RECENT DISCOVERIES IN THE

CONTROL OF BRUCELLOSIS

Presenters: 1. Dr. Moses Bwana

BVM, FELTP Intern

2. Dr. Gaturaga I.M

RVIL Mariakani

Venue: Sai Rock Hotel,

KVA Coast Branch Conference

Date: 14/8/2015

“The doctor of the future will give no medicine, but will

educate his patients in the care of the human frame,

in diet, and in the cause and prevention of disease.”Thomas Edison

THE PATHOGEN

Virulence linked to lifestyle.

*Metabolic mutant and nutrient shifter.

Quorum Sensing and/or starvation sensing

Best source of carbon Erythritol ( a Polyol, alcohol sugar).

Predilection sites: pregnant uterus, mature udder, testicles, accessory sex glands, joint space.

*Humans: Fever, sweat, headache, pain in muscles, joints and/or back.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

IP inversely proportional to stage of gestation at time of exposure (7days to 7 months)

Venereal transmission RARE

Transmission from bulls is mainly via intra-uterine A.I and contamination of pastures.

Wildlife species harbor the pathogen

Occupational hazard to animal handlers, slaughterhouse workers and lab personnel.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Why? No practical treatment is

available, best way forward.

Concept: “Brucella Free

Zones/Areas” (BFZ)

Where to start? Big Data

Where to get data? Surveillance

SURVEILLANCE

What is it? Continuous collection and analysis of animal health data to inform disease control programs.

Why? Pillar upon which a DFZ or BFZ can be sustained

Who? Livestock, humans and wildlife (One-Health)

Where? Entire country including coastal DFZ

When? Decide!

Objective? Provide data on Epidemiological knowledge, occurrence and distribution, support eradication and targeted interventions.

SURVEILLANCE contd…

How to prepare? -Case definition –risk factors –functioning vet field and lab capacity-sensitization and awareness of the public-animal health data management system-policy.

Surveillance sites: livestock markets, milk processing plants, slaughterhouses

Types of surveillance:

a. Passive surveillance ( reporting, mobile phones, leaflets, digital pens, field vets)

b. Active surveillance ( milk, syndromic, sero-surveillance, PDS and wildlife)

c. Outbreak investigations (confirmation of cases)

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

Why? To confirm presence or absence Precaution: Proper Biosafety and

biosecurity Basic assays: i. RBT and BRTii. BM ELISAiii. Indirect and Competitive ELISAiv. Culture and isolationv. FPA *MRVIL (RBPT and CFT)

MASS VACCINATION

As an emergency measure

To cover 80% of livestock

For 5-10 years

Identification of vaccinated

animals(brands, tags, tattoos, RFID)

Vaccines: S-19, RB-51, REV-1

Can we manufacture our own??

QUARANTINE AND

MOVEMENT CONTROL Affected animals and source herds

Stop movement orders

YOUNG STOCK

VACCINATION Young replacement females aged 4-8

months

Intra-caudal or intra-dermal route

TEST AND SLAUGHTER

Suitable when prevalence is below 1%

Public funds to compensate farmers

Appropriate management, animal

identification and monitoring of

vaccination coverage

BRUCELLOSIS INFORMATION

MANAGEMENT

Incidence reports (CVO)

Linked data bases between veterinary

and human health sectors

Brucellosis database applications

(ARIS-2)

One Health approach to outbreak

investigations.

CONTROL IN HUMANS

Relies heavily upon control in livestock

Biosafety and biosecurity in high risk

occupations.

Milk pasteuralisation

Proper cooking of meat

REFERENCES1. Ariza J, Bosilkovski, M. Caseio A, (2007): Perspectives for the Treatment of

Brucellosis in the 21st Century: The Ioannina Recommendations.

2. AU-IBAR, 2014: SMPS for Control of Brucellosis in the Greater Horn of Africa. Nairobi

3. Control of Brucellosis in Kuwait by Vaccination of Cattle, Sheep and Goats with Brucella abortus strain-19 or Brucella melitensis strain Rev-1

4. Diaz R. Casanova A. Ariza J. Moriyon, (2011): The Rose Bengal Test in Human Brucellosis: A Neglected Test fir the Diagnosis of a Neglected Disease.

5. Donev D, (2010): Brucellosis Control and Eradication in South Eastern European Countries: Currents Status and Perspective Strategies.

6. J. D. Anderson, H. Smith, (1965): The Metabolism of Erythritol by Brucella.

7. J. Lamontagne, A. Forest, E. Marazzo, (2009): Intracellular Adaptation of Brucella abortus.

8. Merck Sharp, (2009-2015): The Merck Veterinary Manual, Online Edition.

9. Russo G, (2009): Re-emergence of Human and Animal Brucellosis, Bulgaria.

10. Refai M, (2002): Incidence and Control of Brucellosis in the Near East Region

11. W. Eisenreich, T. Dandekar, (2010): Carbon Metabolism of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens and Possible links to Virulence.

“He who conceals his disease cannot expect to be cured.”

Ethiopian Proverb.