VOLUME 41, NUMBER 2, MAY, 1989 223

Literature Cited Bowman, Isaiah. 1938. Los Andes del Sur del Per6

Berman, Mildred. 1987. Millicent Todd Bing- ham, 1880-1968. Geographers: Bibliographical Studies 11:7-12.

Bingham, Millicent (Todd). 1914. Peru, A Land of Contrasts. Boston: Little, Brown, and Com- pany.

Bingham, Millicent (Todd). 1923. A n Investi- gation ofGeographicControls in Peru. Ph.D. Diss., Harvard University.

Bowman, Isaiah. 1914. Results of an expedition to the Central Andes. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 46:161-83.

Bowman, Isaiah. 1916. The Country of the She- pherds. Geographical Review 1:419-42.

Bowman, Isaiah. 1916. The Andes of Southern Peru. New York: Henry Holt and Co. (Re- printed 1968, New York: Greenwood Press.)

Bowman, Isaiah. 1921. Coastal belt of Peru. Geo- graphical Review 11:287-98.

(translated by Carlos Nicholson) Lima: Edi- torial Universo, S.A. 1980.

Hanson, E. P., ed. 1945. Index to M a p of Hispanic America, 2:1,000,000. Washington, DC: US GPO.

Jefferson, Mark. 1907. The distribution of peo- ple in South America. Bulletin of the Geograph- ical Society of Philadelphia 1-11.

Johnson, George R. 1930. Perufrom the Air. New York: American Geographical Society, Spe- cial Publications Number 12.

M a p of Hispanic America on the Scale of 1:2,000,000 (the Millionth Map), 107 sheets. Published between 1922-1945. Revisions published af- ter 1945. New York: American Geographical Society.

Rich, John L. 1942. The Face o f South America: A n Aerial Traverse. New York: American Geo- graphical Society, Special Publications Num- ber 26.

Professional Geo rapher, 41(2), 1989, pp. 223-225 0 Copyright 1689 by Association of American Geographers

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHY IN URUGUAY *

Alvaro Lopez * * Joseph L. Scarpaci***

The long period of military rule in South America during the 1970s and 1980s sti- fled professional geography. Authoritar- ian rule prevailed in Argentina from 1966- 73 and 1976-83, in Brazil from 1964-84, and in Uruguay from 1973-85. Only Chile and Paraguay remain under military rule in 1989. This brief note reports on the evolution of professional geography in Uruguay in recent years and identifies de- veloping areas of research during the re- democratization of that country.

* Dr. Scarpaci acknowledges research support from the National Science Foundation, Grant No. SES 87-22464.

'* Universidad de la Rephblica de Uruguay. * * ' University of Iowa.

Uruguay's economy and urban struc- ture are its most telling traits. The nation has relied on agricultural exports for over a century and the primate city of Mon- tevideo is home to 44% of the nation's three million residents. The 1985 census revealed roughly the same population as the 1963 census, with the important dif- ference that the population is aging rap- idly. Considerable out-migration has in- creased the ratio of workers to nonworkers. Not surprisingly, problems of economic and political centralization are of much interest to Uruguayan geog- raphers.

Prior to the military take-over in 1973, four full-time geographers taught at the National University in the areas of phys-

224 THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER

ical, economic, and plant geography. Per- haps the most influential was Jorge Che- bataroff, who for 30 years worked and published in the areas of geomorphology and biogeography. He and other geog- raphers used two organizations to pro- mote geographic teaching and instruc- tion. The Artigas Student Group provided a forum for updating maps and curricu- lum and for carrying out field trips. The National Association of Geography In- structors, comprised mainly of secondary teachers, held its first national conference in 1967. Both organizations held national meetings in 1969 and 1971. A series of publications on regional and physical ge- ography were published from those meet- ings under the guidance of Professors C6sar Campodonico and German Wett- stein (Campodonico and Wettstein 1970).

Geographic research came to a halt be- tween 1973 and 1985. Many geographers either left Uruguay voluntarily or were exiled. Six worked and studied in Mexico; four completed doctoral degrees in France; three completed courses at the Pan Amer- ican Institute of Geography and History; one worked in Canada; and others went to Venezuela (L6pez 1987). The National Association of Geography Instructors, like most professional and union groups liv- ing under authoritarian rule in the South- ern Cone, lost its legal status and was essentially outlawed. The military gov- ernment, with its penchant for descrip- tive and empirical geographic research, carried out mainly technical studies such as mapping. For example, in 1973 the Mil- itary Geographic Service (MGS) produced a series of aerial photographs (1:50 000) of the entire nation. A new national map was prepared in 1984. A new computer in 1982 allowed the MGS to study land use changes between 1966 and 1982. Any social or political interpretation of these findings was forbidden.

The return of civilian rule in 1985 re- vitalized geographic research and in- struction in Uruguay. In 1986 a major ur- ban geographic research project was carried out in the city of Artigas. The De- partment of Geography at the Universi-

dad de la Republica presented a series of papers on urban problems at the National Architect’s Meeting in 1986. The Depart- ment of Geography now employs 20 part- time geographers. A series of papers by their faculty was presented at the First Meeting of Latin American Geographers held in SSo Paulo, Brazil, in 1987. Areas of current interest to the Department are ideological pluralism, quantitative and realist research methods, multidiscipli- nary collaboration, establishment of a na- tional data base for geographic research, the impact of Uruguayan migration to Ar- gentina on Uruguayan social and eco- nomic development, contraband trade, the sale of Brazilian goods by ambulant ven- dors in Montevideo, outcomes of the cre- ation of free trade zones on the national economy, and consequences of the pro- posed international bridge linking the city of Colonia with Buenos Aires (L6pez 1987). These and other themes were also addressed by Uruguayan geographers at the Second Meeting of Latin American Geographers, held in Montevideo in March 1989.

The diversity of the research noted above is evident in a recent research monograph based on field work carried out by five Uruguayan geographers in the town of Bella Union, a small settlement located only five and ten kilometers, re- spectively, from the Argentine and Bra- zilian borders (Cardozo et al. 1988). Changing land tenure and its influence on small farmer cooperative and corpo- rate sugar cane production was the focus of the field study, and the work blends aspects of political economy (internal de- cisions about foreign investment and competition from other sugar producing nations), detailed land-use surveys, and in-depth interviews with seasonal sugar- cane workers about their participation in running contraband during the idle sea- son between planting and harvest ( Z Q ~ Y Q ) .

The social, economic, and political problems facing Uruguay in 1989 appear overwhelming. Professional geographers in Uruguay are responding to these chal- lenges with both applied approaches to

VOLUME 41, NUMBER 2, MAY, 1989 225

these problems, such as building up basic data bases through field surveys, as well as basic research on appropriate theoret- ical interpretations about their nation’s precarious state of development.

Literature Cited Campodonico, Cksar, and German Wettstein.

1970. Los Deparamentos. Montevideo: Edito- rial Nuestra Tierra.

Cardaza, Susana, Mercedes Chanquet, Virginia Fernindez, Nora Galeano, Juan Hernindez, and German Wettstein. 1988. La Regio’n de Bella Union: Cooyeratiuismo y Desarrolb Agrozn- dustrial. Montevideo: Editorial Indice.

Lbpez, Alvaro. 1987. La investicatibn geogrifi- ca en el Uruguay entre 1968 y 1987. Boietim de Geografia Teoritica 16-17: 104- 109.

RECENT GEOGRAPHY DISSERTATIONS

Professional Geo rapher, 41(2), 1989, pp. 225-231 0 Copyright 1889 by Association of American Geographers

Source: Association of American Geographers, Guide to Departments of Geography in the United States and Canada 1988-1989. Washington, DC: Association of American Geographers, 1987.

University of Alberta

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