reason, maturity, and initiation
TRANSCRIPT
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REASON, MATURITY, AND INITIATION:
EXPLORING THE AGE OF CONFIRMATION
___________________
A Paper
Presented to
Dr. Scott Hahn
Franciscan University of Steubenville
___________________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Course
THE314 D The Sacraments
___________________
by
John Paul Dominic Brodeur
May 2011
Box #217
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REASON, MATURITY, AND INITIATION:
EXPLORING THE AGE OF CONFIRMATION
The history of Confirmation in the Catholic Church is a long and arduous study,
and even to this day, the sacrament of Confirmation searches for a defining theology. The
primary reason for confusion arises from the variety in its practice. Indeed, in the diverse
practice of Confirmation, the modern Church experiences the ramifications of one of its oldest
idioms: Lex orandi, lex credendi, The law of worship is the law of belief. When the
liturgical practice of Confirmation is so diverse that it seemingly contradicts itself or serves dual
purposes, the faithful are deprived of the insights necessary to further probe the mystery of Faith.
Thus, it is of the utmost importance that an account be made of the current situation in light of
Sacred Tradition, in order to appropriate the most essential truths needed to reform the practice
of the sacrament at large. With such intent, this paper will explore the age of Confirmation in
widespread practice and as it is prescribed in the Churchs Tradition so as to theologically
distinguish between essential and non-essential purposes of the sacramental practice.
In a 2004 document entitled Receive the Gift: the Age of Confirmation, the United States
Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) enumerates the variety of occasions and age ranges
during which Confirmation may be administered:
Nonbaptized adults and nonbaptized children of catechetical age celebrate Confirmationwithin the ceremony of their Baptism; Those baptized Catholic as infants or very young
children are confirmed in childhood, adolescence, and even adulthood; Adults baptized in
other Christian churches are confirmed during the Rite of Reception of Baptized
Christians into the Full Communion of the Catholic Church; Catholics in danger of deathare confirmed at whatever age they find themselves to be in danger; Infants in the Eastern
Catholic Churches are confirmed (chrismated) immediately after receiving Baptism.i
The most diverse category in the aforementioned list is Cradle Catholics, those who have been
baptized in their infancy, a normative majority of Latin Catholics. According to the USCCB, the
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age of Confirmation in this group ranges from childhood through adolescence, and even into
adulthood. All other groups mentioned have normative prescriptions for the reception of
Confirmation: Non-baptized children and adults of catechetical age as well as children born in
Eastern churches all receive Confirmation with the ceremony of their Baptism; adults being
accepted into the Church are likewise confirmed at the same time; any Catholic in danger of
death may receive the sacrament because of the urgency which his situation provides him. Why,
then, do Cradle Catholics have such diversity in the age at which they receive the sacrament?
The answer to this question can be found in the Code of Canon Law canon 891 which
sets the norm for all Catholics baptized as infants or young children in the Latin Catholic
Church: The sacrament of confirmation is to be conferred on the faithful at about the age of
discretion unless the conference of bishops has determined another ageii
Effective since
July 1, 2002, the United States has a complementary legislation for this canon. It reads: The
United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, in accord with the prescriptions of canon 891,
hereby decrees that the Sacrament of Confirmation in the Latin Rite shall be conferred between
the age of discretion and about sixteen years of age, within the limits determined by the diocesan
bishop and with regard for the legitimate exceptions given in canon 891.iii Thus, each diocesan
bishop is ultimately responsible for determining the necessary limits for his particular diocese. iv
The legal range within which he is allowed to legislate is from 7 to 16 years of age, a difference
of about 9 years. When enacting legislation concerning the age of Confirmation, a local bishop
may enact an age range coterminous with the national range (including all 9 years), a more
limited age range within the national range (e.g. ages 12-14), or a single age within the national
range.v
According to the USCCB, considerations of the local bishop should include first, the
theology of Confirmation; second, the history of the sacrament; third, the availability of
ministers for the conferral of the sacrament; fourth, parish catechetical structures and programs;
and fifth, the standard age of neighboring diocese.vi
The USCCB provides some helpful analysis regarding typical limited age ranges
currently effective in various dioceses throughout the United States. The first of these is the age
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of discretion (also known as the age of reason) which coincides with First and Second Grade.
As such, it also coincides with the legally prescribed age for the ordinary reception of first
Penance and first Holy Communion.vii
The USCCB goes on to enumerate the overwhelming
benefits of Confirming during this age range: First, children will have some comprehension of
the event (since they have reached the age of reason); second, they benefit from the grace of the
Holy Spirit as soon as possible; third, it is more likely that those who receive Holy Communion
will receive Confirmation; fourth, they gain the ability to follow the natural sequence of the
Sacraments of Initiation: Baptism, then Confirmation, then Holy Communionthe same
sequence followed by theRite of Christian Initiation of Adultsviii and Eastern Catholic Churches;
fifth, the initiatory aspect of the sacrament is made clearer;ix
and sixth, the Eucharist is more
clearly signified as the summitx
of Christian initiation.xi
Significant challenges to the practice of Confirmation during this age range are also
enumerated: First, a large catechetical demand is placed on young children, who receive three
sacraments (Penance, Confirmation, and first Holy Communion) all within a very short period of
time. That is why common practice in this range is to celebrate Confirmation in the first grade,
and first Holy Communion in the second grade. Second, there is a declining incentive for
continuing catechesis afterward. Finally, it renders Confirmation incapable of marking the
passage from childhood to adulthood. It is too early a time for the child to begin taking an adult
responsibility for his faith and actions.xii
The next age range presented by the USCCB is that which coincides with the Fifth and
Sixth Grades. Here, the bishops observe a more expansive period of preparation, allowing
children more time to absorb the mysteries between the time they receive first Holy Communion
and the time they receive the sacrament of Confirmation. However, Confirming during this
period still respects the impulse of the Church to provide the gift of the Holy Spirit to young
children as soon as is possible.xiii A significant challenge which they denote is how the
initiatory aspect of Confirmation has already become obscured.xiv
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A third age range which they present coincides with young adolescents in Grades Seven
through Nine. The USCCB speaks highly about the new layers of meaning which can be derived
from the experience of puberty and a new level of education.xv
It forcibly reiterates how well it
coincides with human maturation, stressing that particular aspects of the theology of
Confirmation can be emphasized more effectively: strengthening, becoming more like Christ,
bearing witness, and being bound more closely to the Church all capture the attention of
adolescents entering high school in ways that disinterest most younger children.xvi Another
benefit which the bishops find is the opportunity provided for catechesis independent of
sacramental preparation.xvii The two challenges listed are challenges related to the proper
identification of the sacrament. It is now further unrecognizable as an initiation rite, and it is still
too early in the human maturation process to consider it a maturity rite.xviii
The final age range provided in the USCCB document coincides with Tenth to Eleventh
Grades. The bishops take note of how Confirmation at this age bolsters the pastoral care that the
Church can provide through community, catechesis, and sacraments. They also list how
Confirmation at this age ritualizes the self-appropriation of faith and the ongoing conversion
which is the natural end of progressive catechesis. Finally, they observe, Catholic youth in this
age group are particularly enlivened by a sense of active Christian social responsibility, and they
often perform marvelous works for the good of the Church and the wider local community.xix
Despite these enumerated benefits, the USCCB also lists a surprisingly long list of
challenges (both pastoral & theological) which Confirmation creates during this period. First, in
this particular age range, the bishops observe a growing disinterest in the Church propelled by a
pressure both from within and from without to gain independence from those values commonly
held by the family and the community. Some diocese, they write, offer Confirmation to
youth in this age group in order to channel their energy, to encourage their questions about Christ
and the Church, and to deepen their awareness of the truths they discover through more intense
catechesis.xx A second challenge is signifying the Eucharist as the climax of the initiation
process.xxi Third, they observe a common misinterpretation of Baptism as a non-denominational
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Christian initiation which is made Catholic by Confirmation once the faith has been
appropriated. In this line of thinking, to refuse Confirmation would be equivalent to rejecting
Catholicism, but adult faith, the bishops remind the reader, should not be confused with adult age
of natural growth. The catechism is also cited to express how the grace of baptism does not need
human ratification to become effective.xxii A fourth challenge is clarifying adolescent
commitment: not undervaluing the weekly recitation of the creed, reception of Holy
Communion, and the annual renewal of Baptismal vows at Easter. These rituals already
presume their commitment. They express the reality that there is one Church, not that there is
one for youth and another for adults. All of the baptized form one Church in Christ.
Recommitment is not a once-in-a-lifetime event, but Confirmation is a once-in-a-lifetime
sacrament.xxiii
A fifth challenge presented is the result of identifying adolescent Confirmation
as a sacrament of commitment. This creates an inconsistent understanding of the sacrament,
especially in relation to other common instances of its reception. The final challenge enumerated
is the misrepresentation of the gift of the Holy Spirit as a kind of reward for catechetical
study.xxiv
In the USCCBs analysis, an attentive reader may discover two particular approaches to
the sacrament of Confirmation which seem to create a sort of unresolvable tension. The first is
identifying the sacrament with Christian initiation, and the second is identifying the sacrament
with human maturation as it is analogous to spiritual maturation. Each seems to be given equal
preference by the Bishops Conference, but each seems to crowd out the significance of the
other. How can this tension be effectively resolved? Does either one of these descriptions take
precedence over the other? Thankfully, there are fairly clear answers to these questions, and
they are embedded in the great wealth of Sacred Tradition.
Bishop Robert Joseph Cunningham writes that the tradition of the Church stresses two
crucial ideas: the first being a constant refusal to disassociate baptism and confirmation, and the
second being a constant refusal to reduce confirmation to being simply a stage within the
sacrament of baptism.xxv Indeed, even as Confirmation began being celebrated independent of
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Baptism, reasoning power was not an essential pre-requisite for confirmation.xxvi
Canon 786 of
the Corpis Juris Canonicireads, In order that one may receive confirmation licitly and with
fruit, he must be in the state of grace, and if he has the use of reason, he must be sufficiently
instructed.xxvii
This teaching was further clarified by a response of the Sacred Congregation of
the Sacraments in 1934 detailing what sufficient instruction meant. It decreed that in preparing
for the Sacrament of Confirmation, the child should receive instruction according to his
capacity, upon the nature, dignity, [and] effects of the sacrament, and on the requisite conditions
for its worthy receptionxxviiinot therefore, as Marian Bohen writes, an intensive instruction
covering all of Christian doctrine, to be examined by the bishop.xxix This same decree of 1934
makes provision for a dying infant to receive the sacrament of Confirmation so that upon
leaving this life he mayhave greater glory in heaven.xxx
Additionally, the order of the sacraments of initiation has a strong tradition in the
Churchs history. In 1281, the thirteenth-century Council of Lambeth actually prohibited those
who had not yet received Confirmation from receiving the Eucharist.xxxi
In the mid-19th
century, several councils of French bishops began legislating that first Holy Communion should
precede Confirmation insteadmuch like the common American practice today. Shortly after
Florian-Jules-Flix Desprez was appointed to the new diocese of La Runion, he convened a
council during which he considered the age of confirmation. Among the resulting ordinances
was included the following: The pastor will only need to present to us for confirmation those
persons who have made their first communion or who should make it within the course of the
year.xxxii
However, once the Sacred Congregation of the Council in Rome read this, a change
was immediately requested on the basis of what was already deemed an historical precedent:
Since for a long time a lower age has been required for admittance to the sacrament ofconfirmation than for admittance to first communion, as the Roman Catechism offers in
"Confirmation", (number 18) and as Benedict XIV teaches in "Diocesan Synod" (book 7,chapter 10, numbers 2 and 3), it is proposed to you that the doctrine reported (article 22,
p. 19 in the Synodal Acts) be reformed accordingly, so that the first place may be for
conferring confirmation, and then, at an opportune time, for supplying first
communion.xxxiii
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The First Vatican Council is even bolder in its portrayal of the traditional sequence of the
sacraments. It calls the sequence a perpetual practice and dismisses the reverse order as
absurd:
Since in some places a custom contrary to the perpetual practice of the church has
grown up, in which confirmation is administered by an absurd order only to those who
have already been admitted to the most holy sacrament of the eucharist, we wish this tobe corrected completely; especially since one who has already begun to fight against the
enemy should not be kept from armor. It should be clear, as St. Thomas Aquinas says,
that many in the age of childhood have fought bravely for the sake of Christ because of
the strength of the Holy Spirit they have received.xxxiv
Pope Leo XIII, in a letter Abrogata to the Bishop of Marseilles dated June 22, 1897, re-
approved the practice of conferring Confirmation before first Holy Communion. He wrote:
That opinion [of administering first Holy Communion before Confirmation] which hadgrown strong there [in France] and in other places corresponded neither to the old and
constant intent of the church, nor to the advantage of the faithful. For the beginnings of
cupidity are in the souls of children. Unless they are erased as early as possible, they
gradually grow stronger, entice those inexperienced in matters, and lead to great danger.Therefore the faithful, even from the tender years, have a need "to be clothed with
strength from on high," which the sacrament of confirmation was born to produce. In it,
as St. Thomas Aquinas rightly notes, the Holy Spirit is given for the strength of thespiritual fight and humanity is advanced spiritually to a mature age. Moreover,
adolescents having thus been confirmed become more conformable to understanding
precepts, and more fit for receiving the Eucharist afterwards, and they grasp moreabundant benefits from what they receive.
xxxv
These words of Pope Leo XIII are simply remarkable. He plainly asserts that receiving
first Holy Communion prior to Confirmation is to the disadvantage of the faithful but he does
not simply express an opinion. He confidently calls upon the tradition as his witness, and he
emphasizes the great aid which the sacrament can provide adolescents who have already
received it. He understands the sacrament of Confirmation as a means of readying the child for a
more fitting reception of the Eucharist, interpreting Confirmation as a source of mysterious
capacity for spiritual development when receiving Holy Communion.
In 1932, the Sacred Congregation on the Sacraments made the most direct statement of
any Roman congregation and for the first time linked Confirmation with Baptism:
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It is truly opportune and more conformable to the nature and effects of the sacrament of
confirmation, that children should only approach the sacred table for the first time afterthe reception of the sacrament of confirmation, which is, as it were, the complement of
baptism and in which is given the fullness of the Holy Spirit (St. Thomas, III, q. 72, art.
2). However, these same should not be considered prohibited from the same table before
they are admitted, if they had attained the years of discretion, even though they were notable to receive the sacrament ofconfirmation previously.xxxvi
Thus, while the Sacred Congregation on the Sacraments declares an explicit preference
for the reception of Confirmation prior to first Holy Communion, it does not refuse the
unconfirmed faithful from receiving the Eucharist like the Council of Lambeth did. Even more
convincing is how in 1948, the Statutes of Limoges which had once read It is very desirable that
all children presented for confirmation already have been admitted to communionxxxvii
were
amended to read, It is very desirable that children admitted to communion have been presented
for confirmation.xxxviii
Finally, in the Second Vatican Councils apostolic constitution on the Rite of
Confirmation (Divinae consortium naturae), Paul VI wrote reaffirming the traditional sequence
of the sacraments of initiation:
The sharing in the divine nature given to men through the grace of Christ bears a certainlikeness to the origin, development, and nourishing of natural life. The faithful are born
anew by Baptism, strengthened by the sacrament of Confirmation, and receive in theEucharist the food of eternal life. By means of these sacraments of Christian initiation,they thus receive in increasing measure the treasures of the divine life and advance
toward the perfection of charity.xxxix
For Paul VI, there is a kind Eucharistic direction in the celebration of the sacraments of
initiation such that both baptism and confirmation find their end in the Sacrament of Charity.
This is a significant theme for Pope Benedict XVI. In his work on the Eucharist he writes, It
must never be forgotten that our reception of Baptism and Confirmation is ordered to the
Eucharist. Accordingly, our pastoral practice should reflect a more unitary understanding of the
process of Christian initiation.xl
In the modern day and age, the exceptional practices of Confirmation also shed light on
the true identity of Confirmation as a sacrament. All non-baptized children who have reached
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the age of discretion are treated as adults as far as Baptism is concerned,xli
meaning that they are
enrolled in the catechumenate and are confirmed at their Baptism, usually during the Easter
Vigil.xlii
The fact that non-baptized children over 7 years of age are treated as adults is a striking
contrast to the model of Confirmation as a sacrament of maturation among adolescents who
would seemingly be something less than an adult prior to Confirmation. Additionally, persons
with mental disorders and developmental disabilities remain eligible for the sacrament of
Confirmation, further reinforcing the case against the need for intellectual maturity as a pre-
requisite.xliii Furthermore, according to canon law, a priest can still confirm anyone in danger of
death, including infantsxlivsuggesting that the essential aspect of Confirmation is something
more significant than maturation, be it human or spiritual. One final thing worth noting is how
the current Rite of Confirmation foresees the possibility that children celebrating the sacrament
of Confirmation may not have previously received their First Holy Communion: If the
candidates for confirmation are children who have not received the Eucharist and are not
admitted to their first communion at this liturgical celebration or if there are other special
circumstances, confirmation should be celebrated outside Mass.xlv
What conclusions can be derived from all of this? As Bohen observes, some see
Confirmation as the sacrament of maturity as the crown of catechetical formation, and as an
initiation into adult life. According to Bohens assessment, it is primarily the desire for
catechetical formation as preparation for the sacrament that favors a later age.xlvi
While the
arguments may look convincing when the primary concern of the sacrament is maturity in a
physical or intellectual sense this end is not essential to Confirmation, nor even of primary
importance.xlvii
To understand Confirmation as a rite of passage into physical and intellectual
maturation simultaneously linked with a kind of spiritual maturation is a horrible
misrepresentation of the spiritual life and a gross undervaluation of Gods grace. Perhaps a more
accurate analogy to physical maturation during adolescence is what happens at the age of reason,
when the soul becomes capable of moral actions. Like the bodys newfound ability to procreate
after puberty, the soul of a child after having reached the age of reason is now capable of being a
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moral example to others, a spiritual father even to far older individuals than himself who
witness the childs example. Similar to the way puberty continues even after sexual faculties are
developed, so too does the growing capacity of reason continue to provide the child with greater
wisdom and conformity to Christ, even after the age of discretion begins. The great danger of
using the analogy of physical maturation as a starting point is the tendency to project very
meaningful physical realities into the spiritual dimension in ways that undervalue or misinterpret
the true spiritual reality of what is taking place. No intellectual, physical, or even psychological
developments could ever accurately measure spiritual maturity.
As to the matter of Confirmation as a catechetical incentive, Bohen writes, It hardly
seems justifiable to hold back one of Gods saving sacraments as a kind of bribe, depriving the
children of the grace of the sacrament because of a possible lack on the part of the parents.xlviii
Catechetics begins in the home; it is a fundamental responsibility of the parents to pass on the
Faith to their children. Additionally, the dynamic of that catechesis ought not to be minimalist or
begrudging, but enlivened with a true sense of intimacy. If catechetics is employed well, then
there is no need for sacramental incentive to reinforce a further study of the Faith, nor would it
feel demanding. Either way, the true sense of the sacrament as a gift of the Holy Spirit is
utterly lost when it becomes some kind of reward for an individuals religious efforts or a kind of
spiritual graduation ceremony. Disassociating Confirmation from the completion of catechetical
training would likely be very effective in remedying much of the confusion currently
surrounding the true meaning of the sacrament.
The USCCB is very helpful when it reiterates a most basic and essential truth about the
sacrament: Through Confirmation one receives the fullness of the gift of the Holy Spirit that
was given in Baptism;xlix and quoting the Catechism of the Catholic Church, it later remarks:
The reception of the sacrament of Confirmation is necessary for the completion of baptismal
grace.l What exactly does this mean? Perhaps the exact meaning ought to be at least
somewhat elusive. It certainly does not mean that the unconfirmed Catholic has only a fragment
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of the Holy Spirit. In the state of grace, every baptized Catholic experiences the extraordinary
grace of the Divine Indwelling Trinity, whole and entire. So whats missing?
Cunningham provides a remarkable insight when he writes, Baptism and confirmation
can only be stood in relation to each other.li
He describes them like two sources of light which
illuminate the same landscape.lii Theres Easter and then theres Pentecost. Theres Rebirth in
Christ and then theres Life in the Spirit. Theres the experience of being saved from sin and
then theres the obligation to spread the gospel. Are any of these things really independent of the
other? In their truest simplicity, no, they are not. In a similar way, the meaning of Confirmation
can never be emancipated from the meaning of Baptism. Its fullness and completion is
precisely realized in the dynamism of the Christian life which lies ahead. It is a realization of the
true purpose of Baptism: not a stagnant character by which a man is redeemed, but a living
character which has an external orientation: Through the sacrament of Confirmation, they are
bound more perfectly to the Church; they are endowed with special strength of the Holy Spirit,
and are thus more strictly obliged, as true witnesses of Christ, to spread and defend the faith by
word and deed.liii Thus, by their Confirmation, the faithful are called out of the upper room, not
into a new life, but into the consummation of the new life they have already received from
Christ: The effect of the sacrament is that the Holy Spirit is given for strength, as he was given
to the apostles on the day of Pentecost, in order that Christians may courageously confess the
name of Christ.liv
This grace of the sacrament of Confirmation is one which most certainly can be enacted
in the life of a seven year-old child. Perhaps the immensity of the gift will not overwhelm him or
even cause him to pause very long to reflect upon it initially, but ought that to be the standard by
which the sacrament is administered? Bohen puts it aptly, If every other consideration indicates
that the sacrament of confirmation should be given at about the age of reason, is it just to deprive
the child of the sacrament at the proper age solely to impress him? He may be more mature in
reasoning power at a later age, but will he be as receptive as at the dawn of reason?lv How
beautiful it is to see a child receive first Holy Communion! He receives Christs Body and
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Blood with such an innocent faith! Why then wait until the Eleventh Grade to provide that child
with the graces he needs to persevere and develop in that Faith? It is little wonder why
unconfirmed Eleventh Graders are so hard to keep in the pews!
Thus Bohen concludes with three reasons for having Confirmation at the age of reason:
first, out of obedience to the directions in Canon Law; second, out of conformity with the true
nature of the sacrament as a completion of baptism; and third, to satisfy the need of the child for
the gift of the Spirit at the beginning of his period of serious religious instruction. lvi Bohen also
adds that if there remains any subsequent need for a kind of religious ceremony of commitment
apart from the sacrament throughout the high school years, it can be performed just as well
outside the sacrament without usurping the sacrament for its own ends:lvii
If the goal a
catechesis which corresponds both to the truth of the Christian faith and tradition and to the
spiritual needs of the childwill be achieved by means of a revolution, then that revolution will
be eminently worthwhile.lviii
iReceive the Gift: the Age of Confirmation (Washington, D.C.: United States Conference of Catholic
Bishops, 2004), 1.iiCode of Canon Law (Codex Juris Canonici),Latin-English ed. (Washington, D.C.: Canon Law Society of
America, 1983), c. 891.iii
Joseph Fiorenza, USCCB - Canon 891 - Age for Confirmation, United States Conference of Catholic
Bishops, http://www.usccb.org/norms/891.htm (accessed May 6, 2011).ivReceive the Gift, 3.
vIbid., 4.
vi Ibid., 4-5.vii CIC, c. 914.viii
Congregation for Divine Worship,Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults (Washington, DC: USCCB,
1988).ix
Receive the Gift, 7-8.xCatechism of the Catholic Church (New York: Doubleday, 1995), no. 1233.
xiRCIA, no. 243.
xiiReceive the Gift, 8-9.
xiii Ibid., 9-10.xiv
Ibid., 10.xv
Ibid., 11.xvi
Ibid.xvii
Ibid.xviii
Ibid., 12.xix
Ibid.xx
Ibid., 13.xxi RCIA, no. 243.
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xxiiCCC, no. 1308.
xxiiiReceive the Gift, 13-14.
xxivIbid., 14.
xxvJoseph Cunningham, Confirmation: Pastoral concerns (Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press,
1973), 47.xxvi
Marian Bohen, The Mystery of Confirmation, a Theology of the Sacrament(New York: Herder andHerder, 1963), 145.xxvii
CIC, c. 786.xxviii
Acta Apostolicae Sedis, XXVII (1935), 11-12, tr. Lincoln T. Bouscaren, in The Canon Law Digest,
Vol. II: 1933-1942 (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Co., 1943), p. 188.xxix
Bohen, 34.xxx
Acta Apostolicae Sedis , p. 187.xxxi
Bohen, 141.xxxii
Paul Turner, Benedict XVI and the sequence of the sacraments of initiation. Paul Turner.
www.paulturner.org/pdf_files/initiation_sacraments.pdf (accessed May 6, 2011).xxxiii
Ibid.xxxiv
Ibid.xxxv
Ibid.xxxvi
Ibid.xxxvii Ibid.xxxviii
Ibid.xxxix
Second Vatican Council, Apostolic constitution On the Rite of Confirmation (Divinae consortium
naturae), AAS 63 (1971), 657. Quoted in CCC, no. 1212.xl
Benedict XVI, Post-synodal Apostolic Exhortation Sacramentum Caritatis, Vatican: the Holy See.
http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_ben-
xvi_exh_20070222_sacramentum-caritatis_en.html (accessed May 6, 2011), 17.xli
CIC, c. 8521.xlii
Receive the Gift, 15.xliii
United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Guidelines for the Celebration of the Sacraments with
Persons with Disabilities (Washington, DC: USCCB, 1995), no. 16.xliv
CIC, c. 883, 3xlv
Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults,Study ed. Ottawa, Ont.: Conference's Publication Service, 1974).
xlvi Bohen, 141.xlvii
Ibid., 142.xlviii
Ibid.xlix
Receive the Gift, 5.lCCC, no. 1285.
liCunningham, 47.
liiIbid.
liiiSecond Vatican Council,Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (Lumen Gentium), in J. Neuner and J.
Dupuis, eds., The Christian Faith, 7th ed. (New York: Alba House, 2001), no. 1439.liv
Council of Florence (1439), Decree for the Armenians, The Christian Faith, no. 1418 (DS 1319).lv
Bohen, 143.lvi
Ibid., 141-2.lvii
Ibid., 143.lviii
Ibid., 147.