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Reading for IELTS

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nlyMultiple Choice Reading Vocabulary in Context Page 44

1. Penguins 1. The Death of Languages

2. Earthquakes 2. Music, Language & Memory

3. Higher Education 3. Hypnosis

4. Whales 4. Jealousy

5. Pollen 5. Karaoke is Bad for You

6. Coral 6. Male-Female Attraction

7. A Famous Composer 7. The Fall of Mayan Civilization

8. Trams 8. Addiction & Teenage Smoking

9. A Famous Politician 9. The World's First Farmers

10. Monkeys 10. Dolphin Networks

11. Gunpowder

12. Hurricanes Answers & Feedback

13. Passports Multiple Choice Reading Page 65

14. Police IELTS Style Reading Page 127

15. SARS Vocabulary in Context Page 148

16. Communications

17. Cables

18. Tourism

19. A Famous Writer

20. Ozone

IELTS Style Reading Page 23

1. Facts you should know aboutglobal warming

2. The Lands where the Kurds live

3. Downsizing: The Long TermEffects

4. Walking and Fat Loss

5. Traditional Ballad Verse InAustralia:

6. Dyslexia

7. Preventing Violence in theWorkplace

8. Two Inventions

9. Team Building

10. Valentine's Day

Contents Page



nlyMultiple Choice Reading

Texts&

Questions



nlyMultiple Choice Reading: 20. Ozone

P1: There is a solid international consensus about thecauses and effects of ozone depletion. About 300scientists from all corners of the world drafted andreviewed the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)& United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) ScientificAssessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998. The assessmentis that the situation is serious but not irreversible.

P2: What exactly is the ozone layer and why is itimportant? Ozone is a form of oxygen, with each ozonemolecule made up of three oxygen atoms. Unlike oxygen,ozone is poisonous which would be a problem ifconcentrated at ground level but is highly beneficial tolife when collected in the stratosphere because it blocksout the sun's ultraviolet rays. A diminished ozone layerallows more UV radiation to reach the earth's surface, aserious effect because it can damage DNA, which meansit is potentially harmful to most living things, includingplants. The human body cannot detect ultravioletradiation directly which means that humans are unawareof the damage that is done to them on sunny days. Thisdamage can include skin cancer, cataracts and weakenedimmune systems in humans and reduced crop yields anddisruptions in the marine food chain.

P3: Even small percentage reductions in the amount ofozone in the upper atmosphere cause a measurableincrease in UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface.This reduction has been directly traced to human activitybecause we now realise that certain manufacturedsubstances can destroy stratospheric ozone much fasterthan it is formed. Specifically, the release ofchlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depletingsubstances, which are widely used as refrigerants,insulating foams and solvents, are the culprits. WhenCFCs float up into the stratosphere, they are brokenapart by the UV radiation, releasing chlorine atoms thatreact with ozone, starting chemical cycles of ozonedestruction and depletion.

P4: The Montreal Protocol of 1987 attempts to limitthe production and use of ozone-depleting substances.Some success has already been recorded with aslowing down in the rate of ozone loss and a levellingoff of the concentration of CFCs in the atmosphere.Scientists remain hopeful that, if countries keep to thetargets set by the international community,stratospheric ozone will return to normal levels byabout 2050.

QUESTIONS

Q1. Which title best expresses theideas in the text?o A. Ozone and its effects onhumanso B. The scientific reasons for ozonedepletiono C. Ozone depletion: causes andsolutionso D. International action againstozone depletion

Q2. Chlorine (final sentence,paragraph 3) is mentioned becauseito A. exists in the stratosphere.o B. fights UV radiation.o C. attacks ozone.o D. reduces ozone loss.

Q3. Which one of the followingstatements is not true?o A. CFCs have been eliminatedfrom the atmosphere.o B. Plant and human life aredamaged by UV radiation.o C. Ozone depletion can bestopped.o D. The ozone layer is poisonous.

Q4. The word "it" in sentence 3 ofparagraph 2 (after ""stratospherebecause") refers too A. Ozone.o B. Oxygen.o C. Stratosphere.o D. ground level.

Q5. Ozone depletiono A. has always occurred.o B. is a consequence of radiationchanges.o C. is a man-made problem.o D. decreases UV radiation.

Q6. The word "consensus" in thefirst line of the text could best bereplaced byo A. Concern.o B. Conference.o C. Agreement.o D. sympathy.

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nlyIELTS Reading

Texts&

Questions



nlyIELTS Reading: 8. Two Inventions

P1. When the PC was invented, its uses werecompletely unclear. Its performance was lacking, itsabilities limited, it was unbearably user unfriendly. Itsuffered from faulty design, was absent any usercomfort and ease of use and required considerableprofessional knowledge to operate. The worst part wasthat this knowledge was exclusive to the newinvention; it was not portable. It reduced labourmobility and limited one's professional horizons. Therewere many gripes among workers assigned to tame thenew beast. Managers regarded it at best as a nuisance.

P2. The PC was thought of, at the beginning, as asophisticated gaming machine, an electronic baby-sitter. It included a keyboard, so it was thought of interms of a glorified typewriter or spreadsheet. It wasused mainly as a word processor (and the outlayjustified solely on these grounds). The spreadsheetwas the first real PC application and it demonstratedthe advantages inherent to this new machine (mainlyflexibility and speed). Still, it was more of the same- a speedier sliding ruler. After all, said theunconvinced, what was the difference between thisand a hand held calculator (some of them already hadcomputing, memory and programming features)?

P3. The PC was recognized as a medium only 30 yearsafter it was invented with the introduction ofmultimedia software. All this time, the computercontinued to spin off markets and secondary markets,needs and professional specialties. The talk as alwayswas centred on how to improve on existing marketsand solutions. The Internet is the computer's firstimportant application. Hitherto the computer was onlyquantitatively different to other computing or gamingdevices. Multimedia and the Internet have made itqualitatively superior, sui generis, unique.

P4. Part of the problem was that the Internet wasinvented, is maintained and is operated by computerprofessionals. For decades these people have beenconditioned to think in Olympic terms: faster,stronger, higher - not in terms of the new, theunprecedented, or the non-existent. Engineers aretrained to improve - seldom to invent. With fewexceptions, its creators stumbled across the Internet- it invented itself despite them. Computerprofessionals (hardware and software experts alike) -are linear thinkers. The Internet is non linear andmodular. It is still the age of hackers. There is still alot to be done in improving technological prowess andpowers. But their control of the contents is waningand they are being gradually replaced bycommunicators, creative people, advertisingexecutives, psychologists, venture capitalists, andmany others. These all are attuned to the user, hismental needs and entertainment preferences.

P5. The compact disc is a different tale. It wasintentionally invented to improve upon an existingtechnology (basically, Edison's Gramophone). Market-wise, this was a major gamble. The improvement was,at first, debatable (many said that the sound qualityof the first generation of compact discs was inferiorto that of its contemporaneous record players).Consumers had to be convinced to change bothsoftware and hardware and to dish out thousands ofdollars just to listen to what the manufacturersclaimed was more a authentically reproduced sound.A better argument was the longer life of the software(though when contrasted with the limited lifeexpectancy of the consumer, some of the first salespitches sounded absolutely morbid). The computersuffered from unclear positioning. The compact discwas very clear as to its main functions - but had arough time convincing the consumers that it wasneeded.

P6. Every medium is first controlled by the technicalpeople. Gutenberg was a printer - not a publisher. Yet,he is the world's most famous publisher. The technicalcadre is joined by dubious or small-scale entrepreneursand, together, they establish ventures with no clearvision, market-oriented thinking, or orderly plan ofaction. The legislator is also dumbfounded and doesnot grasp what is happening - thus, there is nolegislation to regulate the use of the medium. Witnessthe initial confusion concerning copyrighted vs.licenced software, e-books, and the copyrights of ROMembedded software.

P7. More complex transactions - exactly as in realestate in "real life" - begin to emerge. The Internet islikely to converge with "real life". It is likely to bedominated by brick and mortar entities which arelikely to import their business methods andmanagement. As its eccentric past (the dot.com boomand the dot.bomb bust) recedes - a sustainable andprofitable future awaits it.

Continued



nlyIELTS Reading: 8. Two Inventions (cont.)

QUESTIONS

In the two lists below, a statement in the list (A-F)corresponds to the main idea in one of the paragraphs(Para 1 - Para 6). Match the two lists by inserting thecorrect letter for each question:

Q 1: Para 1 = ___

Q 2: Para 2 = ___

Q 3: Para 3 = ___

Q 4: Para 4 = ___

Q 5: Para 5 = ___

Q 6: Para 6 = ___

A. An invention that did things more efficientlyB. A difficult-to-use inventionC. Inventions take time to become part of societyD. An invention that later found a special functionE. An invention with a very clear functionF. An invention now adopted by non-technical people

Q7. Computer use was slow at first becauseA. computers couldn't be carried.B. computers were difficult to use.C. keyboards were too complex.D. computers had a limited function.

Q8. The gramophone is mentioned becauseA. it is also a medium for music.B. the technology was market-driven.C. it was invented by Edison.D. it was replaced by the compact disc.

Q9. From the text we know that the compact disc wasinvented after the computer.

A. TRUEB. FALSEC. NOT GIVEN

Q10. The computer and compact disk are differentbecause

A. the technology is different.B. their functions are different.C. one is much older than the other.D. they were invented by different sets of people.

Q11. An early example of a PC application is thespreadsheet.


Q12. The changeover from record players tocompact discs was slow.


Complete the summary based on paragraphs 1 - 4 bychoosing phrases from the list A - L. Place a letternext to the question numbers in the text.

Early PCs were not easy to use, were 13.___ and

were not welcomed by 14.___ alike . They were first

used for word processing and spreadsheets and only

later for 15.___. Use increased with 16.___ which

showed conclusively that they were better than

17.___. Computer professionals controlled the

Internet but this 18.___.

A. MultimediaB. unable to be carried aboutC. handheld machinesD. any other electronic devicesE. professional needsF. managersG. workers and managersH. unlike anything seen beforeI. the InternetJ. specialised needsK. is changingL. is now in the hands of hackers

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nlyVocabulary in Context

Texts&

Questions



nlyVocabulary in Context: 9. The World’s First Farmers?

P1: Researchers, led by an archaeologist from Adelaide, haveconfirmed that Papua New Guinea’s highlands was one of thecradles of farming, where some of the world’s staple foodplants were first domesticated. The region now joins fiveother core regions in which the agricultural revolution – theworld’s most dominant landuse - had its origins. The otherfive regions confirmed as core areas for plant domesticationare the Middle East, China, Mesoamerica, South America andthe Eastern United States.

P2: From what has been described as a Neolithic backwater,New Guinea has turned out to be one of the few pristinecenters of early plant domestication. As one commentatorargues, “the evidence for the independent development ofagriculture in New Guinea is no longer equivocal”. Accordingto the research, there is also increasing proof that two of theworld’s most valuable crops, sugar cane and banana,originated there.

P3: The report reveals that people living at the Kuk site, inthe Wahgi valley, were practicing agriculture by at least7,000 years ago. This is about the same time as indigenouspeoples in the Middle East were cultivating wheat and CentralAmericans were farming corn.

P4: While earlier research had suggested that deforestationrates and erosion increased from at least 7000 years ago,New Guinea had been considered a passive secondary centerfor agricultural development. Agriculture was though to havebeen derived from or triggered by domesticates from SouthEast Asia. However, the archaeological remains found at thesite identified six phases of wetland use: the first three ofwhich predate South East Asian influence on the Island 3,500years ago. The first phase suggests that cultivation may haveoccurred 10,000 years ago. The second phase, for which thereis more evidence, is indicated by circular mounds used toaerate soil for growing bananas between 6,500 and 7,000years ago.

CRADLES: places where somethingoriginates, e.g. areas where civilizationsbegin.STAPLE FOOD: food important forsurvival.DOMESTICATED: changed from thenatural environment to a human-madeenvironment.AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: a veryimportant period in the history offarming or agriculture.DOMINANT: the most powerful orimportant.CORE AREAS: important parts of a largerarea.NEOLITHIC BACKWATER: a very primitivesociety that is long longer consideredimportant.TURNED OUT: resulted; discovered to be.PRISTINE: (an environment) in itsearliest, untouched or perfect state.EQUIVOCAL: not certain; vague;ambiguous.ORIGINATED: commenced; began from acertain place.REVEALS: shows for the first time.PRACTICING: working at; doing; takingpart in.INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: the original orfirst people to have lived in a particulararea.CULTIVATING: farming; using areas ofland for growing food.DEFORESTATION RATES: the speed atwhich forests are destroyed.EROSION: the destruction of soil, rock orlandforms, usually water, wind or toomuch farming.PASSIVE: not active.SECONDARY CENTER: not the mostimportant place.DERIVED FROM: taken or borrowed fromanother place to be used elsewhere.TRIGGERED BY: caused by; action that iscaused by something else.DOMESTICATES: plants that have be usedin agriculture.PHASES: periods of time that follow eachother; stages.WETLAND: flat wet land areas.PREDATE: before a specific date.INFLUENCE: the effect of one thing, orperson, on another.INDICATED: suggested as probable.CIRCULAR MOUNDS: small round hills.AERATE SOIL: allow air to move throughor penetrate the soil or earth.

Q1. The article observes that…o A. New Guinea is a primitive backwater.o B. agriculture developed in the New Guinea highlandsindependently from other world regions.o C. New Guinea is very wet.o D. sugar cane is only grown in New Guinea.

Q2. Which of the following terms will not replace ‘cradles’ inthe text?o A. Birth placeso B. Producerso C. Original sourceso D. Nurturers

Continued



nlyVocabulary in Context: 9. The World’s First Farmers? (cont.)

From the list add a letter after the question number to fill in the missingwords.

● The Yellow River and the Indus River are acknowledged 7.___ of civilization.

● A 8.___ is anything that forms the basis of a traditional diet, particularlythat of the poor.

● On the island of Java, Hindu influences 9.___ Islam by many centuries,although the latter soon became the 10.___ religion.

● Australia’s 11.___ knew nothing of 12.___ crops as they were huntersand scavengers.

● Mud slides are 13.___ by heavy rains and exacerbated by soil 14.___which means that the water can easily sweep away top soil.

● Some people believe the concept of negative numbers 15.___ in China,although recent research 16.___ that the Mayan civilization was also familiarwith this idea.

● Siberia still offers a 17.___ environment despite the fact that it hassuffered high 18.___ in the last 200 hundred years.

A. CRADLESB. STAPLE FOODC. DOMESTICATEDD. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONE. DOMINANTF. CORE AREASG. NEOLITHIC BACKWATERH. TURNED OUTI. PRISTINEJ. EQUIVOCALK. ORIGINATEDL. REVEALSM. PRACTICINGN. INDIGENOUS PEOPLESO. CULTIVATINGP. DEFORESTATION RATESQ. EROSIONR. PASSIVES. SECONDARY CENTERT. DERIVED FROMU. TRIGGERED BYV. DOMESTICATESW. PHASESX. PREDATE

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Q3. Which of the following is unlikely to be a ‘staple food’?o A. Potatoo B. Riceo C. Hamburgero D. Banana

Q4. Which of the following most closely matches ‘turned out’ as it is used in paragraph 2?o A. Took offo B. Ran outo C. Looked outo D. Ended up

Q5. If something is ‘equivocal’ it is…?o A. Uncertaino B. Certaino C. Relevanto D. Contradictory

Q6. Which of the following can suffer from ‘erosion’?o A. Soilo B. Profito C. Political supporto D. All of the above



nlyMultiple Choice Reading

Answers&

Notes



nlyAnswers: 20. Ozone

ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS

Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the text?A. Ozone and its effects on humansB. The scientific reasons for ozone depletionC. Ozone depletion: causes and solutionsD. International action against ozone depletion

P1: There is a solid international consensus about the causesand effects of ozone depletion. About 300 scientists from allcorners of the world drafted and reviewed the WorldMeteorological Organization (WMO) & United NationsEnvironment Program (UNEP) Scientific Assessment of OzoneDepletion: 1998. The assessment is that the situation is seriousbut not irreversible.

P2: What exactly is the ozone layer and why is it important?Ozone is a form of oxygen, with each ozone molecule made upof three oxygen atoms. Unlike oxygen, ozone is poisonouswhich would be a problem if concentrated at ground level butis highly beneficial to life when collected in the stratospherebecause it blocks out the sun's ultraviolet rays. A diminishedozone layer allows more UV radiation to reach the earth'ssurface, a serious effect because it can damage DNA, whichmeans it is potentially harmful to most living things, includingplants. The human body cannot detect ultraviolet radiationdirectly which means that humans are unaware of the damagethat is done to them on sunny days. This damage can includeskin cancer, cataracts and weakened immune systems inhumans and reduced crop yields and disruptions in the marinefood chain.

P3: Even small percentage reductions in the amount of ozonein the upper atmosphere cause a measurable increase in UVradiation that reaches the earth's surface. This reduction hasbeen directly traced to human activity because we nowrealise that certain manufactured substances can destroystratospheric ozone much faster than it is formed. Specifically,the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances, which are widely used as refrigerants,insulating foams and solvents, are the culprits. When CFCsfloat up into the stratosphere, they are broken apart by theUV radiation, releasing chlorine atoms that react with ozone,starting chemical cycles of ozone destruction and depletion.

P4: The Montreal Protocol of 1987 attempts to limit theproduction and use of ozone-depleting substances. Somesuccess has already been recorded with a slowing down inthe rate of ozone loss and a levelling off of the concentrationof CFCs in the atmosphere. Scientists remain hopeful that, ifcountries keep to the targets set by the internationalcommunity, stratospheric ozone will return to normal levels byabout 2050.

Q1. NOTESThis text deals both with the causesand solutions of ozone depletion. Allthe other answers are partial.

Continued

SHORT ANSWERS

Q1 = C, Q2 = C, Q3 = A, Q4 = A, Q5 = C, Q6 = C



nlyAnswers: 20. Ozone (cont.)

Q2. Chlorine (final sentence, paragraph 3) is mentionedbecause itA. exists in the stratosphere.B. fights UV radiation.C. attacks ozone.D. reduces ozone loss.

P3: Even small percentage reductions in the amount of ozonein the upper atmosphere cause a measurable increase in UVradiation that reaches the earth's surface. This reduction hasbeen directly traced to human activity because we nowrealise that certain manufactured substances can destroystratospheric ozone much faster than it is formed.Specifically, the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) andother ozone-depleting substances, which are widely used asrefrigerants, insulating foams and solvents, are the culprits.When CFCs float up into the stratosphere, they are brokenapart by the UV radiation, releasing chlorine atoms thatreact with ozone, starting chemical cycles of ozonedestruction and depletion.

Q2. NOTESChlorine reacts with ozone, destroyingand depleting it.

Q3. Which one of the following statements is not true?A. CFCs have been eliminated from the atmosphere.B. Plant and human life are damaged by UV radiation.C. Ozone depletion can be stopped.D. The ozone layer is poisonous.

P4: The Montreal Protocol of 1987 attempts to limit theproduction and use of ozone-depleting substances. Somesuccess has already been recorded with a slowing down in therate of ozone loss and a levelling off of the concentrationof CFCs in the atmosphere. Scientists remain hopeful that,if countries keep to the targets set by the internationalcommunity, stratospheric ozone will return to normal levelsby about 2050.

Q3. NOTESCFCs have levelled off but have notbeen eliminated. The text does notsay that elimination of CFCs is evenpossible.

Continued



nlyAnswers: 20. Ozone (cont.)

Q5. Ozone depletionA. has always occurred.B. is a consequence of radiation changes.C. is a man-made problem.D. decreases UV radiation.

P3: Even small percentage reductions in the amount of ozone inthe upper atmosphere cause a measurable increase in UVradiation that reaches the earth's surface. This reduction hasbeen directly traced to human activity because we now realisethat certain manufactured substances can destroystratospheric ozone much faster than it is formed. Specifically,the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances, which are widely used as refrigerants,insulating foams and solvents, are the culprits. When CFCs floatup into the stratosphere, they are broken apart by the UVradiation, releasing chlorine atoms that react with ozone,starting chemical cycles of ozone destruction and depletion.

Q5. NOTESIt is a man-made problem (“traced tohuman activity”) because thesubstances causing the problem aremanufactured.

Q6. The word "consensus" in the first line of the textcould best be replaced byA. Concern.B. Conference.C. Agreement.D. sympathy.

P1: There is a solid international consensus about the causesand effects of ozone depletion. About 300 scientists from allcorners of the world drafted and reviewed the WorldMeteorological Organization (WMO) & United NationsEnvironment Program (UNEP) Scientific Assessment of OzoneDepletion: 1998. The assessment is that the situation is seriousbut not irreversible.

Q6. NOTES“Consensus" means people agreeingtogether. Eg: "There was generalconsensus about the right course ofaction to take".

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Q4. The word "it" in sentence 3 of paragraph 2 (after""stratosphere because") refers toA. Ozone.B. Oxygen.C. Stratosphere.D. ground level.

P2: What exactly is the ozone layer and why is it important?Ozone is a form of oxygen, with each ozone molecule made upof three oxygen atoms. Unlike oxygen, ozone is poisonouswhich would be a problem if concentrated at ground level butis highly beneficial to life when collected in the stratospherebecause it blocks out the sun's ultraviolet rays. A diminishedozone layer allows more UV radiation to reach the earth'ssurface, a serious effect because it can damage DNA, whichmeans it is potentially harmful to most living things, includingplants. The human body cannot detect ultraviolet radiationdirectly which means that humans are unaware of the damagethat is done to them on sunny days. This damage can includeskin cancer, cataracts and weakened immune systems inhumans and reduced crop yields and disruptions in the marinefood chain.

Q4. NOTES“It" refers to ozone which blocks thesun's UV rays.



nlyIELTS Reading

Answers&

Notes



nlyAnswers: 8. Two Inventions

Q1: Para 1 = B. A difficult-to-use invention

Q2: Para 2 = A. An invention that did things more efficiently

Q3: Para 3 = D. An invention that later found a special function

Q4: Para 4 = F. An invention now adopted by non-technical people

Q5: Para 5 = E. An invention with a very clear function

Q6: Para 6 = C. Inventions take time to become part of society

Q7. NOTESPara 1 says it was "unbearably userunfriendly"

Continued

Q7. Computer use was slow at first becauseA. computers couldn't be carried.B. computers were difficult to use.C. keyboards were too complex.D. computers had a limited function.

Q8. NOTESPara 5 says the compact disk wasinvented to improve upon (ie: replace)the gramophone

Q8. The gramophone is mentioned becauseA. it is also a medium for music.B. the technology was market-driven.C. it was invented by Edison.D. it was replaced by the compact disc.

Q9. From the text we know that the compact disc was inventedafter the computer.A. TRUEB. FALSEC. NOT GIVEN

Q9. NOTESThis information is nowhere given in thetext.

Q10. NOTESPara 1 & 7: the PC has a range offunctions (unclear in its early use) whilethe compact disk was focused on playingback music.

Q10. The computer and compact disk are different becauseA. the technology is different.B. their functions are different.C. one is much older than the other.D. they were invented by different sets of people.



nlyAnswers: 8. Two Inventions (cont.)

Q11. NOTESPara 2 mentions word processing andspreadsheets.

Q11. An early example of a PC application is the spreadsheet.A. TRUEB. FALSEC. NOT GIVEN

Q12. The changeover from record players to compact discs wasslow.A. TRUEB. FALSEC. NOT GIVEN

Q12. NOTESPara 5 implies it was slow - "consumershad to be convinced to change" & "..... arough time convincing the consumersthat it was needed"

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Q13: = H. unlike anything seen before

Q14: = G. workers and managers

Q15: = A. Multimedia

Q16: = I. the Internet

Q17: = D. any other electronic devices

Q18: = K. is changing



nlyVocabulary in Context

Answers&

Notes



nlyAnswers: 9. The World’s First Farmers?

Q1. The article observes that…A. New Guinea is a primitive backwater.B. agriculture developed in the New Guinea highlandsindependently from other world regions.C. New Guinea is very wet.D. sugar cane is only grown in New Guinea.

Q2. Which of the following terms will not replace ‘cradles’ inthe text?A. Birth placesB. ProducersC. Original sourcesD. Nurturers

Q3. Which of the following is unlikely to be a ‘staple food’?A. PotatoB. RiceC. HamburgerD. Banana

Q4. Which of the following most closely matches ‘turned out’as it is used in paragraph 2?A. Took offB. Ran outC. Looked outD. Ended up

Q5. If something is ‘equivocal’ it is…?A. UncertainB. CertainC. RelevantD. Contradictory

Q6. Which of the following can suffer from ‘erosion’?A. SoilB. ProfitC. Political supportD. All of the above

Q7. = A CRADLESQ8. = B STAPLE FOODQ9. = X PREDATEQ10. = E DOMINANTQ11. = N INDIGENOUS PEOPLESQ12. = O CULTIVATINGQ13. = U TRIGGERED BYQ14. = Q EROSIONQ15. = K ORIGINATEDQ16. = L REVEALSQ17. = I PRISTINEQ18. = P DEFORESTATION RATES

Q1. NOTES"… the evidence for the independentdevelopment of agriculture in New Guineais no longer equivocal."

Q2. NOTESThe other terms relate to the beginningof something, its creation, or its initialdevelopment.

Q3. NOTESUnlike the other food items, the‘hamburger’ is not an essential or primaryfood, but is simply a manufacturedproduct.

Q4. NOTES‘Turned out’ and ‘ended up’ are the twomost closely related terms. However, thetext would need to be altered slightly to:‘New Guinea has ended up being one ofthe few…’

Q5. NOTESEquivocal means uncertain or unsure.The opposite is unequivocal = certain.

Q6. NOTESAlthough ‘erosion’ basically refers to thephysical landscape, it can also beapplied to the slow and constant loss ofsupport, popularity or finances.

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