recent advances in understanding ethanol coproducts ......may 05, 2019 · price/unit of protein...
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Recent advances in understanding ethanol coproducts nutrition in swine diets
Pedro E. Urriola, Dept. of Animal Sciences, University of MinnesotaMay 15, 2019
Ethanol coproducts are always evolving
Process
Chemistry
Nutrients
Value
Application
Corn and corn processing
Consumers and pork are changing too
Process
Chemistry
Nutrients
Value
Application
Challenges for using distillers coproducts are numerous
Process
Chemistry
Nutrients
Value
Application
Corn and corn processing Pork and consumers
Nutrient variabilityCorn mycotoxins
Pork products:• New markets• Antibiotic use• Environmental impact
Protection against change is knowledge
Opportunities for distillers coproducts in diets for swine
Manage feeding cost
High protein distillers grains and synthetic amino acids
Higher quality distillers corn oil
No antibiotics ever
Managing feed costRecent advances in understanding coproducts in swine diets
A competitive source of energy and protein for managing diet cost
Price of DDGS was less than corn 52% of the time
Price/unit of protein < soybean meal99% of the time
80%
90%
100%
110%
120%
130%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
110%
Source: DTN DDG Weekly Update
However, at greater inclusion rates DDGS decrease growth performance
Item Responses to DDGS
N ↑ ↓ =ADG 106 0 30 76
ADFI 106 10 29 67
G:F 106 7 28 71
• Approximately 3 out of 10 report less than expected performance
• The majority of experiments demonstrate a decrease in feed efficiency
Zeng et al. (2019)
Dietary fiber(re) decreases carcass yield
717172727373747475
CSB WM DDGS WM+DDGS
Car
cass
yie
ld, %
Diets
Yield Additional
Wu et al. (2016)
Short space vs. long space
African Swine Fever, what does it mean?Virus Soybean
MealDDGS
Seneca Virus A (surrogate for Foot and Mouth Disease Virus)
African Swine Fever VirusPorcine Sapelovirus (surrogate for Swine Vesicular Disease Virus)
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
Feline Calicivirus V (surrogate for Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus)
Porcine Circovirus Type 2
Porcine Reproductive and RespiratorySyndrome Virus
Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (surrogate for Pseudorabies Virus)
There is an estimation of loss 30%-35% of pigs in China alone: ~250M pigs
African Swine Fever market change and opportunities ahead
Currently in 3 continents (15 countries)• China 97%• VietNam/Cambodia 1-2%• Europe:
• Belgium wild boars No domestic• Eastern Europe < 2%
200-300 million pigs~120 million US
https://www.cahfs.umn.edu/services-tools/cahfs-emerging-issues
↓ Soybean and canola meal? Distillers coproducts
Causes of low growth of pigs fed DDGS
DDGS
Fiber
↓ NE ↓SID AA ↑ Thr
Heat
Lipid perox
AA bioaval
↑Leu
↓Ile ↓Leu
In summary – best equations were
• GE = 4,583 + (50.6 × Ether Extract) – (0.12 × Particle Size)– Anderson et al. (2012) J. Anim. Sci. 90:1242-1254
• DE = -2,161 + (1.39 × GE) – (20.7 × NDF) – (49.3 × EE)– Anderson et al. (2012) J. Anim. Sci. 90:1242-1254
• ME = -261 + (1.05 × GE) – (7.89 × CP) + (2.47 × NDF) – (4.99 × EE)– Anderson et al. (2012) J. Anim. Sci. 90:1242-1254
Samples of DDGS with EE < 6% were 2/41
Urriola et al. (2014)
The digestibility of fiber can be predicted using laboratory procedures
y = 0.1643x + 2.8959R² = 0.819
0102030405060708090
0 200 400 600
ATTD
of T
DF,
%
Asymptotic gas production (A), mL/g DM
Corn DDGS
Soybean hulls
Wheat straw
SBHDDGS
WS
Huang et al. (2017)
Animal feed
WATER (67% diet+33% on farm) and ENERGY • Water footprint: 34 L /gm of
pork
Biofuels
Y Z
DDGS127 MMT
5MBu
5MBu
X
37 MMT
Fiber (1/3)Protein (1-3)
Manure
DDGS: 50% recalcitrant fiber
Environmental impact of feeding DDGS to pigsCurrently, nutrients are lost in manure. Can we increase the recovery?Can we decrease water use?
Corn
Pork
DDGS have high content of poorly digestible nutrients
0% 50% 100%
DDGSCorn
Water CP Fat SugarsStarch Fiber Other
Crystallinity decreases the degradation of corn fiberX-ray diffraction in DDGS of low and high digestibility
The greater crystallinity index, the less digestibility of fiber
010203040506070
0.02.04.06.08.0
10.012.014.0
DDGS1 DDGS8
ATTD
of N
DF,
%
Cry
tallin
ity in
dex,
%
CrI ATTD of NDFDDGS1: ATTD of
NDF=57.3%
DDGS8: ATTD of NDF=44.5%
Zeng et al. (2019) Report to the National Pork Board
Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) increases digestibility of energy in corn DDGS
36394364
0
5
10
15
20
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Untreated AFEXtreatedD
iges
tible
ene
rgy,
kca
l/kg
DM
Digestible energy, kcak/kg DMCrystallinity index, %
12%
17%
0% 0%0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Cry
stal
linity
inde
x, %
AFEX
Zeng et al. (2019) NPB Report #17-036
Fermentation time, h
Gas
pro
duct
ion
mL/
g
0
100
200
300
400
0 20 40 60 80
Con E1 E2 E3E4 E5 E6 E7
T0.5 ≈ 16 h
Negligible impact of enzymes on in vitro fermentation of fiber in corn DDGS
Zeng et al. (2017) Report to the National Pork Board
Feeding high fiber diets and enzymes improves livability
96.09 96.49
97.75 97.61
y = -0.0002x + 3.944R² = 0.8462; P = 0.17
96
97
97
98
98
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000Pigs
pai
d in
full
valu
e, %
Dietary inclusion of xylanase, BXU/kgBoyd (2015) Leman Conference
Opportunities with proteinRecent advances in understanding ethanol coproducts nutrition in swine diets
Pigs require amino acids to make protein but not the other way around!
Protein Amino acids Muscle
Amino Acids
• Second most expensive after energy
• Primary limitation for lean growth
• 10 dietary indispensable or essential amino acids
• Conditional essential (Figure) Boisen, 2007
Digestible amino acid content varies among sources
SID Lysine, %
SID Methionine + Cystine, %
SID Threonine, %
SID Tryptophan, %
Low value*0.22
0.65
0.54
0.07
High value*0.92
1.42
1.63
0.25
Difference
0.70
0.77
1.09
0.18
*Values on a dry matter basis
Zeng et al. (2017)
Met: $2.85/kgLys HCl: $1.38/kgThr: $2.28/kgTrp: $10.00/kg
SID amino acid content can be accurately predicted • SID Lys, % = 0.816 ×
(Lys, % – 0.005) × NDF
• SID Met, % = 0.945 ×(Met, % – 0.002) × NDF
• SID Thr, % = 0.858 ×(Thr, % – 0.004) × NDF
• SID Trp, % = 0.827 ×(Trp, % – 0.001) × NDF
Between 3 and 40% of lysine in DDGS is destroyed during processing• Maillard reaction
– Cromwell et al., 1993; Fastinger and Mahan, 2006; Stein et al., 2006
– Unreactive Lys (0.32 to 3.25 g/kg; Pahm et al., 2006).
– Between 3 to 40% of total Lys is unreactive Lys.
Models to predict digestible amino acids from fluorescence
AA Model Adjusted R2
RMSE
Lys y~PC1…PC31 99.9 0.09
Met y~PC1…PC24 98.5 0.01
Thr y~PC1…PC30 99.8 0.01
Trp y~PC1…PC29 99.6 0.004
n = 37
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
380 430 480 530 580Wavelength, nm
Emis
sion
inte
nsity
, (y
= Em
L/R
ef)
Low digestibilityMedium digestibilityHigh digestibility
Urriola et al. (2017)
Amino acid quality of corn coproducts
• Objective:– To develop more accurate
measurement of amino acid bioavailability
Lysine
IngestedDigested
Excreted
Bioavailable
Amanda Palowski Edward Yang
HP-DDG Inclusion, %
ADG, kg/d
HP-DDG Inclusion, %
BCAA:Lys
Balance of amino acids is really important if not correct decreases value of corn coproducts
Effects of increasing SID Trp:Lys in 30% DDGS diets on growth performance
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.5
ADG* ADFI* G:F14.0% 15.0% 16.5% 18.0%
Grower-finisher (105 d)*Linear effect (P < 0.001)
Finisher (73 d)*Linear effect (P < 0.03)
Salyer et al. (2013)
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.0
ADG* ADFI* G:F*15.0% 16.5% 18.0% 19.5%
13%
DDGS
?Antibiotic residues in coproducts
Temperature during DDGS production degrade virginiamycin
70% degradation after 95 C at pH 4.5VM d-values (19.4 - 43.3 min) at 70-95 C
Walter et al. (2019)
Looking for opportunities
LandWater
Carbon
Farming
Antibiotics
Castration
Beta-agonists
Environmental constraints
Consumer demands Safety
WelfarePrejudice
Coproduct bioactive
compoundsGut health
Boar taint
Lean
Conclusions
• Valuable feed ingredient in diet for pigs
– Risk of reduced growth performance increases with increasing DDGS inclusion rates
• Risk needs to be minimized by:– Energy and amino acids use equations– Manage amino acid ratios
• New applications are emerging
Looking forward to seeing you at:
•Dates: September 14−17, 2019•Location: Saint Paul RiverCentre
80th September 18-19, 2019Mankato, MN