really useful grammar

8/6/2019 Really Useful Grammar

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" I ~ ~ ,"I t ( rl I I ~,,'EN G 'U I N Q U ",C K G U ID E S


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Pearson Education LimitedEdinburgh GateHarlowEssex CM20 2JE, Englandan d A ssociated C om panies th rou gh ou t the w orld .I SBN 978 -0 - 582 -46893 - 1F irst p ub lish ed 20 0 IF ou rth im pressio n 20 08Copyright lake A lls op 2 00 1The mora l right of the author has been asserted.Produced for the publisher by Bluestone Press, Charlbury, UK .Designed and typeset by White Horse Graphics, Charlbury, UK .Illustrations by R og er F ere da y (L in da R og ers A ss oc iate s).Photography on pages 1 \,53,103 and 129 by Patrick Ellis. A ll others byB lu es to ne P re ssP rin te d a nd bound in C h in aE P C / 0 4All rights reserved,' no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in anyform or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior writtenpermission a/the Publishers.P ub lished b y Pearson E du catio n L im ited in asso ciatio n w ith Peng uin B oo ksLtd, both companies being subsidiaries of P ea rs on p Ic .

For a complete list of the titles available from Penguin English visitour website at www.penguinenglish.com, or please write to your localPearson Education office or to: Penguin English Marketing Department,

P ea rs on E d uc at io n, E d in bu rg h Gate, Harlow, E ssex CM2 0 2 JE .

Getting started 71 Nouns and pronouns 11

'Nouns Key facts about nouns'Plurals Possession Compound nounsPronouns Key facts about pronounsSubject and object pronouns -self/-selvesSpecial uses of the pronoun it Possessives, Dete'rminers 27Key facts about determinersIdentifying ai n ), t he , th is , th at, t he se , th os e,Describing distribution a ll , e ac h, e ve ry , b oth , e ith er , n eit he r, Describing quantity (no t) m uch , (n ot) m an y, som e, any,I 'no, a f ew , a little, a lot ofAdjectivals 37Key facts about adjectivalsWays of defining th e ta ll h ou se a cr os s th e r oa dPosition a s il ly m i st ak e. Numbers th e fir st s tre et o n th e le ftAdject ives from names an Indian m eal
http://www.penguinenglish.com%2C/http://www.penguinenglish.com%2C/


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Making comparisons b igg er /b ig g es t; mo r e/ th e mo s t e x pen si vePatterns with adjectives I 'm fa ll in g a sl ee p.Defining clauses Sh e's a w om an w ho kno ws everything .Adjective order a b ig o ld V ic to ria n h ou sePrepositionsKey facts about prepositionsPlace under a tree Time o n S un da yPurpose do anything for m oney Method go by busManner sw im like a f ish Possession a m an w ith a beard

5 Verbs ,1:FormKey facts about verbsActions and states Time' ViewpointSimple and continuous tenses T he b us le av es a t e ig ht.T he y'v e b ee n w o rk in g h ard .Formipg questions Must yo u lea ve? W hy did n't yo u call?Forming negatives S he d id n't p la y la st w e ek .Short forms You 'r e Ha r ry , a re n 't y o u?Irregular verbs speak/spoke/spoken; find/folmd/found;put/put/putVerbs 2: TensesKey facts about tensesSimple present Simple past Continuous tensesPerfect tenses' Ways of expressing the future

6

53

75

89

, I IVerbs 3: Other forms, I' t I 103Key facts.about modals mu st/h av e to , s ho uld /o ug ht to ,can /cou ld , may /migh t

, : Ke y facts about conditionals If I h ad bo ugh t a ticket" " 'I'd be r ic h n ow !, 'Key facts about passives Se ve ra l b y st and er s we r e k il le db y gunmen.

Key facts about gerunds and infinitives We k ep t o n w o rk in g.Th ey d ec id ed to . leave.

8, Adverbials'Key facts about adverbialsCorn,parisons more care ful lyManner S he d ri ve s we ll.Place Put it o ve r th ere .Time We m eet fo r a n h ou r on W ed nesd ay s.Frequency Id on 't u su ally lo se m y te mp er e asily .

,~,',Frequently asked questions

115

'129',1 make and do '

I ,2 g et/ ha ve s ome th in g d on e" 'I \ 3 sa y and tell

' ,~ ,~~ il land ye t( ' '5 'which and wha t, I

6 l ik e do ing and li ke t o do7 must and have (got) to8 o ug ht to and should9 shall10 very and too


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Grammar files 1391 Prepositional phrases 140Verbs followed by particular prepositionsd ep en d o nAdjectives followed by particular prepositionsj ea lo us o f

2 Verb patterns 142Simple tenses Perfect tenses Continuous tensesPassives

3 Common irregular verbs 145Answers 152


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Most grammar books are thick and heavy - andtoo big to carry around in your pocket or yourbag! Really Usefu l Englis h Grammar contains thekey facts that you need to know to be able to useEnglish correctly. You can take it anywhere withyou, leaving the bigger grammar book at homefor later reference:What's in this book?,. Chapters 1 to 8 cover the main areas of thelanguage. Each chapter begins with K ey Facts,illustrated with examples from contemporaryspoken English. There are exercises and aReview to test your understanding.

Chapter 9, Frequently a sk ed que stio ns , deals wit~.some of the common confusions that occur: forexample, the use of make and do, the differencebetween 'shouid and o ught to. There is also a

II I,' ~ , seris of sentences containmg common errors,fpr ybl:l to identify and correct.

I ~ ,11 ' , I I 'T h e cQ.apt~rsare followed by three Grammar, 1,;,'filesid1atprovide straightforward information.on v:~rbforms, including a list of irregular,,', ',v-etbs,and useful prepositional phrases.

~ '} !\ t theback of the book, there is an Answers, ' ,, 'sectiori for all the exercises and review

As aquick reference for those occasions when' y o ~ ate not completely sure about a point of, I ~ r 1 \ \ , ~grammar.',' refresh and test your knowledge when you,,ave a little time to spare.


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You can work through the book systematically,from cover to cover, or just dip into it,conceritrating on those points that matter toyou at the time.

In trying to fix a grammatical rule in your head,it is always a good idea to memorise an examplesentence. So, for example, don't simply learn'going to expresses intention'; learn a sentence likeI'm going to ask m y boss for a raise. You can learnthe sentences in this book, then try making upyour own, so that they are real for you. But. .remember, while Really Use fu l E ng lis h G rammarcontains essential information about Englishgrammar, it does not tell the whole story. Fordetailed grammar advice you should also consulta good reference grammar.


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Key facts aboutnounsNouns describe concrete things that you can seeor touch: a friend, a house, a church; and abstractthings that you cannot see or touch: happiness,in fo rmatio n, lo ve , tim e.1 Plurals To form the plural of mosr nouns add - (e)s:fr iend -fr iends, house -houses, church-churches

Nouns ending in -ch, -sh, -s, -ss , -x add -es:match -matc hes, w ish -w ish es, b us-b use s,k iss-ki sses, box-boxes

Nouns ending in consonant + y change the y toiand add -es : baby-babies, country-countries(Vowel + y just add - s: boy-boys ) Most nouns ending in -f change the f to v and "add -es: w i fe -w ive s, she lf -she lves

~J2., \ T 5 BAB \G .S

~'.m. ACTUALLY,,--=:;r'",-,"""",. M t z . WILL IAM; ,


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Note these irregular 'plurals:man-m en, w oman-w om en, child-children,fo ot-fe et, mou se -m ic e, to oth -te eth The nouns police and people are plural inEnglish.The police have arrived; people are angry.

Food, substances and materials are always. singular.b rea d, m ilk, g ra ss, sn ow , steel, co tto n, g la ss

Abstract nouns are also always singular,love, happiness , information

2 ' IF?ds~ession~.[o~shoW possession by people or a?iII_lals,add-,~sor -ts)': th e boy 's b ic yc le , women 5 rights,'girls~ magazines .

U s e th is fo rm w ith tim e e xp re ss io ns : in th re e d ays ' tim e,y es te r da y's n e w s p ap e r I~:other cases, use compound nouns (see

< below): b ed ro om , computer p ro gram, wash in gm.achine, or the preposition of: a cup of tea, the leg of a.table3'eompound nouns The first part describes the second part:toothbrush = a brush used for cleaning teeth.' ..Write compound nouns as one word where, ' B6th 'parts are very short:"homework , b ed room , toothbrush.,

N o te th a t th es e w o rd s a re s in gu la r in E n glis h:n e ws , a d vic e , fu rn it ur e, w o n ; h o me w o rk , p ro g re ss , lu g ga g eH ard w ork is g ood fo r yo u.N o n ew s is g ood n ew s.


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S ctu)o,se th e correct fo rm o f th e ve rb .1 Beqple is/are always ready to criticise.2 ', AntiqVe furniture cost/costs a lot.3 T h e new~,from the war zone is/are not good.4 Your hair look/looks really nice!5 The police has/have asked for volunteers.C C om b in e w o rd s fro m b ox es 1 and 2 to m akec ompound nouns ,

Practice 1AA C om p le te th e ta b le .

Singular Plural12345678910

womenlife

feetchild .day

ladiesmatchbook'

.. . taxestree

1 '.1 'arm'2 ' bottle3 gre~n4 match5 police

"6 post, " 7 screw,~',telephone

, , ' 9 wrist'II ( )~~------~--------~

2carchairdirectorydriverhouseofficeopenerstickwatch


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Key facts aboutpronouns1 He/she/it/theyThese pronouns replace people or things thathave already been referred to.J an e's a p olice o ffic er. S h e lo ve s h er job.

M ary is an engineer; sh e w orks in a factory; itsuits her; s he lik es h er job.T h e y live in an old house; it suits them; th ey lo vetheir house; they love it.

J ane's apolice off icer .She lo ve sher job .


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2 I/we/youI (written with a capital I) refers to the personspeaking; we refers to more than one personspeaking; you refers to the person or peoplespoken to.

I'm hungry; make me a sandw ich for m y lunch. 'W e have a dog; it lives w ith us; it is o ur pet.You 'm ust ta ke money with you on yourjourney. Use you for one person or for several people:John, you a re a re al frie nd .B oys a nd girls, Iwant you to lis te n tome.

P arts o f b e . h a ve . e tc .. c an jo in w ith p ro no un s: 1 1 m . you're,h e 's . t he y'r e. I'v e , s h e'd . w e 'll D is tin gu is h be tw e en its - a h o u se an d its g arde n ; and irs- it's [it is ] a n ic e h o u se )

Boys andg irls, I w an tyou to listento me.


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3 -selfl-selvesmys e lf , y o u rs e lf , h im s e lf , h e rs e lf, i ts e lfo u rs e lv e s, y o ur se lv e s, t hem s e lv e s

Use -selfl-selves when subject and object arethe same.They like to enjoy themselves at weekends.Make yourself at home! ' The -self/-selves form is also used foremphasis.Nobody helped me. I did it myself!The house itself is sm all, but the garden is big.

No te : by t n y s e t t a lo ne , w ith ou t h elp

T he h ou seits elf issmall, butt he g ar denis big.


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A c om p l,te th 'e,~, table.,

4 Special uses of the pronoun it The pronoun it is used in many patterns:It's raining, it's a n ic e day , it's 2 o'clock.It's easy/hard/d ifficult to kn ow wha t to do.~ N ote the pa tte rn w ith there:R~"he re 's a lo t to d o; th ere 's a sp id er in my b ed .

5 PossessivesUse my, etc., with a following noun:Your hair looks nice; I d on 't lik e my hair.Use mine, etc., when no noun follows:Yours is m uch nicer than mine.

Use object pronouns as direct and indirectobjects:DIRECT He loves me.INDIRECT Tell m e a story.

After explain an d say, us e to me :E xp la in th is to me ; s ay h ello to yo ur g ra nd ma .

yours

herhis

itselfus ourselves

their. "B c ~ o ps e :~ h e 'correct word .

1 This bike belongs to me. It is my/mine bike,2 ,Mary ." smysister, so I'm his/her brother.3 ~e ~eallyenjoyed us/ourselves at the disco.4 Hae the girls finished her/their homework?5 D id,ybu get a letter from Alan and lime today?(j I~t11j~Iohn's work, or is it your/yours!, ,

"


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C orre ct th e m is ta ke s in th es e s en te nc es .1 X Did she go to the party by her own?2 X Its time to give the cat it's dinner.3 X Look after yourself, children!4 X Explain me the difference between if and wh I5 X Is this your hairs' brush?6 X It's not much bread left.7 X Did Kate say you where she was going?8 X Your house is bigger than our.


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Key taotsaboutdeterminersDeterminers often identify, and describe \, ,distribution and quantity. They come before nouns.1 ,Identifying

a /a n , t h e , t h is /t h e se , t h a t/t h o seThey answer the question Which one (s )?I'm look ing for a book.I'm look ing for the book that my dad bought me.Is this the book you w ant? (i.e. this one here)No, I wan t that book. (i.e. the one further away) ,a(n)/the a ( n ) is not used in plural statements:, A dogis a good pet or Dogs a rc g oo d p ets. Use some as the plural of a ( n ) for anunspecified number or quantity:I bought an overcoat and som e shirts.

: ' j

Use th e for something that 'iswell-known:"iImust go to the bank and the post o ffi ce ."T he p oo r ju st g et p oorer. ( = = poor people)',Don't use th e in general statements:'Sugar is bad for you. D ogs m ake good pets.' ... or in many verb/preposition + noun, .expresstons: .'h ave lu nch , m ake frien ds, fo r examp le, b y train

Dogs m akegood p et s.


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2 Describing distributionall each every both either/neither

These words are used to describe groups:Every m orning, I give each of m y children a kissand they all say 'D on't do that, daddy!'B oth knives are sharp; either w ill do. For three or more in a group, use all/every.For two or more in a group, use each.For two only in a group, use both/either/neither. Use both/all to join, either/neither to separate:B oth roads lead to tow n; take either of them . Use every and each to describe the group asindividuals (every = a series, each = one by one).E very Saturday, w e go to the m arket.Take each day as it com es.

Everym orning Igive each ofmy child re na k is s.


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N o te th e p at te rn s w ith all:pronoun + a ll or a l/ o f + pronounh e a te a l/ th e b isc u its - h e a te th em alla ll + t he /m y, e tc . + nouna l/ my life , a 1/ t he se r ule s, a l/ th e s tu d en ts

3 Describing quantity(n ot) m u ch , (n ot) m a ny , s om e , a ny , n o, a fe w,a little , a lo t o f

They answer the questions How much! many?How much money have you got?- I haven't got much nzoney.- I've got a l itt le .How-many dollars have you got?I h av en 't g ot any dollars.I've got a fe w pesetas.

Are a Uthesechildren" yours?'


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some/any/no Use some in positive statements and in questionsexpecting the answer yes:There's some m ilk in the fridge if you're thirsty.W ould you like some b iscu its w ith y ou r milk? Use any in negative statements and in openquestions:The re is n't any milk in the fridge.Do you have any m in era l w a ter in stea d? Use no if you want to emphasise the negative: ,You 'r e w rong: th er e's no milk in thefridge! ' Use some-/any-/no- (and also every-) with- t hing / -one / - body /-whe re .Shh! D on't say anything to anyone!Let's g o somewhere d ifferen t fo r o ur h olid aysthis year .

in a / an o r th e w h ere n ee de d.French people shake .... hands more often.... English do.

'Moon goes round .... Earth.me give you .... 'piece of .... advice: don'tf "''',' sweets rom .... strange men.Iwas .... boy, we always had .... eggs for ....

t.'t time do you leave .... home in .... morning?.... poem by .... English writer.s o m e , a n y o r n o to th es e s en te nc es .'s .... point in telling me; Ican't do' .... thing

, ut it..,body's been smoking! Ican smell it!, ve coffee but .... milk, so you'll have to drinkck. 'Imake more popcorn for you?ow hardly ,body at this party.


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Review 2A C orre ct th e m is ta k e's .1 X Are these money yours?2 X There aren't no cakes left. The cat has eatenall them.

3 XW e do any shopping every weekends.4 X I have three sons and they are both crazy.5 X Have you lived here your all life?6 XWhy do French always shake the hands whenthey meet?

B R ep lace th e unde rlin ed w ord w ith th e w ord inb ra ck ets , a nd c ha ng e th e s en te nc es a s n ec es sa ry .

1 I need a few more minutes [time].2 You should eat fewer potatoes [bread].3 There aren't many chairs in here [furniture].4 I haven't much homework to do [exercises].


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3 Numbers" J The numbers one, tw o, three, etc. (cardinalnumbers) answer the question How many?T here are thirty-one days in O ctober.

The numbers fir st, s ec on d, th ird , etc. (ordinal,snumbers) answer the question In wh at o rd eri:Today is th e thirty-first of October. I I,

4 Adjectives from names Adjectives from the names of countries end in-ese, -nl-anl-ian, -ish, -c h or - i :C hin ese, Ind ia n, S pa nish , Iraq i Adjectives from names of people mostly end in-n l -a nl - i an :V ic to ria-Vi ctor ian, Chri st -Chris ti an


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5 Making comparisons Add -er / -es t t'1. most one-syllable adjectives, ' ,and to two-syllable adjectives ending in -le)~ly,-ow and -er. 'b ig -b igge r, s imp le -s imp le r} lov ely -l ov eli erThe Taj Mahal is older th an th e E iffel T ow er.,,'VVho is the youngest m ember of the team? 'H,

Otherwise (or if you are not sure), usem orel m ost: m ore difficult, m ost interesting. " I),H ealth is more important than m oney.S he's th e most intelligent person I know . ,I,These a re i rr eg u la r:g o o d - b e tt e r -b e s t , b e d - w a s e - w o t s :little-less-least, muchlmany-more-most

A re you surey ou r o ld es tplayer isunder e le ven?NDER 1 1 9 r I O ~, cOP ,bl:,


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6 Patterns with adjectives With the verb make:He made me very angry. In verb + adjective patterns like:fall asleep, go m ad, grow old In the pattern It is + adjective + to do:This puzzle is too difficult for m e to solve. ending in -ed and - ing:W hat a boring programm e!O h, a ren 't you in te re st ed in foo tball ?

I'm so glad,youreinterestedin football.

,1 1 t \ ' t1 ' * " " " ,


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7 Defining clauses Clauses which define the subject begin with,the pronoun that:He's a man that knows everything.I have a car that makes a loud noise. I:When the clause defines the object of the verb,leave out the pronoun that:M ary is the girl + I to ld you about her -M ary is the girl (that) I to ld you about.That is the car + I so ld it to C harlie -That's the car I s old to Ch arlie .

VVho (for people) and which (for things) are Iless commonly used:He's a man w ho know s everything.That's the car which I sold to C harlie.

Whose is used to show possession:Are you the man w hose car w as stolen?

I have ac ar th atm akes alo ud n oi se .


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8 Adjective order Determiners and numbers come first:all these b ig g re en a pp le sm y first important assignment Order of adjectives is usually:

A big, old Victorian house.A be autifu l round red m etal ball.,'I'

!' That's yoursteak, sir.


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Practice 3A Pu t th e fo llo w in g in th e c orre ct o rd er.1 school! my/ all/old/photos2 dining/French/several! old/tables3 wildlife/Mike' slAfri canl first/ safari4 pretty/Brazilian/young/ a lo t off girls5 tennis/cotton/white/a pair of/shortsB M ak e c om p aris on s lik e th e fo llo w in g:Example: English-JapaneseEng lis h is e as ie r th an Japanes e.1 Iapanese-English2 Walking-jo'.g~ing3 Thirst-hul1~cif~4 Health-money5 Half a loaf-no loaf at all

, ,

[ ea sy ],"1, "

[difficult][healtby]i[bad]

[important][good]

, , -,Match v erb s a nd adje,c t ives.Ifall a) green

go b) asleepgrow c) sure

, make d) oldstand e) stillturn f) mad'Jo in th e t w o s en t en c e s a s in th e e xa m ple :

Ie: You bought me a book. This is the, is is the book (th at) yo u b ou gh t me." \ ,Youwrote to a girl. I am the girl ....., I can speak Chinese, I am the only one ....., , She works in 'a bank. She's the one .,: I told you about a man. He's the man .5, A cat ate my breakfast. This is the cat .


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Review 3C o rre ct th e fo llo w in g s en te nc es . T he re m a y b em o re th an o ne m is ta k e in e ac h sen ten ce .1 X Never wake up an asleep tiger.2 X It's the most biggest stadium of the world!3 X Are you the man who's cat ate my breakfast?

4 X I am interesting in football. I go to all thematches,5 X Today is the twenty-two of June.6 X Angela is the more intelligent person Iknow.

'82 '!


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Key facts aboutprepositionsPrepositions go with nouns, pronouns andreflexives to form 'noun phrases'. These noun.phrases provide useful expressions of:place into the house, under a treetime at 2 o 'c lo ck , o n S un da y, b y F rid ay ,.' during the day ,They express other relationships) such as:purpose w ork for the m oney, do anythingfo r a fr ie nd

go by bus, leave by the b ac kdoorin a hurry, like a f ish, w ith asmilea man w ith a beard, a friend of"

method.rnanner

possessionmine

""

Shedrinkslike afish.


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After a preposition, use the -ing form of theverb:good at swimming, tired of waiting After a preposition, use the object fonn of thepronoun:for them, without her, near us Some verbs and adjectives are followed by aparticular preposition:look for an answer, depend on others,talk about the weather, kind to animals

Prepositions Can come at the end of a questionor a defining relative clause: 'Is this the book you were referring to?What are you talking about?

I. ,I'm notv er y goodat skiing!

, " .. .:


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1 Placea bo ve , a cr os s, a ga in st, a lo ng , a m o ng , a t, a w ay fr om , b eh in d,b elo w , b e tw e en , b y, d ow n , fr om , in , in fr on t o f, in s id e, in to ,n ea r, n e xt to , o ff, o n, o pp o site , o u t o f, o v e r , . p a st , r ou n d ,

t hr ou g h , t o, t ow a rd s , u n d e r , . upPrepositions of place answer the questionsWhere? and Wher e to /fr om?I live in an apartm ent block near th e c ity ce ntre .W e w alkedfrom Land's End to J ohn o 'G ro ats .in/atUse in to emphasise a position inside a buildingor other big space.It w as raining) so w e stayed in the hotel all day.We met at the Court Hotel.

At the cinema there'sa lw a ys a ta ll p erso nin front of you.


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in/into/inside Use into to,make clear the idea of moving andentering: ,We walked into the room; there wa s n ob od y inthe room . .' 1 :,

Inside is more precise than in and always refersto an enclosed space:Stay inside the c ar , th er e a re d an ge ro us a nimalsoutside.over/under; above/below Over and under describe vertical position:"A pla ne flew o ve r the h ou se ; we sat under a "tree.

I Above and below simply say that one thing ishigher than another:above average height, below sea level

He 's a bo veaverageheight.


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2 Timea fte r, a t, b efo re , b y, d ur in g, fo r, fro m , in , o n,

p as t, s in ce , to , u ntil (ti l l )

Time prepositions answer the questions When?and How long?to/at/pastUse to , at and past to tell the time:quarter to th re e, h alf past seven, at s ix o 'c lockAlso at night, at the w eekend 'onUse on with days and parts of the day and withdates:on Fr iday( s ), on Monday a fte rn oo n, on the Jo ti rthof July "

, e in with parts of the day: ,th e mo rn ing, in the a f terno .on , in th e e venin g"but at night)

:,se by when you want to say n ot la te r th an :, 'yo u h aven 't finish ed by six o'clo ck, I'll sho ot yo u!I f he's n othere by 11.20,it's a ll o ff


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since/for Use since to describe the starting point of anaction:I've b een w aitin g since two o 'c lo ck . Use for to describe the length of time of the.action:I've been w aiting for tw o hours.until (till)/during Until (or till) means up to a point in thefuture:W hat happened to you? W e w aited for you' untilten o'clock. ' D uring means after the start and before thefinish of an event.P assen ge rs a re re qu ested to sw itch off m ob ilephones during the f ligh t .

ractice 4A 'Cho o se t he c o rr ec t p r ep o s itio n s .

.;hn walked (1) across/in the road, (2 ) past/to.e church and (3) at/round the corner. Then het (4) along/up the steps and (5) down/over'the bridge. He walked (6 ' ) through/over theen and (7 ) under/across the grass until

e reached the footpath. Then he wentC 8 ) through/along the footpath, jumped9) under/over the gate and went (10) into/ate bank.

B C om p le te th e se nte nc es(It is 12 now! It was 7 when I had breakfast.)I last ate .... seven o'clock. I haven't eaten ....seven o'clock. I haven't eaten five hours.I was born .... 1980. I was born Friday7 July at 3 o'clock .... the morning!


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These words are used to describe otherrelationships - of purpose, method, manner and.possession.a bo ut, a cc ord in g to , a ga in st, a t, b y , e x ce p t, f or , f rom ,in s pite o f, in ste ad o f, lik e, o f, th an , w ith , w ith ou t

3 Purposefor Use fo r to describe why something is done:T his knife is fo r peel ing pota toes.I've b oug ht som e m ed icin e fo r yo ur co ld . Also, use fo r to describe support:D id you vote fo r th e R epub lic an candidate ?

The opposite of fo r is against:I am against th e id ea of c lo sing the s tr ee t totraffic.

T he y sa ysc ien ti st s havefound a curefo r a pa th y, b utn ob od y s eem sto care.


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4 Methodby/with/withoutUse by/with/without to describe how somethingis done:I opened the w indow by breaking the glass.Can you open a bottle with yo ur tee th ?I ca n do it without any help from you!Also, use by to describe authorship:'T he S tree t L aw yer' by J oh n G r ish am5 Mannerlike/as Use like to compare:He f ights like a tiger w hen he is angry. Use as with adjectives:I'm as hungry as a hor se .

I'm ashungry asa h or se .

This car w as


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6 Possessionof Use of to describe possession:the symphonies of Mozart, a man of property

Also, use of to describe materials and quantities:made of wood, a glass of water

No te a ls o t he fo llo w in g :Su b je c t m a tt er about/ona b oo k a bo ut w eb p ag e d es ig n: a le ctu re

o n T u rk is h c e ra m ic sOrig in f rom/out of

T his la mp w as ma de fro m (o ut o~ abott le.Compar i sons thanM y f at he r is s tr on g er th a n yo u rs .

made fromrecycledparts.

H e's n ot u sed


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Practice 4B t o ea ti ngspicy [ood!

A dd a p re p os it io n to c om p le te th e se p h ra se s.1 a present , your birthday2 a painting Rembrandt3 a table made wood4 an old man a grey beard5 a car that goes.". the wind6 a book .... dinosaurs7 a building taller 0 ' the Eiffel Tower8 a , peace march the war9 I am very proud Iny daughter.10 He is very good football.11 Did you p ay .... the meal?12 Does this pen belong .... you?13 Bill looks exactly "0,' his father!14 I'm not used .... eating spicy food,15 Do you believe., .. ghosts?


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Revi.8W 4A C orre ct th e m is ta ke s in th es e s en te nc es .1 X Please be home until 1 0 pin at the latest!2 X I have been waiting since two hours.3 X John got tired of wait , so he went home ..4 X Our friends were late, so we went withoutthey.

5 X What did you d o in the weekend?6 X 12.50 is the same as ten past one.7 X We arrived to the hotel after midnight.B M atch th e p hra s e s .1 A hammer is used2 He started his car3 John eats4 She made a model5 I hate to depend6 He can talk

a) on other people.b) without moving his lips.e) for driving in nails.d) by turning the key.e) out of yoghurt cartons.f) like a horse.


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Ke y facts aboutverbsVerbs describe the time of an event and ourviewpoint or attitude to the event.Actions and statesVerbs can describer. physical actions - s le ep , liv e, ta lk , wo rk , d riv eSome p eopl e work to liv e, s om e live to wo rk ! mental actions - th in k, d re am , wo rr y, w o nd erI wonder if the re is life on other pla ne ts. states - b e, s eem , a pp ea r,You seem very sad today. A re you all right?Time

I,Verbs describe time (past, present, future): !I lived in R io for years; now I live in s a o Pablo., I r, I

. 'I . I

Viewpoint


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Verbs show whether the action is finished orunfinished, whether its outcome is certain oruncertain, etc. I've lost my home.(present result of past action) Now I'm living wi th f ri end s.(an unfinished action)

' I t might rain later.(predicting an action) I'm going to marry a millionaire.(expressing intention) H e's stupid . (permanent state)He's being stupid. (temporary state)

1 ' V ~ I -05TMYUO t1~~A\JE. yOU .,.SG.~ ITA N y W \ - -\ R G . ?

1 Simple and continuous tenses Fashions


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(For more information see Grammar file 3)I There are two simple tenses (present and past)

- Present: ta lk ( ta lk s with he/she/it)Fashions come and go.Mary works in C ardiff; she teaches maths.- Past: talkedTh e m ovie started half an hour ago.

The other tenses and forms use the base formtalk, the present participle, talking, or the pastparticiple, talked with:- Parts of be and have:It is raining. It has rained every day thisweek!John has been working hard.

- Modals, e.g. w ill, m ust, c an /c ou ld , m ay /m ig ht:He must leave soon; he could come backlater.

c om e a ndgo .. ,

2 Forming questions


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Invert subject and verb:It is raining - Is it raining?He must leave - M ust h e leave?Where h a ve you been? Use parts of do in the simple tenses:Where do you l ive? VVhere does sh e work?What did you do last night? VVhy didn't you call?3 Forming negatives Add not (n't)It is not (isn't) too late to go out.I can't believe it.I haven't done much work today.

Use parts of do in the simple tenses:Iat v eg eta ble s - Ido n't e at meat.He plays soccer - He doesn't play rugby.We drank cof fee - We didn't drink tea.

,Irregular verbs)

4 Short forms


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can + not = can'tNote : wi l l + n o t = w o n ' t

, Grammar File 3 for list.)are about 140 irregular verbs in English,e.g, sp ea k, s po ke , s po ke n:speak French. We spoke G erm an at hom e.

I haven't spoken Fre nc h f or ages..The main patterns are:,ABC where the three parts are different:,e.g. sp ea k, s po ke , s po ke n (about 55)(,ABB where two parts are the same:',e.g. fin d, fo un d, found (about 55)','I AAA where all three parts are the same:I e.g. put, put, put (about 25)

Parts of b e, h av e and modals (e.g. c an , mu st)join with not:is + not = isn'thad + not ~ hadn't

Use short forms in~ speech and informal writing~ short answersD oes C arrie live here? N o, she doesn't.- question tagsExpecting yes: You're Harry, aren't you?Expecting n o: T his isn't r ight, is it?

p le te th e q u es tio n s . 'I


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Practice 5A C om p le te th e tab le .

speak spoke spoken1 find2 caught3 fallen4 put5 saw6 written7 tell8 took9 met10 cost

" 'l, s r went to the movies last night.: W here did you go last n ight?,I-livein an apartment. Where ?j had steak for dinner. What ?

, . O I : can speak three languages. How many .... ?: I go to work by car. How .... ?I use Word 6.Which program .... ?, I have done nothing today! What .... ? .CHow m an y co rre c t fo rm s c an yo u m ak e fromt h es e t ab le s ?


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C o rre ct th e fo llo w in g s en te nc es . T he re m a y b em o re th an o ne m is ta ke in ea ch sen te nce .1 XWhat John does? He teachs physics.2 X I'm tired: I've been work hard.3 X Must we to stay in?4 X Why this watch doesn't works?5 X You're a student, isn't it?6 X Can you telling me the time) please?7 X This box is measuring 200cm by 300cm.

8 X Do you live here? Yes, I live.

No, fish swim.


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Key facts abouttensesThis chapter covers the main uses of the simplepresent, simple past, continuous and perfect verbforms and ways of expressing the future.1 Simple presentTime: not important, any timeViewpoint: simply describes the action or thestateFish swim, birds fly. I work in an office. Use the present simple:- to make general true statements

T he ea rth goes round the sun. ,- with verbs that describe mental states,possession, measure.ment, appearance:Do you understand? I think she 's c ra z y.This belongs to me. It looks like a bomb.

- to describe timetabled or fixed events:T he exam s start n ex t Mo nd ay.

Birds flx.

2 Simple past I had a pet


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Time: before nowViewpoint: a completed act Use the simple past:- to make statements about the past

The police wanted to know how the firestarted.- to tell a storyWhen I was young, I had a pet alligator thatlived under the stairs and ate cornflakes.- with verbs that describe mental states,possession, measurement, appearance:Did you remember to lock the door?lance owned a horse that weighed a ton.

used to Use used to to emphasise a past habit:. 1 used to like rock, but now Iprefer jazz.

alligator thatlived under thestairs and atecornflakes.

3 Continuous tenses I'm not


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Time: shown by part of be (is/w as/has been, etc.)Viewpoint: an unfinished action, one in progress Use a part of be with the -ing form of the verb:She's waiting for her friend to arrive.Iwas leaving w hen the phone rang. The present continuous describes:- things happening now or in this period oftime:

I'm not feeling well.Jam es is studying to be an accountant.- something planned to happen soon:We're all going to a party tom orrow night.- a temporary situation:Why are you being so diff icult?

fe el ing we ll .

The past continuous describes background.actions in an account of past events:1 ,J, ' .'Perfect tensesI


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The spectators were standing round, chattingand waiting for the race to begin. Suddenly, aman jumped over the fence and ran towards thehorses. He was carrying a gun ...I was s it ti ng

in thedentist'sw a itin g ro om

when 1hearda lou d sc rea m.

l'

ime: between a point in the past and now,) I 'xact time is not givenllewpoint: result of the action more important'!X~nhe time when it happened, ; 'Use has/have + the past participle: ,,' Look, Anna has left her books behind!, " Have you seen George lately? Use the continuous form if" the action is still going on:, I have been waiting here for ages!,'- you can see the results of a recent a~tion:.' It has been raining: the roads are still wet.Use had for the past perfect:I noticed that Anna had left her books behind.If I had left later) I would have missed my bus.

5 Ways of expressing the futureTime: later than now


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Viewpoint: fixed, planned, predicted, etc. Use will in .statements of fact:It will snow soon.If you sit dow n, you w ill be m ore com fortable . Use present simple for a regular planned event:The concert starts at 8, and finishes at 10. Use present continuous for a planned but notregular event:A new supermarket is opening n ext w eek. Use going to- to make personal predictions:It's going to snow. lust look at the sky!- to emphasise intentions:Char lie say s h e's going to drop out of college.

li.IUUWU th e c orre ct fo rm to c om p le te th e"'...~~n"es.(do you do/are you doing) with a bottle

. " le r? I'm going to open a bottle, silly!.', at (do you do/are you doing) with a bottleer? You open bottles, silly!

',' . (don't you work/aren't you working)? It's. coffee break.(don't you work/aren't you working)? I

't need to, I'm rich.this bottle (holds/is holding) 2 litres.,W e (hold/are holding) a meeting later on.M a ke s en te n ce s by m a tc hin g 1 -4 w ith a -d .Are you corning to the party

'. Everybody's going to the partyIgo cyclingI'm going cycling

a) tonightb) every Fridayc ) on Fridayd) most Fridays

C Match 1-4 with a-d. Anne alwaysputs the cat


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1 I wanted to see Ann but2 You can't see Ann because3 I managed to see Ann just as4 I managed to see Ann just beforea) she left.b) she was leaving.c) she has already left.d) she had already left.D Match 1-4 with a-d.1 Ann has been in bed2 Ann always used to go to bed3 Ann was just going to bed4 Ann never goes to beda) at 9 o'clock.b) before setting her alarm clock.c) since 9 0'clock.d) when the phone rang.

out when shegoes to bed.


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C orre ct th e fo llo w in g s en te nc es . T he re m a y b e m o reth an o ne m is tak e in ea ch s en ten ce .1 X I'm not sure what is the H standing for in H20.2 X We go to Rome last year and see the Vatican.3 X I was being a good singer when I was younger.4 X 'I've lost my purse.' 'What is it looking like?'5 X When was the Golden Gate bridge erecting?6 X 'Why we won't go shopping tomorrow?' 'OK.'7 X Do you think it rains this evening?8 X I'm waiting for you since long time.

Key facts about You don'th av e to tell


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medalsmust/have (got) to Use must-, to express obligation:You must sa y n oth in g; yo u mustn't t el l anyone!- to express a positive logical deductionHe must be ill: he hasn't ea ten anything . U se have/had (got) to for other tenses: ', W e had to w alk to school w hen J wa s y ou ng . Use don't have to (or d on 't n ee d to )to express no obligation:You don't have to tell me; I a lr ea dy k now .should/ ought to.' Use should/ought to.; to say you expect something to happen:

I f you turn the key) the engine should start.- to say it is better to do/not to do something:You shouldn't eat so m uch chocolate!

me. Ialreadyknow!

can (past and conditional: could) Use can/could


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- to express ability/possibility:I could read w hen I w as only three years old.- to express a negative logical deduction:You can't be serious! You m ust be joking!- to make a polite request:Could you pass the salt, please?

may/might Use may/might- to say you are not certain if something willhappen or not (might is less certain thanmay):

I may see y ou tomo rrow if I'm not too busy.I might see you tom orrow ) but it's very,unlikely.

- to express a polite request or ask permission:May I h ave a no th er c ake) p lea se?

Key facts about ,Key facts about


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conditionalsA conditional sentence has at least two clauses,one containing a condition and the othercontaining a consequence.Tenses in conditional sentences Use clauses beginning with if to say how thecondition leads to the consequence:- in the world as it is: I f yo u kiss 'm e, I'll scream.- in the world as it might be (but isn't): If I

had a m illion dollars, I w ould buy a yacht.- in the world as it might have been (butwasn't): If I had gone to university, I w ould berich n ow .

~. Whe re if means e v e ry t im e , u se th e p re se nt s im p le in b othl l l . i i i r p ar ts o f t he s en te nc e:~ If yo u h ea t w ate r, i t bo ils .

Iasslves" ,Use part of be + the past participle:I The road has been blocked b y sno w .The car w as taken w i th ou t p erm is sio n., Use the passive, - to put the most important element first:

Severa l byst ander s were killed by gunmen .(rather than 'G u nm en killed se vera lbystanders.')- when the person performing the action is notimportant, or is not known:If it rains, the picnic will be cancelled.N ote h ow th e in dire ct o bje ct c an be co me th e s ubje ct o f apass ive sen tence :T he y n ev er to ld u s th e tru th - W e w ere n ev er to ld th e tru th .S ome on e se n t h im a fa x - H e w as s en t a fax .

Key facts about ,Use the infinitive with to, - to express intention:


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gerunds and infinitives Gerunds can be the subject or the object:W alking is good for you. I enjoy w alking.Use the gerund:- after prepositionsShe's very g ood at remembering dates.- after certain verbs, e.g. dislike, enjo y, keep on :We ju st kept (on) working.

- in the expression It's n o u se /g oo d.It's no good talking to him . He's deaf Use the infinitive without to :- after modals:I must go.1can't wait a ny lo ng er.- after le t and make:Please let me go. Don't make me stay here.

- with 'sense' verbs (fe el, h ea r, se e, wa tc h):I felt someone touch m y sho uld er. '

I w ork long hours to pay my ch ild re n's sch oo lfees., - after certain verbs, e.g. agre e, d ec id e, h op e,prom ise, teach, w ant, w ish:

I want to learn to drive. Please teach me todrive. Some verbs may be followed by the gerund or, by the infinitive with a change of meaning:We stopped to ask the way . /P lease stop talking.

, D id you remember to put th e cat ou t? I I do n'tremember buying th is d re ss !In other cases there is very little difference ofmeaning:I hate writing letters'!! hate to shy this, but ...It started to rain.ilt started raining at daw n.

Practice 7 Use s ho uld /s ho uld n't b e to say w ha t's w ro ng .him There .... a dot over th'e i.


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A Use can 't be , m us t be , can 't have o r m ust have int he s e s e n te n c es .

1 How old is Linda? She has grey hair, so she ....over 40.

2 Who took the file? It ....been Joe, he's the onlyone with a key to the filing cabinet.

3 She .... over 40! I'm older than her and I'm only35.

4 Who took the file? It ....been Alicia. Shedoesn't have' a key.

B Use mustn ' t o r don 't have to in th e se s en te n ce s.1 you .... come with us if you don't want to.2 You can look at my toys, but you .... touchanything.

3 It's a secret, you .... tell anyone else,OK?4 , you .... shout, I'm not deaf!

2 english The word english ....written with a capital letter '

180kph!!!!!! That car :... travelling at180kph. It's dangerous.

No SMOKING Those people .... smoking inhere. Can't they read?

C ho os e th e c orre ct p hra se to c om p le te th esen t ences .He's good at ...Let them ...Just keep on ...Idislike ...Julia .hates .We enjoy .You can't make me" ...

8 I'd like ...

a) playing the guitarb) to play the guitarc) play the guitar

I,


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C orre ct th e fo llo w in g s en te nc es . T here m a y b e m o re'th an o ne m is ta ke in e ac h s en te nc e.1XDid you enjoyed to dance with my girlfriend?2 XIf you wilt not be busy, I might to can see you later.3 XIf you're very good, I might to let you comingwith me.

4 X If there will not be enough enrolments, the coursewill caneel.

5 XWe saw that the door was locked, so we can't get in.6 XTo us was not told the truth.7 XI saw the car to crash into a wall.

Ke y fa c ts a bo u t ComparisonsWe usually use more and less to make


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adve rb ia l s comparisons of adverbs:. You should drive m ore carefully a t n ig ht.Can you talk a little le ss lo ud ly ?,e Adverbials say something more about the. action or state described by a verb:

I . run quickly, be in troublee they modify. adjectives: . .good - very good; nice - quite rttce;great - really great

~.'They relate tomanner: the question How?place: the question W nere (to)? .time: the questions W hen? How long?frequency: the question H ow often?

e Adverbials can be:-, a word (i.e. an adverb) You should alwaystell the truth ....."a phrase I He spoke in an American=

- a whole clause I go to bed when I am tired.

Note: h a rd -h a rd e r, fa s t- ta s te r, w e ll- be tte r, b a d ly -w o rs eT ea ta ste s b ette r if yo u d on It a dd s ug ar.EXC(j5~ HE. . .CN-J IYoa TALK. A . L.tTiLE"':--0 L-ESS LOUDLY,

1 Manner Add - 1 y to adjectives:

I'm afraid, .Mr Jones, thatyou have


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s ad -s ad ly ; h appy -h appily ; te rr ib le -te rr ib lyI am happy to tell you/! w ill happily t el l youGood changes to well; hard and fast do notchange:H e's a good driver: he drives w ell.H e drives carefully; he never drives fast.

Avoid putting the adverb between a verb andits object:She quickly left the room ; not She left quicklyth e ro om .

N ote th e p os itio n of th e a dve rb in ve rbs u sin g p arts o fh a ve an d b e o r mooa ls :H e h a s def in i te ly le ft t he b u il din g .T h ey w e re care fu l l y c ou ntin g th e mo ne yS he w ill p r o b a b l y ma ke a m is ta ke .Y o u might ~asi ly ha ve mis se d th e b u s .

A n a dve rbia l a t th e be gin nin g o f a se nte nce is lik e ac omm en t o n th e w ho le s en te nc e:Gent l y , S ara h p ic ke d u p th e in ju re d b ird .O n th e w ho le , I th in k w o me n a re b ette r d riv ers .

definitelyfa ile d y ou rdriving test ...

2 Placeh e re , t he re , u p st air s, d o w ns ta irs , n e xt d o or , u p s id e d o w n,

Time:.' Timeadverbials can relate to


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b ac k to fro nt, fa ce to fa ce , s id e by s id e, u p a nd d ow n,b ae kwa r d s , f o rwa rds

The most common adverbials of place are hereand there:B ring it here.Here it is!Pu t it over there.There's a h ole in your shirt.

,

Many adverbials of place are phrases:Why did you h an g m oth er's p icture upsidedown?You 'v e got yo ur T -sh ir t on back tofront.

Words ending in -wards relate to movement:The rope sw ung backwards and forwards.

- a point of time:See you tomorrow at six in the morning.- a length of time:Will you stay in London the whole week?

The order of time adverbials is usually:"' - from the particular to the generalI w as born on Friday, the fifth of June, 1985 .- how long, how oftenThe B oard m eets for an hour every morning.- day + time (focus on the time)Let's me et on Friday at 9.

- time + day (focus on the day)Let's meet at 9 on Friday.T he n orm al o rd er o f a dve rbia ls is m an ne r, p la ce a ndt ime: H e w e nt q uie tly o ut o f th e h ou se a t mid nig ht.

4 Frequencyn e ve r, ra re ly , s e ld o m , o c c as io n a lly , s o m e tim e s , o ft en ,

She doesn't lose hertemper often) bu twhen she does ...


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u s u a lly , g e n e ra lly , a lw a y s Frequency adverbs range from never throughsometimes and often to always:I've never liked tea; I alw ays drink coffee. The normal position is before the part of theverb that carries the main meaning:You can usually identify a bird by its song... Put adverbs of frequency at the beginning orend of the sentence if you want to drawattention to them:U sually, b irds don't sing in the w intertim e (butth er e a re s ome e xc ep ti on s! )S he do esn 't lo se h er tem per often (but w hen shedoes ... !f!)

If you put seldom or rarely at the beginning ofthe sentence, invert the verb:I have seldom heard such nonsense, butSeldom have I heard such nonsense!

A note on adverbial clauses Adverbial clauses of place are introduced by:


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as far as, w here, w herever, everyw hereThis is as far as I go.W e w ill find him wherever he may be.

Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by:a fter,' as, as long as, as soo n as, before,now that, once, since, until, w hen,w h en eve r, w h ileStay as long as yo u like. Go before it g ets d ark .

Other adverbial clauses are introduced by:alth ough, as fa r as, as long as (pro vid ing),as if, because, in case, so thatY ou lo ok as if you had seen a ghost!

I'T ak e some w a te r in case y ou g et th irsty .

A C om p le te th e ta b le .

12,3456

ADJECTIVE ADVERB.nice usefullyangry

terriblyreal

easilyB M a tc h e a ch ve rb w ith an ad ve rb .1 breathe a) brightly2 shine b) clearly3 sleep c) deeply4 speak d) patiently5 wait e) softly6 whisper f) soundly


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C orre ct th e fo Uo w in g s en te nc es . T he re m a y b emo r e th an o ne m is ta k e in e a ch s en te n ce .1 )(Barbara speaks fluently French.2 )(Try to think in future more careful beforeyou speak.

3 )( John works very hardly; he takes never aholiday.

4 XHave you still finished your homework?5 X I would go never by car to work.6 X Be carefully when you ever cross the road.

Q1What's the difference between makeand do? Q2 How do I use get/have somethingdone?


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Make Literally, make describes creating or producingsomething from raw materials: I made a modelhouse out of toothpicks. .. '

We use make metaphorically in .expressions like:m ake a m istake, m ake friends, m ake a noise.

Do Literally, do describes performing an action onsomething which already exists: do a cro ssw o rd ,do your hair (i.e. brush it).

Use this pattern when you ask or pay someoneelse to do a job for you:In eed to g et/ h ave the ca r serviced.W here do you get/ have your hair done?

U~e the pattern with get for something youwill do yourself, but which will take a lot ofeffort:I re ally mu st g et th is e ssa y f in is he d!

If you name the person, the pattern is:I m ust get M ervyn to service m y caror (less usual)Im ust have M ervyn service m y car.

Q3 What's the difference between sayand tell?Q4 What's the difference between stilland yet?They both mean 'up to the present time'.


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To tell is to inform or to order (include theperson who is being told):Tell m e your nam e. Tell the children to be quiet.

II.N o te t he e xp re ss io n s: te ll a s to ry ,te ll th e tim e .. To say is to utter words:T he children said 'Thank you, grandm a!'G randm a said '1am very proud of you!' We can also report what has been said:The children said thank you to their grandm a,and grandma said that she w as very proud of~em . .No te th e d iffe re nt p atte rn :_~ I to ld her (th at) I w as u pse t .

. ,' I s a id t o h e r (th a t) I w a s u ps et.

Still describes something that has beenhappening, and may be continuing:1 still w o rk fo r IBM.Do you still love m e?

Yet describes something that hasn't started(or may not have started) to happen, so it isused only in negative statements andquestions:The m orning post hasn't arrived yet.Has the dog been fed yet?

Use still (with stress) in negative statements toexpress surprise:Unbe lie va ble ! T he post still hasn't a rr iv ed !

Q5 What's the difference betweenwhich? and what?Q7 What's the difference betweenmust and have (got) to?


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Use which? to ask wh ic h one (s )? (from a knownset of objects).W e've got three kinds of apples. W hich (ones) doyou w ant?Which John G risham novels have you read?

Use what? to ask a general question:VVhat (kind of) novels do you enjoy reading?Q6 What is the difference between like

dOing and like to do? Like doing focuses on a regular habit:I l ike read ing .

Like to do focuses on each example of theactivity:I like to read for an hour before I go to s le ep .Us e on ly to do af ter w ou ld like : W hat w ou ld you like toe at? I'd like to o rd er a pizza.

Must expresses an obligation from within yoq:I must remember to buy a birthday card for mysister.

Have to expresses an obligation from outside:The teacher says w e have to (w e've got to) w orkharder.Rote: mustn't e x pr es s es a n oblig a tio n no t to do .~f D o n't h a ve to m eans the re is no obliga tio n to d o.* ' Y o u m u s t b e n ic e to her, b u t yo u d o n ' t hav e to lik e h er !Q8 What's the difference between

ought to and should? Ought expresses what you feel you owe toother people (ought is an old past form ofowe). Should expresses what you feel you owe toyourself.

Q9 When do I use shall? Shall is usually used only with Ior w e. Themost common use is in questions:


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Shall I open the w indow ?Shall w e go now ?Q10 What's the difference between

very and too? Very expresses a higher degree of a quality:T his te a is hot; in fact, it's very hot. Too expresses an unacceptable degree:If it's very hot, I can still drink it, but if it's t oohot, I can 't drink it.

N ow th at yo u h ave a lm o st co mp le ted th e b oo k, seeh ow m an y o f th ese co mm o n e rro rs you ' can , . 'co rre c t. Th ere m ay b e m ore th an o ne m is ta ke ine a ch s e n te n c e.1 XJohn is teacher.2 X I fell and broke the leg, so I must to go tohospital. I3 X I go always to the work on bus.4 XNobody helped me: I did it all by my own.S X I never said nothing to nobody.6 XWhat. time the bus leaves for Oxford?7 XWhy you don't get your hair cutting?

, 8 XShe left house without saying me goodbye., 9 X I am waiting since ages! Where you been?

10 X Here's a picture from a dog and it's owner.11 X Are you believing for ghosts?I12 X Alicia: I don't like people which smokes.


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13 X Philip: Neither I do.14 X You shouldn't of eaten so much potatoes.15 X She is the beautifullest girl I am knowing.16 X If I were you, I would listen your fathers

advices.17 XI made lny homeworks in less than an

hour!1 8 X Jack should be here an hour ago, and hehasn't still arrived!19 X I am very interesting in Indian music.

20 X Have another drink: it won't make you noharm.

Grammar file 1: Prepositional phrases B Adjectives followed by particularA Verbs followedby particular prepositions prepositionsaccount for come from look like absent from jealous of


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accuse of congratulate on long for accustomed/used to keen onIagree with depend on object to , afraid of late forapologise for escape,from pay for I angry about mad/ crazy aboutapprove of get rid of prevent from ashamed of pleased witharrive at hope for rely on aware of proud ofask for laugh at reply to bad at ready forbelget used to listen to see to close to ' sad aboutbelieve in look after stare at different fromlto serious aboutbelong to look at suffer from fond of similar toblame for look for 'take after full of sorry aboutborrow from look forward to (wouldn't) glad about sorry fordream of good at surprised at

grateful for tired ofU s e t he -;ng fo rrn o f th e ve rb a fte r a p re po sit io n: interested in worried about' I d on 't b elie ve in g ettin g u p e arly.I w ou ld n't d re am . of d o in g th a t!

Grammar file 2: Verb patternsSimple tenses

Continuous tensesam


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I/we/you/they (don't)(didn't) sIng

sangsIngs

he/she/it sangdoesn't .didn't sing

Perfect tensesI

haveI1we/you/they had talkedhashe/she/it had

I washave beenIS

he/she/it washas beenare . .sIngIng

we/you/they werehave beenhad been

l/he/she/it/ will be .we/you/they must (etc.) be

PassivesI am

Grammar file 3: Common irregular verbsPattern ABC


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I washave beenIS

he/she/it was calledhas beenare

we/you/they werehave been I

IIhe/she/it/ had beenwe/you/they

Co n tin uo us p as sive s a re p os sib le b ut n ot c ommon :S o me th in g is b e in g d o ne .W e w e r e b e in g c rit ic is e d.

1 Changing to -0- in simple past tensebreak broke brokenchoose chose chosendrive drove drivenforget forgot forgottenfreeze froze frozenspeak spoke spokensteal stole stolentear tore tornwear wore worn

2 Changing to -00- in simple past tenseshake shook shakentake took taken

3 Changing to -e- in simple past tense 5 Changing to -a- in simple past tenseblow blew blown be was beendraw drew drawn eat ate eaten


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fall fell fallen forgive forgave forgivenflown .fly flew give gave givengo went gone lie lay laingrow grew grown see saw seenknow knew known begin began begunthrow threw thrown drink drank drunkChanging to - i- in simple past tense SIng sang sung4 SWIm swam swumbite bit bitten DThis verb is a lso A BC bu t does no t fit any o f the abovedo did done categor ies :hide hid hidden . s h o w s h o w e d s h o w n

Pattern ASS 2 Ending in - t1Ending in-d bend . bent benthave had had build built built


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hear heard heard feel felt felthold held held get got gotlay laid laid keep kept keptmake made made leave left leftpay paid paid lend lent lentsay said said lose lost lostsell sold sold mean meant meantstand stood stood meet met mettell told told send sent sentfeed fed fed shoot shot shotlead led led sit sat satread read read sleep slept sleptfind found found spend. spent spent

3 Ending in -ought/-aught Pattern AAAbring brought brought bet bet betbuy bought bought cost cost cost


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catch caught caught cut cut cutfight fought fought hit hit hitteach taught taught hurt hurt hurtthink thought thought let let letput put putset set set

4 Vowel change -il-a to -u/-o split split splitdig dug dug spread spread spreadhang hung hung shut shut shutstick stuck stuckstrike struck struck

Other patternsshine shone shone. won become became becomeIll won come came comerun ran runbeat beat beaten

Answers1 Nouns and pronouns

Review 11Did she go to the party on her own/by herself? 2 It's/It.,istime to give the cat its dinner. 3 Look after yourselves; I"~ I; ,children! 4 Explain to me the difference between if and- '


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Practice: IAA 1woman 2 lives 3 foot 4 children 5 days 6 lady7 matches 8 books 9 tax 10 treesBlare 2 costs 3 is 4 looks 5 haveC 1 armchair 2 bottle opener 3 greenhouse4 matchstick 5 police car 6 post office 7 screwdriver8 telephone directory 9 wristwatchPractice: 1BAI me my mine myselfyou you your yours yourself/yourselveshe him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it ' its itselfwe us our ours ourselvesthey them their theirs themselvesB 1my 2 her 3 ourselves 4 their 5 me 6 yours

when . 5 Is this your hairbrush? 6 There's not/There isn't Imuch bread left. 7 Did Kate tell you/Did Kate say where shewas going? 8 Your house is bigger than ours.2 DeterminersPractice 2A 1 French .people shake hands more often than theEnglish do/than English people do. 2 The Moon goesround the Earth. 3 Let me give you a piece of advice: don'taccept sweets from strange men! 4 When I was a boy, wealways had eggs for breakfast. 5 What time do you leavehome in the morning? 6 If is a poem by an English writer.B 1 There's no point in telling me; I can't do anythingabout it. 2 Somebody's been smoking! I can smell it!3 I have coffee but no milk, so you'll have to drink it black.4 Shall I make some more popcorn for you? 5 I knowhardly anybody at this party.Review 2A 1 Is this money yours? 2 There aren't any cakes/Thereare no cakes left. The cat has eaten them all/all of them.

3 We do some shopping every weekend. 4 I have threesons and they are all crazy. 5 Have you lived here all yourlife? 6 Why do the French/Why do French people alwaysshake hands when they meet?B 1 I need a little more time. 2 You should eat less bread.

Review 3 ,1Never wake up a sleeping tiger (a tiger that is asleep l.j,2 It's the biggest stadium in the world! 3 Are you the manwhose cat ate my breakfast? 4 I am interested in football. Igo to all the matches. 5 Today is the twenty-second of,


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3 There isn't much furniture in here. 4 I haven't manyexercises to do.3 AdjectivalsPractice 3A 1 all myoId school photos 2 several old French diningtables 3 Mike's first African wildlife safari 4 a lot of prettyyoung Brazilian girls 5 a pair of white cotton tennis shortsB (Sample answers) 1 Japanese ismore difficult thanEnglish. 2 Walking is healthier than jogging. 3 Thirst isworse than hunger. 4 Health is more important thanmoney. 5 Half a loaf is better than no loaf at alLC 1 fall asleep 2 go mad 3 grow old 4 make sure5 stand still 6 turn greenD 1 I am the girl (that) you wrote to. 2 I am the only one-who/that can speak Chinese. 3 She's the one who/that.works in a bank. 4 He's the man (that) I told you about.5 This is the cat that/which ate my breakfast.

June. 6 Angela is the most intelligent person Iknow.4 PrepositionsPractice 4AA 1 across 2 past 3 round 4 up 5 over 6 through7 across 8 along 9 over 10 intoB 1 I last ate at seven o'clock. I haven't eaten since seven0'clock. I haven't eaten for five hours. 2 I was born in1980. I was born on Friday 7 July at 3 o'clock in themorning!Practice 4B1 a present for/on your birthday 2 a painting byRembrandt 3 a table made of/from wood 4 an old manwith a grey beard 5 a car that goes like the wind 6 a bookabout dinosaurs 7 a building taller than the Eiffel Tower8 a peace march against the war 9 I am very proud of mydaughter. 10 He is very good at football. 11 Did you payfor the meal? 12 Does this pen belong to you? 13 Bill .looks exactly like his father! 14 I'm not used to eating spicyfood. 15 Do you believe in ghosts?

Review 4A 1Please be home by 10 pm at the latest! 2 I have beenwaiting for two hours. 3 John got tired of waiting, so hewent home. 4 Our friends were late, so we went withoutthem. 5 What did you do at the weekend? 6 12.50 is the

program do you use? 7What have you done today? IC 1 It has moved - It has been moved - It has beenmoving - It will move 2 Does she work? - Did shework? - Has she worked? - Is she working?


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same as ten to one. 7We arrived at the hotel aftermidnight.B l c 2d 3f 4e Sa 6b5 Verbs 1: FormPractice 5A1 find found found2 catch caught caught,3 fall fell fallen4 put put put5 see saw seen6 write wrote written7 tell told told8 take took taken9 meet met met10 cost cost costB 1Where did you go last night? 2 Where do you live?3 What did you have for dinner? 4 How many languagescan you speak? 5 How do you go to work? 6 Which

Review 51What does John do? He teaches physics. 2 I'm tired:I've been working hard. 3 Must we stay in? 4Whydoesn't this watch work? 5 You're a student, aren't you?6 Can you tell me the time, please? 7 This box measures200cm by 300cm. 8 Do you live here? Yes, I do.6 Verbs 2: TensesPractice 6A 1 are you doing 2 do you do 3 aren't you working4 don't you work 5 holds 6 are holdingB 1 + a/ c 2 + a/c 3 + b/ d 4 + a/ cC ld 2c 3b 4aD Ic 2a 3d 4b (a is also correct)Review 6I I'm not sure what the H stands for in H20. 2 We wentto Rome last year and saw the Vatican. 3 I was a goodsinger when I was younger. 4 'I've lost my purse.' 'Whatdoes it look like?' 5 When was the Golden Gate Bridge

erected? 6 'Why don't we go shopping tomorrow?' (OK. '7 Do you think it will rain/it's going to rain this evening?8 I've been waiting for you (for) a long time.7 Verbs 3: Other forms

D 1Haven't you ever seen an elephant fly? 2 Make sureyou dose the door quietly. 3 He doesn't usually/He .usually doesn't make such a fuss. 4 We always stay in bedlate on Sundays. 5Where's Jane? She's probably in herstudy. 6 John has just gone out.


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Practice 7A 1 must be 2 must have 3 can't be 4 can't haveB 1 don't have to 2 mustn't 3 mustn't 4 don't have toC 1 should be 2 should be 3 shouldn't be 4 shouldn't beD l a 2c 3a 4a Saorb 6a 7c 8bReview 71Did you enjoy dancing with my girlfriend?2 Ifyou are/you're not busy, I might be able to see youlater. 3 If you're very good, I might let you come withme. 4 If there aren't enough enrolments, the course willbe cancelled. SWe saw that the door was locked) so wecouldn't get in. 6 We were not told the truth. 7 I saw thecar crash into a wall.8.AdverbialsPractice 8A 1 nicely 2 useful 3 angrily 4 terrible 5 really 6 easyB lc 2a 3f 4b (e also fits) Sd 6eC lc .2 e 3b 4a Sf 6d

E 1 in case 2 before 3 wherever 4 as if 5 while6 as long asF 1Apparently he has been abroad on business. 2 Shealways works much better in the morning. 3 I never sleepwell in a strange bed. 4 You should never park withoutlights after dark.Review 81Barbara speaks French fluently. 2 Try to think morecarefully in future before you speak/In future, try to thinkmore carefully.:. 3 John works very hard; he never takesa holiday. 4 Have you finished your homework yet?5 I would never go to work by car. 6 Be careful wheneveryou cross the road.9 Frequently asked questionsCommon errors.1 John is a teacher. 2 I fell and broke my leg, so I must goto hospital. 3Ilways go to work by bus/on the bus.4 Nobody helped me: I did it all by myself/on my own.

51 never said anything to anybody. 6What time does thebus leave for Oxford? 7 Why don't yo u get your hair cut?8 She left the house without saying goodbye to me.9 I have been waiting fo r ages! Where have yo u been? SVK Plzenskeho kraje


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10 Here's a picture of a dog and its Owner. 11 Do yo ubelieve in ghosts? 12Alicia: I don't l ik e p eop le who/thatsmoke. 13 Philip: Neither do T. 14 You shouldn't haveeaten so many potatoes. 15 She is the most -beautiful girl Iknow. 16 If 1 were you, I would listen to your father'sadvice. 17 I did my homework in less than an hourl18 Jack should have been here an hour ago, and he stillhasn't arrived! 19 1 am very interested in Indian music.20 Have another drink: it won't do you any harm.

2 6 3 0 8 3 4 2 4 8

j

Pe!I arni E~i~~ h ~~i Z 3 0 A 4 5 8 4


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