rebar - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

16/10/2015 RebarWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebar 1/12

Atiedrebarbeamcage.Thiswillbeembeddedinsidecastconcretetoincreaseitstensilestrength.

CorrodedconcreteandrebaratthebridgeofQueenElizabethWaycrossingtheWellandRiverinNiagaraFalls,Ontario,Canada.

RebarFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Thisarticleisaboutthereinforcementbar.Forthecompany,seeRebar(Taiwan).Fortheartgroup,seeRebarartanddesignstudio.

Rebar(shortforreinforcingbar),alsoknownasreinforcingsteel,reinforcementsteel[1]andcolloquiallyinAustraliaasreo,isasteelbarormeshofsteelwiresusedasatensiondeviceinreinforcedconcreteandreinforcedmasonrystructurestostrengthenandholdtheconcreteintension.Rebar'ssurfaceisoftenpatternedtoformabetterbondwiththeconcrete.

Contents

1History2Useinconcreteandmasonry3Physicalcharacteristics4Sizesandgrades

4.1USsizes4.2Canadiansizes4.3Europeansizes4.4Australiansizes

4.4.1Bars4.4.2Mesh

4.5Grades5Placingrebar

5.1Stirrups5.2Welding5.3Mechanicalconnections5.4Safety

6Designations7Reuseandrecycling8Seealso9References10Externallinks

History

Originally,concretestructureswereunreinforced.Rebarhasbeenusedinconstructionsinceatleastthe15thcenturyforexample,2500mofrebarswereusedintheChteaudeVincennes.[2]

Morerecently,duringthe18thcentury,rebarwasusedtoformthecarcassoftheLeaningTowerofNevyanskinRussia,builtontheordersoftheindustrialistAkinfiyDemidov.Thecastironusedfortherebarwasofhighquality,andthereisnocorrosiononthemtothisday.Thecarcassofthetowerwas



RebarinsidetheLeaningTowerofNevyansk

connectedtoitscastirontentedroof,crownedwithoneofthefirstknownlightningrods.[3]Morerecentlythesetechniqueshavebeenrefinedbyembeddingthesteelbarsintheconcrete,andbytheintroductionofdeformedbarstoimprovebonding,thusproducingmodernreinforcedconcrete.

Useinconcreteandmasonry

Concreteisamaterialthatisverystrongincompression,butrelativelyweakintension.Tocompensateforthisimbalanceinconcrete'sbehavior,rebariscastintoittocarrythetensileloads.Moststeelreinforcementisdividedintoprimaryandsecondaryreinforcement,butthereareotherminoruses:

Primaryreinforcementreferstothesteelwhichisemployedtoguaranteetheresistanceneededbythestructureasawholetosupportthedesignloads.Secondaryreinforcement,alsoknownasdistributionorthermalreinforcement,isemployedfordurabilityandaestheticreasons,byprovidingenoughlocalizedresistancetolimitcrackingandresiststressescausedbyeffectssuchastemperaturechangesandshrinkage.Rebarisalsoemployedtoconferresistancetoconcentratedloadsbyprovidingenoughlocalizedresistanceandstiffnessforaloadtospreadthroughawiderarea.Rebarmayalsobeusedtoholdothersteelbarsinthecorrectpositiontoaccommodatetheirloads.Externalsteeltiebarscanconstrainandreinforcemasonrystructures,asillustratedbytheNevyanskTowerorancientstructuresinRomeandtheVatican.

Masonrystructuresandthemortarholdingthemtogetherhavesimilarpropertiestoconcreteandalsohavealimitedabilitytocarrytensileloads.Somestandardmasonryunitslikeblocksandbricksaremadewithvoidstoaccommodaterebar,whichisthensecuredinplacewithgrout.Thiscombinationisknownasreinforcedmasonry.

Whileanymaterialwithsufficienttensilestrengthcouldpotentiallybeusedtoreinforceconcrete(glassandbasaltfibersarealsocommon),steelandconcretehavesimilarcoefficientsofthermalexpansion:[4]aconcretestructuralmemberreinforcedwithsteelwillexperienceminimalstressasaresultofdifferentialexpansionsofthetwointerconnectedmaterialscausedbytemperaturechanges.

Physicalcharacteristics

Steelhasanexpansioncoefficientnearlyequaltothatofmodernconcrete.Ifthiswerenotso,itwouldcauseproblemsthroughadditionallongitudinalandperpendicularstressesattemperaturesdifferentfromthetemperatureofthesetting.[5]Althoughrebarhasribsthatbinditmechanicallytotheconcrete,itcanstillbepulledoutoftheconcreteunderhighstresses,anoccurrencethatoftenaccompaniesalargerscalecollapseofthestructure.Topreventsuchafailure,rebariseitherdeeplyembeddedintoadjacentstructuralmembers(4060timesthediameter),orbentandhookedattheendstolockitaroundtheconcreteandotherrebar.Thisfirstapproachincreasesthefrictionlockingthebarintoplace,whilethesecondmakesuseofthehighcompressivestrengthofconcrete.



Commonrebarismadeofunfinishedtemperedsteel,makingitsusceptibletorusting.NormallytheconcretecoverisabletoprovideapHvaluehigherthan12avoidingthecorrosionreaction.Toolittleconcretecovercancompromisethisguardthroughcarbonationfromthesurface,andsaltpenetration.Toomuchconcretecovercancausebiggercrackwidthswhichalsocompromisesthelocalguard.Asrusttakesupgreatervolumethanthesteelfromwhichitwasformed,itcausessevereinternalpressureonthesurroundingconcrete,leadingtocracking,spalling,andultimately,structuralfailure.Thisphenomenonisknownasoxidejacking.Thisisaparticularproblemwheretheconcreteisexposedtosaltwater,asinbridgeswheresaltisappliedtoroadwaysinwinter,orinmarineapplications.Uncoated,corrosionresistantlowcarbon/chromium(microcomposite),epoxycoated,galvanizedorstainlesssteelrebarsmaybeemployedinthesesituationsatgreaterinitialexpense,butsignificantlylowerexpenseovertheservicelifeoftheproject.Extracareistakenduringthetransport,fabrication,handling,installation,andconcreteplacementprocesswhenworkingwithepoxycoatedrebar,becausedamagewillreducethelongtermcorrosionresistanceofthesebars.[6]Evendamagedbarshaveshownbetterperformancethanuncoatedreinforcingbars,thoughissuesfromdebondingoftheepoxycoatingfromthebarsandcorrosionundertheepoxyfilmhavebeenreported.[7]Thesebarsareusedinover70,000bridgedecksintheUSA.[8]

Fiberreinforcedpolymerrebarisalsousedinhighcorrosionenvironments.Itisavailableinmanyforms,suchasspiralsforreinforcingcolumns,commonrods,andmeshes.Mostcommerciallyavailablerebarismadefromunidirectionalglassfibrereinforcedthermosetresins.

Reinforcingsteelcanalsobedisplacedbyimpactssuchasearthquakes,resultinginstructuralfailure.TheprimeexampleofthisisthecollapseoftheCypressStreetViaductinOakland,Californiaasaresultofthe1989LomaPrietaearthquake,causing42fatalities.Theshakingoftheearthquakecausedrebarstoburstfromtheconcreteandbuckle.Updatedbuildingdesigns,includingmorecircumferentialrebar,canaddressthistypeoffailure.

Sizesandgrades

USsizes

Imperialbarsizesgivethediameterinunitsofinch,sothat#8=88inch=1inchdiameter.Thecrosssectionalarea,asgivenbyr,worksoutto(barsize/9.027),whichisapproximatedas(barsize/9)squareinches.Forexample,theareaof#8baris(8/9)=0.79squareinches.

Largerbarsizesarebasedonthecrosssectionalareaofsquarebarsthatwereformerlyused.Thediameteroftheequivalentroundshapesisroundedtothenearestinchtoprovidethebarsize.Forexample,#9barhasacrosssectionof1.00squareinches,andthereforeadiameterof1.128inches.#10,#11,#14,and#18sizescorrespondto118inch,114,112,and2inchsquarebars,respectively.[9]#14rebarisparticularlyaffectedbythisapproximationbydiameteritwouldbe#13.5.

Thetowerandsignindustriescommonlyuseslightlylarger"jumbo"bars#14Jand#18Jasanchorrodsforlargestructures.[10]Thebarsarefabricatedfromslightlyoversizedblankssuchthatthreadscanbecutattheendstoacceptstandard1.75"(#14J)and2.25"(#18J)anchornuts.



Steelreinforcementbarswithcolorcodesindicatingthegrade

U.S.rebarsizechartImperial

barsize MetricsizeLinearMassDensity Nominaldiameter Nominalarea

lbft (kg/m) (in) (mm) (in) (mm)

#2 #6 0.167 0.249 0.250=28 6.35 0.05 32

#3 #10 0.376 0.561 0.375=38 9.525 0.11 71

#4 #13 0.668 0.996 0.500=48 12.7 0.20 129

#5 #16 1.043 1.556 0.625=58 15.875 0.31 200

#6 #19 1.502 2.24 0.750=68 19.05 0.44 284

#7 #22 2.044 3.049 0.875=78 22.225 0.60 387

#8 #25 2.670 3.982 1.000 25.4 0.79 509#9 #29 3.400 5.071 1.128 28.65 1.00 645#10 #32 4.303 6.418 1.270 32.26 1.27 819#11 #36 5.313 7.924 1.410 35.81 1.56 1006#14 #43 7.650 11.41 1.693 43 2.25 1452#18 #57 13.60 20.284 2.257 57.3 4.00 2581#18J 14.60 21.775 2.337 59.4 4.29 2678

Canadiansizes



Steelreinforcementinstorage

Metricbardesignationsrepresentthenominalbardiameterinmillimeters,roundedtothenearest5mm.

Metric

barsize

LinearMassDensity

(kg/m)

Nominaldiameter

(mm)

Crosssectional

Area(mm)

10M 0.785 11.3 10015M 1.570 16.0 20020M 2.355 19.5 30025M 3.925 25.2 50030M 5.495 29.9 70035M 7.850 35.7 100045M 11.775 43.7 150055M 19.625 56.4 2500

Europeansizes

Metricbardesignationsrepresentthenominalbardiameterinmillimetres.PreferredbarsizesinEuropearespecifiedtocomplywithTable6ofthestandardEN10080,[11]althoughvariousnationalstandardsstillremaininforce(e.g.BS4449intheUnitedKingdom).InSwitzerlandsomesizesaredifferentfromEuropeanstandard.

Metric

barsize

LinearMassDensity

(kg/m)

Nominaldiameter

(mm)

Crosssectional

Area(mm)

6,0 0.222 6 28.38,0 0.395 8 50.310,0 0.617 10 78.512,0 0.888 12 11314,0 1.21 14 15416,0 1.58 16 20120,0 2.47 20 31425,0 3.85 25 49128,0 4.83 28 61632,0 6.31 32 80440,0 9.86 40 125750,0 15.4 50 1963

Australiansizes



ReinforcementforuseinconcreteconstructionissubjecttotherequirementsofAustralianStandardsAS36002009(ConcreteStructures)andAS/NZS46712001(SteelReinforcingforConcrete).Thereareotherstandardsthatapplytotesting,weldingandgalvanising.ThedesignationofreinforcementisdefinedinAS/NZS46712001usingthefollowingformats:

Bars

Shapecode Yieldstrength(MPa) Ductilityclass Nominaldiameter(mm)DdeformedbarGrade300 300MPa Nnormal 10DdeformedbarGrade500 500MPa Nnormal 10Rroundbar 250MPa Llow 12

16202428323640

Examples:D500N12isdeformedbar,500MPastrength,normalductilityand12mmnominaldiameteralsoknownas"N12"R250N20isroundbar,250MPastrength,normalductilityand20mmnominaldiameteralsoknownas"R20"

Barsaretypicallyabbreviatedtosimply'N'(hotrolleddeformedbar),'R'(hotrolledroundbar),'RW'(colddrawnribbedwire)or'W'(colddrawnroundwire),astheyieldstrengthandductilityclasscanbeimpliedfromtheshape.Forexample,allcommerciallyavailablewirehasayieldstrengthof500MPaandlowductility,whileroundbarsare250MPaandnormalductility.

India

RebarsareavailableintheFollowingGradesasperIS:17862008FE415/500/500D.Rebarsarequenchedwithwateratahighlevelpressuresothattheoutersurfaceishardenedandtheinnercoreremainssoft.RebarsareRibbedsothattheconcretecanhaveabettergrip.CostalregionsusedGalvanizedrebarsthisprolongsthelifeofRebars.

[2](http://www.indanasteel.com/ptmt.php)WeightchartofIndiansRebarswithtolerancesandsizes.

Mesh



Shapecode

Ductilityclass

Nominaldiameter(mm)

Nominalspacing(longdirection)

Nominalspacing(shortdirection)(onlyrequiredinrectangularmesh)

Ssquare Llowductility 7mm 1100mm 1100mm

Rrectangular 8mm 2200mm 2200mm

10mm 880mm 880mm12mm

Grades

Rebarisavailableingradesandspecificationsthatvaryinyieldstrength,ultimatetensilestrength,chemicalcomposition,andpercentageofelongation.

InUSuse,thegradedesignationisequaltotheminimumyieldstrengthofthebarinksi(1000psi)forexamplegrade60rebarhasaminimumyieldstrengthof60ksi.Rebaristypicallymanufacturedingrades40,60,and75.

Incountriesthatusethemetricsystem,thegradedesignationistypicallytheyieldstrengthinmegapascalsMPa,forexamplegrade400(similartoUSgrade60).

CommonUSspecifications,publishedbyACIandASTM,are:

AmericanConcreteInstitute:"ACI31814BuildingCodeRequirementsforStructuralConcreteandCommentary",ISBN9780870319303(2014)ASTMA82:SpecificationforPlainSteelWireforConcreteReinforcementASTMA184/A184M:SpecificationforFabricatedDeformedSteelBarMatsforConcreteReinforcementASTMA185:SpecificationforWeldedPlainSteelWireFabricforConcreteReinforcementASTMA496:SpecificationforDeformedSteelWireforConcreteReinforcementASTMA497:SpecificationforWeldedDeformedSteelWireFabricforConcreteReinforcementASTMA615/A615M:DeformedandplaincarbonsteelbarsforconcretereinforcementASTMA616/A616M:SpecificationforRailSteelDeformedandPlainBarsforConcreteReinforcementASTMA617/A617M:SpecificationforAxleSteelDeformedandPlainBarsforConcreteReinforcementASTMA706/A706M:LowalloysteeldeformedandplainbarsforconcretereinforcementASTMA767/A767M:SpecificationforZincCoated(Galvanized)SteelBarsforConcreteReinforcementASTMA775/A775M:SpecificationforEpoxyCoatedReinforcingSteelBarsASTMA934/A934M:SpecificationforEpoxyCoatedPrefabricatedSteelReinforcingBarsASTMA955:DeformedandplainstainlesssteelbarsforconcretereinforcementASTMA996:RailsteelandaxlesteeldeformedbarsforconcretereinforcementASTMA1035:StandardSpecificationforDeformedandPlain,Lowcarbon,Chromium,SteelBarsforConcreteReinforcement



ASTMmarkingdesignationsare:

'S'billetA615'I'railA616(supersededbyA996"ASTMA616/A616M96aStandardSpecificationforRailSteelDeformedandPlainBarsforConcreteReinforcement(Withdrawn1999)".Astm.org.Retrieved20120824.)'IR'RailMeetingSupplementaryRequirementsS1A616(supersededbyA996"ASTMA616/A616M96aStandardSpecificationforRailSteelDeformedandPlainBarsforConcreteReinforcement(Withdrawn1999)".Astm.org.Retrieved20120824.)'A'AxleA617(supersededbyA996"ASTMA617/A617M96aStandardSpecificationforAxleSteelDeformedandPlainBarsforConcreteReinforcement(Withdrawn1999)".Astm.org.Retrieved20120824.)'W'LowalloyA706

HistoricallyinEurope,rebariscomposedofmildsteelmaterialwithayieldstrengthofapproximately250MPa(36ksi).Modernrebariscomposedofhighyieldsteel,withayieldstrengthmoretypically500MPa(72.5ksi).Rebarcanbesuppliedwithvariousgradesofductility.Themoreductilesteeliscapableofabsorbingconsiderablymoreenergywhendeformedabehaviorthatresistsearthquakeforcesandisusedindesign.ThesehighyieldstrengthductilesteelsareusuallyproducedusingtheTEMPCOREprocess.[12]

Themanufactureofreinforcingsteelbyrerollingfinishedproducts(e.g.sheetsorrails)isnotallowed.[13]Incontrasttostructuralsteel,rebarsteelgradesarenotharmonizedyetacrossEurope,eachcountryhavingtheirownnationalstandards.HoweversomestandardizationofspecificationandtestingmethodsexistunderEN10080andENISO15630:

BSEN10080:Steelforthereinforcementofconcrete.Weldablereinforcingsteel.General.(2005)BS4449:Steelforthereinforcementofconcrete.Weldablereinforcingsteel.Bar,coilanddecoiledproduct.Specification.(2005/2009)BS4482:Steelwireforthereinforcementofconcreteproducts.Specification(2005)BS4483:Steelfabricforthereinforcementofconcrete.Specification(2005)BS6744:Stainlesssteelbarsforthereinforcementofanduseinconcrete.Requirementsandtestmethods.(2001/2009)DIN4881:ReinforcingsteelsPart1:Grades,properties,marking(2009)DIN4882:ReinforcingsteelsPart2:Reinforcingsteelbars(2009)DIN4883:ReinforcingsteelsPart3:Reinforcingsteelincoils,steelwire(2009)DIN4884:ReinforcingsteelsPart4:Weldedfabric(2009)DIN4885:ReinforcingsteelsPart5:Latticegirders(2009)DIN4886:ReinforcingsteelPart6:Assessmentofconformity(2010)BSENISO156301:Steelforthereinforcementandprestressingofconcrete.Testmethods.Reinforcingbars,wirerodandwire.(2010)BSENISO156302:Steelforthereinforcementandprestressingofconcrete.Testmethods.Weldedfabric.(2010)

Placingrebar

Rebarcagesarefabricatedeitheronorofftheprojectsitecommonlywiththehelpofhydraulicbendersandshears.However,forsmallorcustomworkatoolknownasaHickey,orhandrebarbender,issufficient.Therebarsareplacedbysteelfixers"rodbusters"orconcretereinforcingironworkers,withbarsupportsandconcreteorplasticrebarspacersseparatingtherebarfromtheconcreteformworktoestablishconcrete



Steelwireusedtosecurerebarbeforeconcreteispouredoverit

coverandensurethatproperembedmentisachieved.Therebarsinthecagesareconnectedeitherbyspotwelding,tyingsteelwire,sometimesusinganelectricrebartier,orwithmechanicalconnections.Fortyingepoxycoatedorgalvanisedrebars,epoxycoatedorgalvanizedwireisnormallyused.

Stirrups

Stirrupsformtheouterpartofarebarcage.Stirrupsareusuallyrectangular,andareplacedatregularintervalsalongacolumnorbeamtopreventshearfailure.[14]

Welding

TheAmericanWeldingSociety(AWS)D1.4setsoutthepracticesforweldingrebarintheU.S.WithoutspecialconsiderationtheonlyrebarthatisreadytoweldisWgrade(LowalloyA706).RebarthatisnotproducedtotheASTMA706specificationisgenerallynotsuitableforweldingwithoutcalculatingthe"carbonequivalent".Materialwithacarbonequivalentoflessthan0.55canbewelded.(AWSD1.4)

ASTMA616&ASTMA617reinforcingarererolledrailsteel&rerolledrailaxlesteelwithuncontrolledchemistry,phosphorus&carboncontent.Thesematerialsarenotcommon.

Rebarcagesarenormallytiedtogetherwithwire,althoughspotweldingofcageshasbeenthenorminEuropeformanyyears,andisbecomingmorecommonintheUS.Highstrengthsteelsforprestressedconcretemayabsolutelynotbewelded.

Mechanicalconnections

Alsoknownas"mechanicalcouplers"or"mechanicalsplices",mechanicalconnectionsareusedtoconnectreinforcingbarstogether.Mechanicalcouplersareaneffectivemeanstoreducerebarcongestioninhighlyreinforcedareasforcastinplaceconcreteconstruction.Thesecouplersarealsousedinprecastconcreteconstructionatthejointsbetweenmembers.

Thestructuralperformancecriteriaformechanicalconnectionsvariesbetweencountries,codes,andindustries.Asaminimumrequirement,codestypicallyspecifythattherebartospliceconnectionmeetsorexceeds125%ofthespecifiedyieldstrengthoftherebar.Morestringentcriteriaalsorequiresthedevelopmentofthespecifiedultimatestrengthoftherebar.Asanexample,ACI318specifieseitherType1(125%Fy)orType2(125%Fyand100%Fu)performancecriteria.[15]

Forconcretestructuresdesignedwithductilityinmind,itisrecommendedthatthemechanicalconnectionsarealsocapableoffailinginaductilemanner,typicallyknowninthereinforcingsteelindustryasachieving"barbreak".Asanexample,Caltransspecifiesarequiredmodeoffailure(i.e.,"neckingofthebar").[16]

Safety



Rebarswithsafetycapsinstalledbeforebeingcoveredinconcrete.

Topreventinjury,theprotrudingendsofsteelrebarareoftenbentoverorcoveredwithspecialsteelreinforcedplastic"plate"caps."Mushroom"capsmayprovideprotectionfromscratchesandotherminorinjuries,butprovidelittletonoprotectionfromimpalement.

Designations

Reinforcementisusuallytabulatedina"reinforcementschedule"onconstructiondrawings.Thiseliminatesambiguityinthenotationsusedaroundtheworld.Thefollowinglistprovidesexamplesofthenotationsusedinthearchitectural,engineering,andconstructionindustry.

NewZealandDesignation Explanation

HD16300,T&B,EW

Highstrength(500MPa)16mmdiameterrebarsspacedat300mmcenters(centertocenterdistance)onboththetopandbottomfaceandineachwayaswell(i.e.,longitudinalandtransverse).

3D12 Threemildstrength(300MPa)12mmdiameterrebars

R8Stirrups@225MAX

Dgrade(300MPa)smoothbarstirrups,spacedat225mmcentres.BydefaultinNewZealandpracticeallstirrupsarenormallyinterpretedasbeingfull,closed,loops.ThisisadetailingrequirementforconcreteductilityinseismiczonesIfasinglestrandofstirrupwithahookateachendwasrequired,thiswouldtypicallybebothspecifiedandillustrated.

UnitedStatesDesignation Explanation#4@12OC,T&B,EW

Number4rebarsspaced12inchesoncenter(centertocenterdistance)onboththetopandbottomfacesandineachwayaswell,i.e.longitudinalandtransverse.

(3)#4 Threenumber4rebars(usuallyusedwhentherebarperpendiculartothedetail)#3ties@9OC,(2)perset

Number3rebarsusedasstirrups,spacedat9inchesoncenter.Eachsetconsistsoftwoties,whichisusuallyillustrated.

#7@12"EW,EF

Number7rebarspaced12inchesapart,placedineachdirection(eachway)andoneachface.

Reuseandrecycling

InChinaandmanyothercountries,afterthedemolitionofabuilding,workersarecalledintoremovetherebar.Theyscourthesite,extractingthemetalusingboltcutters,weldingequipment,sledgehammers,andothertools.Themetalispartiallystraightened,bundledandsold.



Workersextractingrebarfromdemolitionrubble

Rebar,likealmostallmetalproducts,canberecycledasscrap.Itisusuallycombinedwithothersteelproducts,melteddown,andreformed.

Seealso

CarbongridCovermeter

WeldedwiremeshorweldmeshFusionbondedepoxycoating

References1. Merritt,FredericS.,M.KentLoftinandJonathanT.Ricketts,StandardHandbookforCivilEngineers,Fourth

Edition,McGrawHillBookCompany,1995,p.8.172. "LedonjondeVincenneslivresonhistoire".3. TheofficeofthefirstRussianoligarch(http://www.itogi.ru/archive/2002/42/102260.html)(Russian)4. "CoefficientsofLinearThermalExpansion".TheEngineeringToolBox.Retrieved20150706.5. "GFRPBarTransverseCoefficientofThermalExpansionEffectsonConcreteCover"(PDF).Retrieved

20120824.6. RecommendedFieldHandlingofExpoyCoatedReinforcingBars

(http://epoxyinterestgroup.org/cfcs/cmsIT/baseComponents/fileManagerProxy.cfc?method=GetFile&fileID=719D762290A658C44D14365D2D5B5099&fileName=Field_Handling_Card.pdf),ConcreteReinforcingSteelInstitute

7. Ramniceanu,Andrei[1](http://virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/08CR5.pdf)ParametersGoverningtheCorrosionProtectionEfficiencyofFusionBondedEpoxyCoatingsonReinforcingSteel,VirginiaTransportationResearchCouncil,January2008

8. EpoxyInterestGroup."EpoxyInterestGroupofCRSI".EpoxyInterestGroupofCRSI.Retrieved24August2012.

9. Wang,ChuKiaSalmon,CharlesPincheira,Jose(2007).ReinforcedConcreteDesign.Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons.p.20.ISBN9780471262862.

10. ThreadedRebarBolts(http://www.portlandbolt.com/products/rods/threadedrebar.html)11. "BSEN10080:Steelforthereinforcementofconcrete.Weldablereinforcingsteel.General.",pp.19(2005).12. Noville,J.F.(June2015).TEMPCORE,themostconvenientprocesstoproducelowcosthighstrengthrebars

from8to75mm(PDF).2ndESTADMETEC.Dsseldorf.



WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoRebar.

13. "BSEN10080:Steelforthereinforcementofconcrete.Weldablereinforcingsteel.General.",clause6.4,pp.13(2005).

14. Jesse(January29,2013).accessdate=20150204"ReinforcedConcreteBeamDesign:ConcreteBeamStirrups?Whataretheyandwhyaretheyimportant?"Check|url=scheme(help).

15. ACIcommittee318(2014).ACI31814BuildingCodeRequirementsforStructuralConcreteandCommentary.AmericanConcreteInstitute(ACI).ISBN9780870319303.

16. CaliforniaDept.ofTransportation."METHODOFTESTSFORMECHANICALANDWELDEDREINFORCINGSTEELSPLICES"(PDF).Caltrans.RetrievedFeb2011.

Externallinks

OSHARebarimpalementprotectionmeasures

(https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/construction/falls/mainpage.html)

Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rebar&oldid=685690583"

Categories: Buildingmaterials Russianinventions Concrete SteelsFoundations(buildingsandstructures)

Thispagewaslastmodifiedon14October2015,at11:24.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

rebar - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Documents