

– CCI and AADHAAR• Green growth??