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Recent Advances for Best Practice in Design and Construction of Residential Buildings in Ireland

Lecture 1 of 4 Health and Safety

Jim LeahyBE C Eng, MIEI, Dip SHWW,

CMIOSH, aAPS

Topics

1. Roles of Engineer in Design and Construction of Residential Buildings in Ireland and the Construction Regulations

2. Some Relevant Interpretations3. Legislative Requirements for appointments, and

Particular Risks4. Recent Legal Cases5. Application of the Regulations to Residential

Buildings6. Some Common Issues7. New developments and Good Resources

2Sept 2017

1. Roles of Engineer in Design and Construction of Residential Buildings in Ireland and the Construction Regulations

n Engineers are working as / on behalf of:

– Clients– Designers- Permanent and

Temporary Works– Project Supervisor Design

Process– Project Supervisor

Construction Stage– Contractors– Resident Engineers

3

– Providing advice to Clients

– BCAR– Fire Safety– Self –build– Local Authorities

(Taking over estates, Housing Departments)

– Ongoing Maintenance

Sept 2017

2. Some Relevant Interpretations

4Sept 2017

Determine what is ‘Construction’

5

HSA have defined what is considered ‘construction work’ in detail on their website. The definition is broad.

Includes: Construction, Demolition, Maintenance

HSA Definition of Construction Work 2012

Also see

•HSA Guidelines For Working On Roads 2008

•HSA Guide for Homeowners 2013Sept 2017

Determine what is ‘Construction’

6

Examples of construction work covered by the regulations include:

•building a new house or an extension, porch or garage,•converting your attic,•refitting your kitchen,•re-slating your roof,•fitting solar panels or a skylight, and•re-wiring your house.

Tasks that are not considered construction work under the regulations include:• routine home DIY,• grass cutting,• tree planting and general gardening work, and• general maintenance to appliances, and boilers.

HSA Guide for Homeowners 2013

Sept 2017

Definitions in ROI and UK -Maintenance

Republic of Irelandn ‘HSA Definition of

Construction Work (Health and Safety Authority)’

-‘if you work in a water treatment works and you are carrying out electrical maintenance, under the Regulations, you are undertaking construction work on a structure.’

United Kingdomn HSE FAQs-General maintenance of fixed plant which mainly involves mechanical adjustments, replacing parts or lubrication is unlikely to be construction work

7

Republic of Ireland

n HSA Guide for Homeowners 2013

-Tasks that are not considered construction work under the regulations include:• general

maintenance to appliances, and boilers.

Sept 2017

3. Legislative Requirements for appointments, and Particular Risks

8Sept 2017

Legislative Requirements

Is work to last longer than 30 working days?

Is work to last longer than 500 person days?

Does the work involve a particular risk?

Is there more than one contractor?

NO PSDP OR PSCS REQUIRED

Appoint PSDP and

PSCS

Appoint PSDP and

PSCS

Appoint PSDP and

PSCS

Appoint PSDP and

PSCS

Prepare Preliminary/ Construction Stage

Health and Safety Plan





Notify HSA

Notify HSA

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

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Client Client PSDP/PSCSClient

9

Appoint Competent Contractors

Sept 2017

1. Work which puts persons at work at risk of burial under earthfalls, engulfmentin swampland or falling from a height, where the risk is particularlyaggravated by the nature of the work or processes used or by theenvironment at the place of work or site

2. Work which puts persons at work at risk from chemical or biologicalsubstances constituting a particular danger to the safety and health of suchpersons or involving a legal requirement for health monitoring

3. Work with ionising radiation requiring the designation of controlled orsupervised areas as defined in Article 20 of Directive 80/836/Euratom

4. Work near high voltage power lines5. Work exposing persons at work to the risk of drowning6. Work on wells, underground earthworks and tunnels7. Work carried out by divers at work having a system of air supply8. Work carried out in a caisson with a compressed air atmosphere9. Work involving the use of explosives10. Work involving the assembly or dismantling of heavy prefabricated

components.

Particular Risks (Schedule 1)

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Non-exhaustive list

Sept 2017

2006/2013 HSA Guidancen “Particular Risks” are not explicitly defined in the Construction

Regulations

n Risk of Falling From a Height: Where the risk associated with working at a height is likely to be aggravated by the presence of another significant hazard then a particular risk may be present, for example:

• Work on or adjacent to fragile roofing materials,• Operations where the nature of the work or other restrictions make it

impracticable to provide standard scaffolding or other suitable and sufficient means of support.

n Risk of Burial or Engulfment: Where the risk associated with working in an excavation is aggravated by the presence of another significant hazardous underground services or where there is a risk of undermining existing foundations.

Sept 2017

Particular Risk:

Assembly or Dismantling of Heavy Prefabricated Components:

This category includes work involving steel sections, pre-cast concrete framing elements, pre-cast concrete floor units, pre-cast concrete cladding units, trussed rafters and some items of mechanical plant.

2006/2013 HSA Guidance

Sept 2017

4. Recent Legal Cases

13Sept 2017

Ringsend Staircase case

n 2007- Building firm fined in fatal staircase collapse

n A leading construction company fined €50,000 for negligence which led to a father-of-two being killed when a concrete staircase collapsed on him at a building site

n Structural anchor failure

n Subcontractor fined €15,000

n Structural design company and senior project engineer acquitted

14Sept 2017

A Precast Design and Manufacturing Company admitted responsibility for a design breach which led to the collapse of a concrete stairs in a post-primary school.

The building, in Phibblestown, Co. Dublin, was under construction Nobody was injured during the collapse on 20 October 2010.

Two men heard a bang and saw the stairs behind them spontaneously collapsing. They had reached the landing a few seconds earlier.

The company were charged that, they failed to ensure that the project, specifically the re-enforcement details specific to the design of the stairs, was designed and capable of being constructed to be safe and with no risk to health.

The offence is a breach of section 17 (2) a of the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005

Sept 2017

n 2010 - An architects based in UK was fined £120,000 and £60,000 costs (as designers)

n working on the air conditioning plant which was a built on a platform accessed via a ladder at the edge of a flat roof. The roof only had a low parapet which was not high enough to prevent him from falling over 25 feet to the ground to his death.

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2010 UK Case

Sept 2017

2010 UK Case

n Structural Engineer (and contractor) fined for health and safety offences following the death of two men in wall collapse

– ‘conduct fell far below that which could be expected of a competent engineer’ (Judge)

– failed to inspect and test the foundations underpinning the wall and gave advice which was grossly negligent

17Sept 2017

Recent HSA case relating to maintenance work

n A utilities manager at the factory fell from an internal roof while he was carrying out maintenance work

n The HSA prosecuted the company, which pleaded to

n Failing to manage and restrict and prohibit maintenance work on the roof, contrary to section 8(2(c) of the SHWW Act 2005, which requires places of work to be designed and maintained, in so far as reasonably practicable, in a condition that is safe

n Failing to appoint a project supervisor for the works relating to the repairs to fixed mechanical and electrical installations, contrary to the Construction Regulations 2006, reg 6(1)(b).

Sept 2017

CoPs and guidelines -

n CoPs– Access and working scaffolding (2008)– Working in confined spaces (Updated 2017)– Avoiding danger from underground services (Updated

2016)– Overhead electrical services (2008)– Safety in roofwork (Updated 2016)– Design and installation of anchors (Updated 2017)

n Guidelines– Guidelines to Construction Regulations (Updated 2017)– Client guidance– Asbestos– Working at Height

Sept 2017

5. Application of the Regulations to Residential Buildings

20Sept 2017

Domestic Clients

The project supervisors, designers or contractors must demonstrate to the client that they are competent and have allocated or will allocate adequate resources…

There is a duty of care placed on the Contractor to be fully compliant with H&S requirements and by extension fully aware of same - ignorance is no defence.

Also - If a contractor is not aware of the appointment of project supervisors, the contractor must promptly inform the client of the client’s duties.

21Sept 2017

Preliminary Safety and Health Plan / Construction Stage Plan for Domestic projects

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See Guide for Contractors and Project Supervisors

Sept 2017

Worked Examples

23Sept 2017

Housing Estate

Designer Risk asessments

n Accessn Trafficn Depths of

excavationsn Drainage

routesn ….

PSDP coordination

n Design team coordination meetings – not many

n Contractor meetingsn Prepared Prelim

Safety Plann Prepared Safety File

– SF for Local Authority– Relevant information

for Houseownersn Temporary Works

(minor)24

Anticipated to take longer than 30 working days, PSDP and PSCS required

PSCScoordinationn Coordinated

Contractors n Prepared Cons Stge

Safety Plann Implemented site

rulesn Audited contractorsn Safety Officern Organised Safety

File info….

Sept 2017

Apartment Block (1)


n Accessn Trafficn Working areasn Maintenancen Depths of

excavationsn Drainage

routesn Service

diversions…….

PSDP coordinationn Design team

coordination meetings

n Contractor meetings (who employed Designers)

n Prepared Prelim Safety Plan

n Prepared Safety Filen Temporary Works

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PSCScoordination

n Coordinated Contractors.

n Prepared Cons Stage Safety Plan

n Implemented site rules

n Audited contractorsn Safety Officern Organised Safety

File info….Sept 2017

Apartment Block (2)

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n Future Maintenance– Plant rooms– Roof – Window cleaning– Safety File

n Safety File– One copy for management

company– Relevant extracts for

apartment owners / tenantsn Structural Anchor Formsn Use of BIM

Other issuesn Neigbours / dust / noise

/ vibrationn Buildabilityn Delivery of materialsn Precast stairs n Temporary works –

– Tower crane– Traffic management– Scaffolding– Shuttering– Propping systems

Sept 2017

New House (Standalone)


n Accessn Working area

around housen Maintenance

PSDP coordination

n Met with Designer and Builder

n Discussed issuesn Prepared Prelim Safety

Plann Prepared Safety File

(as-builts and manuals for boiler, windows etc.)

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PSCScoordination

n Met with Contractors. Discussed issues

n Prepared Cons StgeSafety Plan

n Implemented site rulesn Audited sub-

contractorsn Gathered Safety File

Informationn Organised safety Rep

Sept 2017

House extension, Single storey


n Access to rear of house

n Depth of drainage close to existing foundations

n Maintenance requirements- access to a sewer pipe was almost obstructed

PSDP coordination

n Met with Designer and Builder

n Discussed issuesn Prepared Prelim

Safety Plann Prepared Safety

File (as-builts and manuals for boiler, windows etc.)

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PSCScoordination

n Met with Contractors. Discussed issues

n Prepared Cons StgeSafety Plan

n Implemented site rules

n Audited sub-contractors

Sept 2017

Domestic – Bathroom refurbishment

Designers’ Risk asessments

n ?????

PSDP coordination

n ?????

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More than one contractor envisaged: Tiler, Electrician, plumber (all are ‘Contractors’). PSDP and PSCS required

PSCS Coordination

????

Sept 2017

Costs of Construction Regulations?

House - Direct Labour / Self Buildn Professional Indemnity

Insurance?n Competence?

– Training required?n Time available?

Architect/ Engineer etc. as PSDP / Contractor Build n PSDP – prelim Plan,

some coordination, Prepare Safety File –estimate ? days? Rate?

n PSCS: Contractor? Percentage addition to overall contract sum?

30Sept 2017

6. Some Common Issues

31Sept 2017

Temporary Works

HSA 2006/2013 CR Guide:•‘Temporary works may include such matters as trench shoring, scaffolding, propping, working platforms, gangways and access stairs/ladders, etc. Persons who make decisions on site in respect of these may be deemed to be designers.•‘the contractor has the duty to comply with the technical requirements relating to excavations, scaffolding and other specific element of the Regulations’

32Sept 2017

Permanent & Temporary Design Certificates

q Included in the Con. Regs. Guidelines Regulations

q Not an absolute requirement

q Records coordination ??

q Definitely focuses the mind !

EI, ACEI, RIAI alternative Certificates

33Sept 2017

Suggestion: Temporary Design Certs not required for structures which:

n Require no interaction of the Permanent Works and the Temporary Works –n Where the forces transferred by the temporary works onto the permanent

works structure may be small. n Are assembled in conformity with a generally recognised standard

configuration, e.g NASC (UK) - TG20 (Scaffolding)n Can be built in accordance with manufacturer’s specifications or drawings. n Can be built in accordance with a “standard solution”. i.e the basic design

work has already been carried outn can be safely managed by competent persons in competent site teams,

without design, by following custom and practice and an industry standard safe system of work,

n Where the situation is small scale and straightforward and/or can be constructed by a competent and experienced person without further design, e.g. a shuttering carpenter, a formwork carpenter

n The design does not include structural calculations / Technical / mathematical design

Sept 2017

BS5975

n British Standard 5975 sets out one way of managing temporary works (TW) that has been found to work well on medium and large projects.

n uses the job title Temporary Works Coordinator (TWCn On projects with relatively simple TW needs, you may

choose not to appoint a TWC. However, you must still make sure that TW are properly managed to ensure safety

35Sept 2017

BCAR and the Construction Regs

n More Designers Identified. n Typical Contractor employed designers:

– Structural anchors – contractors’ supplier, secondary support– Building façade for stone, glazed and louvred façade elements– Temporary works– Crane base and lift plan (Tower crane and mobile crane)– Precast elements– Handrails and Balustrades– Piles– Structural steelwork connections– M&E

• hanging & support systems, Medical gases, Lightning protection, Lift

36Sept 2017

Anyone who makes a design decision regarding the structure can be a designer!!

…….it would seem reasonable to assume that such strict defining of persons as designers will apply

only when decisions they make might have a significant impact on the health or safety of others.

………. (DRA Manual)

Not all BCAR identified designers need to be ‘coordinated by the PSDP’

The BCAR process is providing ‘guarantees’ of design and workmanship

More site visits (inspections) are required by BCAR

Who are Designers?

Sept 2017

New developments and Good Resources

UKn CITB Website (UK)n CDM Wizard App by

CITBn Association for Project

Safety publicationsn HSE (UK) websiten CIRIA Publicationsn Temporary Works

Forumn BS5975 Temporary

Works

ROIn HSA Guidance to 2013

Regs. (recently updated)n HSA Domestic Projects

Guidancen Construction Safety

Partnershipn ACEI/ EI/ ACEI

Designing for Safety Manual and Briefing Notes

38Sept 2017

In Conclusion - Issues to watch out for:

39

n Appointments

n Excavationsn Scaffolding n High Voltagen Temporary Works

Sept 2017

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