reading next & writing next. reading next recommendations for meeting the needs of struggling...
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READING NEXTREADING NEXT& &
WRITING NEXTWRITING NEXT
READING NEXTREADING NEXT& &
WRITING NEXTWRITING NEXT
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READING NEXT
Recommendations for Meeting the Needs of Struggling Readers
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15 Recommendations
• Direct, explicit comprehension instruction
• Effective instructional principles embedded in content
• Motivation and self-directing learning
• Text-based collaborative learning• Strategic tutoring• Diverse texts
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Recommendations Con’t
• Intensive writing• Technology• Ongoing formative assessment of
students• Extended time for literacy• Professional development• Ongoing summative assessment
of students and programs• Teacher teams• Leadership• A comprehensive and coordinated
literacy program
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Combine Elements
• Flexibly try out various combinations– Must include the following:
• Professional Development• Formative Assessment• Summative Assessment
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Programs• Planned Variation• Evaluate implementation using a
common process– Allow for comparisons across programs
• Outcomes and Procedures– For evaluation to promote cross-
program comparisons.
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Key Part to These Programs
• Should not be used in isolation• Should be used in a dynamic and
powerful interrelationship.
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Instruction and Infrastructure
• School reform• Curricular Improvement
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Instructional Elements
• Direct, explicit comprehension instruction– Comprehension strategies– Comprehension monitoring and
metacognition instruction– Teacher modeling– Scaffolding instruction– Apprenticeship models
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Effective Instructional Principles Embedded in
Content
• Teaches technique and content-area materials
• Reinforce instruction in the skills and strategies that are effective and coordinate it with an emphasis on reading and writing practices– Graphic Organizers– Prompted Outlines– Guided Discussions
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Motivation and Self-Directed Learning
• Promote greater student engagement and motivation– Let them select materials to read and
topics to research– Promote relevancy
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Text-Based Collaborative Learning• Interact with each other around a
text• Teachers provide scaffolding for
engagement at every ability level and promote better oral language and content-area skills.
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Strategic Tutoring• Individualized instruction• Be taught “how to learn”• Teach learning strategies• Empower adolescents to complete
similar tasks independently in the future.
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Diverse Texts• Providing students with diverse
texts, topics, and reading levels.• High interest and low readability• Link multiple ability levels
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Intensive Writing• Help students improve their
writing skills• Writing instruction helps improve
reading comprehension• Increase the amount of writing
and also the quality of writing
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A Technology Component
• Technology is a facilitator of literacy and a medium of literacy.
• Instructional reinforcement and opportunities for guided practice.
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Ongoing Formative Assessment of
Students• Informal and frequently on a daily
basis• Track progress• Inform instruction
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Infrastructural Elements
• Extended Time for Literacy• Professional Development• Ongoing Summative Assessment
of Students and Programs• Teacher Teams• Leadership• A Comprehensive and Coordinated
Literacy Program
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Extended Time for Literacy
• 2 – 4 hours of literacy-connected learning daily
• Teachers need to realize that they are not only teaching content but also ways of reading and writing.
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Professional Development
• Ongoing, long-term• Include teachers, coaches,
librarians, and administrators.• Built into regular school schedule• Learn new research and practice
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Ongoing Summative Assessment of Students and
Programs
• Implementation with continuous progress-monitoring system.
• Formal• Demonstrate progress specific to
school and program goals
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Teacher Teams• Teachers meet regularly to discuss
students and to align instruction.• Plan for consistency in instruction
across subject areas.
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Leadership• Principal is the instructional
leader.• Teachers assume leadership roles
and spearhead curricular improvements.
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A Comprehensive and Coordinated Literacy
Program• Teachers coordinate literacy
programs that teachers work on in teams and are responsible for a cohort of students.
• Recognize adolescents’ varying needs and develop a comprehensive program that will successfully address the needs of all their students.
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WRITING NEXT
All Students Need To Become Proficient and
Flexible WritersProvide Guidance for
Improving Writing Instruction
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11 Elements of Effective Adolescent Writing Instruction
• Writing Strategies• Summarization• Collaborative Writing• Specific Product Goals• Word Processing• Sentence Combining
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Elements Continued• Prewriting• Inquiry Activities• Process Writing Approach• Study of Models• Writing for Content Learning
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Writing Strategies
• Explicitly teach strategies for planning, revising, and/or editing
• Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD)
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SRSD• Develop Background Knowledge• Describe It• Model It• Memorize It• Support It• Independent Use• Plan• Write
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Summarization• Explicitly and systematically
teaching students how to summarize texts.
• Write Summaries– Rule-Governed Approach or– Intuitive Approach
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Collaborative Writing
• Peers Writing as a Team• Developing instructional arrangements
where students work together to:– Plan– Draft– Revise– Edit
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Specific Product Goals
• Provides students with objectives to focus on particular aspects of their writing.
• Assigning students specific, reachable goals.
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Word Processing• Can be particularly helpful for low-
achieving writers.• Work collaboratively on writing
assignments• Neat and legible script that can be
easily changed.
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Sentence Combining• Teaching students to construct more
complex and sophisticated sentences through exercises in which 2 or more basic sentences are combined into a single sentence.
• Enhance the quality of their writing.
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Pre-Writing• Engages students in activities
designed to help them generate or organize ideas for their composition.
• Gather information– Reading– Visual Representations
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Inquiry Activities• Students examine and analyze
data in order to describe them in writing.
• Hands-on learning• Sharpen inquiry skills
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Process Writing Approach
• Involves several activities:– Creating extended opportunities for
writing– Emphasizing writing for real
audiences– Encourage planning, translating, and
reviewing– Stress personal responsibility and
ownership– Facilitate student interactions– Supportive writing environments– Self-reflection and evaluation
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Study of Models• Provides good examples or models
of different types of writing.• Analyze examples
– Find the critical elements, patterns, and forms
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Writing for Content Area
• Writing-To-Learn– Writing in the content area helps the
student learn the content better.– 75% if the writing-to-learn studies
showed a positive effect.
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Bringing The Elements Together
A comprehensive and coordinated literacy program includes the
elements of both reading and writing strategies.
All students can learn, and an informed and educated teacher can teach
them how to learn.