reading nonfiction literature on the ipad: an exploratory case study
DESCRIPTION
READING NONFICTION LITERATURE ON THE IPAD: AN EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY. Dr. Victoria Cardullo, Ed.D . Auburn University [email protected]. Investigate the experiences of eighth-grade readers as they read nonfiction text on an iPad for academic purposes. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
READING NONFICTION LITERATURE ON THE IPAD: AN EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY
Dr. Victoria Cardullo, Ed.D.Auburn University
WHAT WAS THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY
Investigate the experiences of eighth-grade readers as they read nonfiction text on an iPad for academic purposes.
Investigate reading strategies students used to support their reading as well as what role the iPad features played in the reading process.
Explore whether those same strategies apply when reading nonfiction text on an e-reader.
Explore the role of e-readers in content area instruction and learning.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
New Literacies of the 21st century Technologies are evolving faster than research can
support them. E-readers are a new “phenomenon” in classrooms
Schools are widely adopting e-readers that have not been fully integrated into the curriculum and or classroom.
How do they “fit” in instruction? One to One Initiatives are outdated
One to World device ( a more ubiquitous alignment)
WHAT ARE THE QUESTIONS WE ARE SEEKING….
How do eighth-grade students read nonfiction text using the iPad?
What reading comprehension strategies do eighth-grade students use to read nonfiction text using the iPad?
What role do the iPad features play in the reading process?
METHODOLOGY Exploratory Collective case study (within each case and across the cases) Qualitative data collection
Student think alouds, student pre-and post-interviews, student surveys, and classroom observations (3 times a week for 12 weeks)
Teacher interview Participants
8th grade students (N=8) Charter STEM School (K-8)
Sample selection Purposeful sample
CHALLENGES OF TEXT SELECTION Original selection of text: Hole in my Life ( Gantos, 2002) Lexile level 840
Alternative choice of text: The Cage ( Mensky-Sender, 1986) Lexile level 500 Number the Stars (Lowery, 1998) Lexile level 670 I have Lived a Thousand Years: Growing up in the Holocaust (Bitton-Jackson,
1997) Lexile level 720 The Diary of a Young Girl: Anne Frank (Frank, 1991); Lexile level 1080Final selection of text: Informational Text The Shoah: 101 Keys to Understanding the Holocaust (Hurd, 2012); Lexile
level 1180 Narrative Nonfiction Anne Frank and the Children of the Holocaust (Lee, 2006); Lexile level 920
Note. 8th grade equivalent Lexile score is 805L-1100L.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
New Literacies theory Dual level theory (Leu et al., 2013) Multimodal literacies (Leu, 2001)
Transactional theory Transactions between the reader and the text and the ability (Leu et al., 2004). Linguistic Experiential Reservoir (LER)
Constructivist theory Socially constructed (Vygotsky, 1962, 1978) Social interactions, understanding, and knowledge of the text
Metacognition theory Text presented digitally present new challenges to comprehension (Coiro, 2003) Active monitoring and consequent regulation (Flavell, 1976)
ANALYSIS OF DATA
LORI: CASE #1
Strategic reader—strong strategy usage; used several strategies sequentially
High reading comprehension, high MARSI score, and medium prior iPad use
Rapid succession of strategies in a short period of time to monitor and repair meaning
Layers of strategies for a simple task
Supportive Strategies Frequency
Reading Strategies
Determine importance 24Monitoring of meaning 13Rereads 15i-Pad Features Used
Highlighting 32
Definition 20
LORI’S CONCEPT MAP STRATEGIC READING
Concept Map showing Lori’s use of strategies and features to read nonfiction text using the iPad.
Unk
now
n w
ord
or
ke
y vo
cabu
lary
Click hyperlink Decision
Read evaluate
Dictionary
Context clues
Multiple Definitions
Evaluate
Predicting
Analyze
Pronounciation Knowledge of coding
Example Evaluate and connect to text
Analyze
Determine importance
Infer
Search
Search website edu, org, com Evaluate
Analyze
Synthesize Search Wikipedia
Read Determine importance
Return to text
Multi finger gesture to return home
Slide screens vertically until she gets to iBooks
Home screen -iBooks app to return home
Push home button Open iBooks
Read
Silently or orally read Check Meaning Evaluate
Continue reading
Reread Check meaning and understanding
Decision Highlight Determine
importance
Sticky note Determine importance Add notes based on what she remembers
ERIN: CASE #2
• Receptive Vocabulary Strategies
• Adjusted iPad features • High reading comprehension,
high MARSI score, and medium prior iPad use
• Impact of vocabulary on Reading Comprehension
• Features of text and device –Supportive
Supportive Strategies Frequency
Reading Strategies
Monitor meaning 6
Predictions5
Context Clues 1
Rereads7
Connections 8
iPad Features
Highlighting 17
Hyperlinks17
Nonfiction Features
Definition 17
Pronunciation Guide 10
ERIN’S CONCEPT MAP STRATEGIC READING
• Strategic reader who needed motivation
• Believed the features of the device made reading on the iPad more “fluid”
• High reading comprehension, medium MARSI score, and low prior iPad use
• Read nonfiction text on the iPad differently, using both nonfiction and iPad features to support his learning
Supportive Strategies FrequencyReading Strategies
Context Clues 19
Rereads 16
Evaluation 23
Connections 11
iPad Features
Sticky notes 10Pronunciation Guide 16
Video 11
Search ( web/text) 14
Jerry: Case #3
JERRY’S CONCEPT MAP STRATEGIC READING
• Inquisitive , explorative, assistive • High reading comprehension,
high MARSI score, and low prior iPad use
• Believed the features of the device helped support his understanding
• Used multiple texts to support his understanding• cross-referencing content using
the search feature.
Supportive Strategies FrequencyNonfiction Features
Definition/glossary 19
iPad Features
Highlighting 14
Search Feature 10
Hyperlink 9
Video 8
Trey: Case #4
• Preferred writing on paper • Requested peer assistance often • Average reading comprehension,
medium MARSI score, and low prior iPad use.
• Preferred to just read rather than interact with the device
• Needed encouragement and support from peers
• Apprehensive of device
Supportive Strategies FrequencyReading Strategies
Context clues 18
Ipad Features
Dictionary 14
Pronunciation Guide 14
Nonfiction Features
Hyperlinks 9
Search Feature 8
Video 8
Anna: Case #5
EMERGENT THEMES
Comprehension Reading Strategies Key reading comprehension strategies such as determining importance,
monitoring meaning, synthesis, inferring, evaluation, reflection, predicting and contextual clues.
Nonfiction features Nonfiction support features reinforced students’ understanding of the text:
audio/video, pronunciation guide, and definition.
iPad features Features specific to the iPad, were inherently supportive for student learning,
understanding: highlighting, hyperlinking, sticky note, and search.
EMERGING THEMES
Comprehension
Strategies
Connections-34
Context clues-49
Determining importance-
38
Evaluation-55
Rereading-48
iPad Features
Highlighting -42
Hyperlinks -101
Search-9
Sticky notes-55
Nonfiction Features
Audio/video-66
Definition/Glossary-51
Examples-42
Pronunciation -48
DISCUSSION Students relied on preexisting reading strategies to construct
meaning from digital text when using the iPad and they also used “new” reading strategies.
Student explored iPad features to support their understanding of the nonfiction text when using the iPad.
Text features or absence of features impacted reading comprehension.
Range of reading strategies and iPad features used by students varied according to student reading proficiency, level of reading comprehension, and ease of iPad use.
Hypermedia and Hypertext offer embedded scaffolding & support.
IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Students Access beyond the classroom
Teachers The support and dispositions of a metacognitive teacher
Researchers Strong pedagogical framework for e-readers
• Publishers
Future development of e-books needs to provide creative content media
OTHER CHALLENGES
Instructional challenges Instructional technology challenges (IT) Accessibility challenges Logistical challenges
THANK YOU
Questions Discussion