real science kids chemistry

8/8/2019 Real Science Kids Chemistry

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Cover design: David Keller

Opening page illustrations: David Keller

Text illustrations: Janet Moneymaker, Rebecca Keller

Copyright 2005 Gravitas Publications, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the

publisher. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without

written permission.

Real Science-4-Kids: Chemistry Pre- Level I Textbook

ISBN # 0-9765097-0-9

Published by Gravitas Publications, Inc.

P.O. Box 4790

Albuquerque, NM

87196-4790

www.gravitaspublications.com

Printed in Hong Kong


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CONTENTS iii

CHAPTER 1 ATOMS 1 1.1 Atoms 2

1.2 Different atoms 5

1.3 Atoms stick together 61.4 Making observations 71.5 Summary 8

CHAPTER 2 MOLECULES 9 2.1 Atoms are building blocks 10

2.2 Atoms form molecules 102.3 Atoms follow rules 14

2.4 Summary 16

CHAPTER 3 MOLECULES MEET 17 3.1 When molecules meet 18

3.2 Molecules switch atoms 193.3 Molecules join together 203.4 Molecules break apart 203.5 Reactions are everywhere 22

3.6 Reactions follow rules 243.7 We can see reactions 253.8 Summary 26

CHAPTER 4 ACIDS AND BASES 27 4.1 Special molecules 28

4.2 Acids and bases are different 284.3 H and OH groups 304.4 Both are important 314.5 Summary 33

CHAPTER 5 ACIDS AND BASES REACT 345.1 When acids and bases meet 355.2 Acid-base reactions 365.3 Important acid-base reactions 395.4 Observing acid-base reactions 405.5 Summary 41


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iv CONTENTS

CHAPTER 6 MIXTURES 42 6.1 Mixing 43

6.2 Mixtures 446.3 Some mixtures dissolve 446.4 Dissolving 456.5 Soap 496.6 Summary 52

CHAPTER 7 UN-MIXING 537.1 Un-mixing 547.2 Evaporation 54

7.3 Sorting by hand 557.4 Using tools 567.5 Using tricks 577.6 Summary 59

CHAPTER 8 FOOD AND TASTE 608.1 Tasty molecules 618.2 The amazing tongue 63

8.3 Large tasty molecules 648.4 Summary 66

CHAPTER 9 MOLECULAR CHAINS 679.1 Chains of molecules 689.2 Different polymers 699.3 Polymers can change 719.4 Summary 73

CHAPTER 10 MOLECULES IN YOUR BODY 7410.1 Special polymers 7510.2 Proteins tiny machines 7610.3 DNA a blueprint 7710.4 Summary 79


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6 Pre-Level I Chemistry

6.1 Mixing

Have you everput water andsand togetherin pail? Whatdid you get? Amud pie maybe!

Have youever made areal pie, likelemon pie? Ifyou have, youprobably added eggs and flour, some table salt

or oil, andmaybe somewater. Whathappenedwhen youadded all

these thingstogether?You probablymixed themwith a spoonor a mixer.


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Chapter 6: Mixtures 7

In either case, what you ended up with is amixture. A mixture of sand and water, or amixture of eggs, oil, salt, and water. Both mudpies and lemon pies are mixtures.

6.2 Mixtures

You can make

a mixture ofblocks and rocks.You can makea mixture ofrocks and sand.You can make a

mixture of sugarand cinnamonand put it onyour toast! Allof these are called mixtures because all ofthese are made of more than one thing mixedtogether.

6.3 Some mixtures dissolve

Have you ever wondered why table saltdisappears in water, but sand does not? Have

you ever noticed that sugar disappears in


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water but not in oil and butter? When tablesalt or sugar disappear in water, we say theydissolve.

Some things will dissolve in water and somethings will not dissolve. What makes some

things dissolve and other things not dissolve?

6.4 Dissolving

As with everything else, its the molecules intable salt or sugar that determine whether or

not they will dissolve.


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group and an H group! This is one of thethings that makes water very special. It is

the OH group that makes molecules dissolvein water. Bases that have OH groups arelike water and will dissolve in water. Othermolecules, like alcohol, which is not a base,but still has an OH group will also dissolve inwater.

Sugar is like waterbecause sugar also hasOH groups. Can youcount how many OH

groups sugar has?


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Its not just OH groups that make some things

dissolve in water. For example, salt doesnthave OH groups like sugar, alcohol, and basesbut salt dissolves in water. Salt dissolves inwater because the water molecules break the


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salt molecules into pieces that mix with water.Oil, grease, and butter are not like water, sonone of these will dissolve in water. Lookcarefully at the drawing that illustrates thetype of molecule found in oil, grease, andbutter. Can you tell why it is not like water?

6.5 Soap

Soap makes things like butter and grease

dissolve in water. Soap can do this becausethe molecules that make up soap are a littlelike water and a little like oil.

In a mixture of oil, soap, and water, the oilypart of soap will dissolve in the oil and the

watery part of soap will dissolve in the water.


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Because the oil dissolves in the oily part ofsoap and the watery part of soap dissolves

in the water, a small droplet of oil and soapforms. In this way, the oil is trapped by thesoap and water inside this little droplet.

This droplet can then be washed away by thewater. This is how soap washes the grease offof your hands!


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