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Philippine Etymology

 The name of the Philippines is a truncated form of The Philippine Islands, derived from theKing Philip II of Spain in the 16th century. During the expedition of uy !"pe# de $illalo%os tothe Islands, Spanish sailor &ernardo de la Torre used the name !as Islas 'ilipinas in honour of the then(Prince of )sturias, originally referring to the islands of !eyte and Samar. Despite thepresence of other names, the name 'ilipinas *Philippines+ as eventually adopted as thename of the entire archipelago.

 The o-cial name of the Philippines, hoever, has changed throughout the course of itshistory. During the Philippine evolution, the state o-cially called itself ep%lica 'ilipina,no referred to as the 'irst Philippine epu%lic. 'rom the period of the Spanish()merican /arand the Philippine()merican /ar until the 0ommonealth, nited States colonial authoritiesreferred to the Philippines as the Philippine Islands, a direct translation of the originalSpanish. It as during the )merican Period that the name 2Philippines2 %egan to appear, aname that as o-cially adopted.

Historical Names

• 3a(i. )ccording to the 4hao ugua5s *趙汝适+ 4hf7n(#h8 *諸蕃志, means 2Description

of the Peoples2+ ritten around 199: )D during the Song Dynasty. )ccording to this,there as a group of islands found in southern South 0hina Sea called 3a(i * 麻逸 ,Pinyin; 37y8+. The islands groups ere later invaded and renamed and identi

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• !as islas 'ilipinas *Philippine IslandsOIslands %elonging to Philip+. Hamed %y uy !"pe#de $illalo%os in 1:J to Samar and !eyte, honoring the Prince of )sturias, the thenPhilip II of Spain.

• 0aesarea 0aroli as the name given %y $illalo%os to the island of 3indanao hen hereached the sea near it. This as named after the 0harles $ of the oly oman?mpire *and I of Spain+.

•  The southern island of Sarangani as renamed %y $illalo%os as )ntonia, in honor of )ntonio de 3endo#a y Pacheco, the $iceroy of He Spain ho commissioned$illalo%os expedition to the Philippines.

• $illalo%os also named the littoral #one %eteen the islands of Samar and !eyte as Tendaya.

• !as islas 'ilipinas, or simply 'ilipinas *Philippines+. $ernacular corruption of !as islas'elipenasQ irrevoca%ly %ecame the archipelago5s name.

• Pearl of the @rientOPearl of the @rient Seas *Spanish; Perla de orienteOPerla del mar deoriente+ is the so%riMuet of the Philippines. The term originated from the idea of Spanish Resuit missionary 'r. Ruan R. Delgado in 1F:1. In his last poem 3i ltimo adi"s,Dr. Ros i#al referred the country ith this name. In the 1B6 revision of !upanginirang, the Philippine national anthem. The Tagalog version of this phrase asincluded as the translation from the original Spanish.

•  The Philippine Islands. This as the anglici#ed form of the original Spanish name,used under direct )merican rule and the succeeding 0ommonealth ?ra.

Government

/i>ipedia

) government is the system %y hich a state or community is governed. In the0ommonealth of Hations, the ord government is also used more narroly to refer to thecollective group of people that exercises executive authority in a state. This usage isanalogous to hat is called an 2administration2 in )merican ?nglish. 'urthermore,government is occasionally used in ?nglish as a synonym for governance.

In the case of its %road associative dee upthe organi#ation of a speciind currently aects every human activity in many important ays. 'orthis reason, political scientists generally argue that government should not %e studied %yitselfQ %ut should %e studied along ith anthropology, economics, environmentalism, history,philosophy, science, and sociology.

Dictionary.com

 The political direction and control exercised over the actions of the mem%ers, citi#ens, or

inha%itants of communities, societies, and statesQ direction of the aairs of a state,community, etc.Q political administration.

3erriam /e%ster

 The group of people ho control and ma>e decisions for a country, state, etc.Q a particular

system used for controlling a country, state, etc.Q the process or manner of controlling a

country, state, etc.

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Kinds of Governments

Aristarchic attributes

Term Denition

)ristocrac

y

ule %y elite citi#ens. It has come to mean rule %y 2the aristocracy2 ho are

people of no%le %irth. )n aristocracy is a government %y the 2%est2 people. )

person ho rules in an aristocracy is an aristocrat. )ristocracy is dierent

from no%ility, in that no%ility means that one %loodline ould ruleQ an

aristocracy ould mean that a fe or many %loodlines ould rule, or that

rulers %e chosen in a dierent manner.

Aeniocrac

y

ule %y the intelligentQ a system of governance here creativity, innovation,

intelligence and isdom are reMuired for those ho ish to govern.

See )ristocracy of the ise.

Kratocracy

ule %y the strongQ a system of governance here those ho are strong

enough sei#e poer through physical force, social maneuvering or political

cunning. The process can mimic Darinian selection.

3eritocrac

y

ule %y the meritoriousQ a system of governance here groups are selected

on the %asis of people5s a%ility, >noledge in a given area, and contri%utions

to society.

 Timocracy ule %y honorQ a system of governance ruled %y honora%le citi#ens andproperty oners. Socrates de

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orld model for this form of government.

 Technocra

cy

ule %y the educated or technical expertsQ a system of governance here

people ho are s>illed or proing. Doctors,

engineers, scientists, professionals and technologists ho have >noledge,

expertise, or s>ills, ould compose the governing %ody, instead of politicians,

%usinessmen, and economists.  In a technocracy, decision ma>ers ould %e

selected %ased upon ho >noledgea%le and s>illful they are in their

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'ascism

ule %y leader %ase only. 'ocuses heavily on patriotism and national identity.

 The leader*s+ has the poer to ma>e things illegal that do not relate to

nationalism, or increase %elief in national pride. They %elieve their nation is

%ased on commitment to an organic national community here its citi#ens areunited together as one people through a national identity. It exalts nation and

race a%ove the individual and stands for severe economic and social

regimentation, and forci%le suppression of opposition.

onarchic attributes

Term Denition

)%solute

monarchy

$ariant of monarchyQ a system of governance in hich a monarch exercises

ultimate governing authority as head of state and head of government.

0onstitutiona

l monarchy

$ariant of monarchyQ a system of governance that has a monarch, %ut one

hose poers are limited %y la or %y a formal constitution, such as that

in the nited Kingdom.

Diarchy

$ariant of monarchyQ a system of government in hich to individuals,

the diarchs, are the heads of state. In most diarchies, the diarchs hold their

position for life and pass the responsi%ilities and poer of the position to

their children or family hen they die. Diarchy is one of the oldest forms of 

government. In modern usage diarchy means a system of dual rule,

hether this %e of a government or of an organisation. Such 5diarchies5 are

not hereditary.

?lective

monarchy

$ariant of monarchyQ a system of governance that has an elected monarch,

in contrast to a hereditary monarchy  in hich the o-ce is automatically

passed don as a family inheritance. The democratic manner of election,

the nature of candidate Muali

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?mirate

Similar to a monarchy or sultanateQ a system of governance in hich the

supreme poer is in the hands of an emir *the ruler of a 3uslim state+Q the

emir may %e an a%solute overlord or a sovereign ith constitutionally

limited authority.

'ederal

monarchy

$ariant of monarchyQ a system of governance here a federation of states

ith a single monarch as overall head of the federation, %ut retaining

dierent monarchs, or a non(monarchical system of government, in the

various states Uoined to the federation.

3onarchyule %y royaltyQ a system of governance here an individual ho has

inherited the role and expects to %eMueath it to their heir.

Pe!orative attributes

Term Denition

&an>ocracy

ule %y %an>sQ a system of governance ith excessive poer or inVuence

of %an>s and other ing. It can

also refer to a form of government here e a nephew *here the ord comes from+. In

such governments even if the relatives aren5t Mualino someone ho already has

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_monarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_monarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Corporationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favouritismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshiphttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/merithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_monarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_monarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Corporationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favouritismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshiphttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/merit

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authority. Pope )lexander $I*&orgia+ as accused of this.

Ka>istocracy

ule %y the stupidQ a system of governance here the orst or least(

Mualia>istocracy. See Idiocracy.

Kleptocracy 

*3aleptocracy is not a form of

government %ut a characteristic of a government engaged in such

%ehavior. ?xamples include 3exico as %eing considered

a narcokleptocracy , since its democratic government is perceived to %e

corrupted %y those ho proin to

the !atin phrase mobile vulgus meaning 2the le crod2, from hichthe ?nglish term 2mo%2 as originally derived in the 16=s. @chlocratic

governments are often a democracy spoiled %y demagoguery, 2tyranny of

the maUority2 and the rule of passion over reasonQ such governments can

%e as oppressive as autocratic tyrants. @chlocracy is synonymous in

meaning and usage to the modern, informal term 2mo%ocracy.2

Authoritarian Attributes

Term Denition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakistocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_naturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochlocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimidationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majoritarianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demagogueryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demagogueryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demagogueryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakistocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_naturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochlocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimidationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majoritarianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demagogueryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority

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)uthoritari

an

ule %y authoritarian governments is identie decisions a%out pu%lic policies in much

the same ay that Uuries decide criminal cases.

Demarchy, in theory, could overcome some of the functional pro%lems of

conventional representative democracy, hich is idely su%Uect to

manipulation %y special interests and a division %eteen professional

policyma>ers *politicians and lo%%yists+ vs. a largely passive, uninvolved

and often uninformed electorate. )ccording to )ustralian philosopher Rohn

&urnheim, random selection of policyma>ers ould ma>e it easier for

everyday citi#ens to meaningfully participate, and harder for special

interests to corrupt the process.

3ore generally, random selection of decision ma>ers from a larger group is

>non as sortition *from the !atin %ase for lottery+. The )thenian

democracy made much use of sortition, ith nearly all government o-ces

, educated citi#ens holding a minimum of

ealth and status.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_freedomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_selectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortitionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_interestshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burnheimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burnheimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortitionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_democracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_democracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_freedomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_selectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortitionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_interestshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burnheimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burnheimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortitionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_democracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_democracy

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Democracy

ule %y a government chosen %y election here most of the populace are

enfranchised. The >ey distinction %eteen a democracy and other forms of 

constitutional government is usually ta>en to %e that the right to vote is

not limited %y a person5s ealth or race *the main Muali

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democracy

pho%iocraticOpolarisation interpretation of capitalism versus socialism. It

claims that fostering a progressive evolution of capitalism ill gradually

result in the evolution of capitalist economy into socialist economy. Social

democracy argues that all citi#ens should %e legally entitled to certain

social rights. These are made up of universal access to pu%lic services

such as; education, health care, or>ers5 compensation, pu%lic

transportation, and other services including child care and care for the

elderly. Social democracy is connected ith the trade union la%our

movement and supports collective %argaining rights for or>ers.

0ontemporary social democracy advocates freedom from discrimination

%ased on dierences of; a%ilityOdisa%ility, age, ethnicity, sex, gender,

language, race, religion, sexual orientation, and social class.

 Totalitarian

democracy

$ariant of democracyQ refers to a system of government in hich lafully

elected representatives maintain the integrity of a nation state hose

citi#ens, hile granted the right to vote, have little or no participation in

the decision(ma>ing process of the government.

"ligarchic attributes

Term Denition

?rgatocra

cy

ule %y the proletariat, the or>ers, or the or>ing class. ?xamples of

ergatocracy include communist revolutionaries and re%els hich control most

of society and create an alternative economy for people and or>ers.

See Dictatorship of the proletariat.

Kritarchy

ule %y UudgesQ a system of governance composed of la enforcement

institutions in hich the state and the legal systems are traditionally

andOor constitutionally the same entity. Kritarchic Uudges, magistrates and

other adUudicators have the legal poer to legislate and administrate the

enforcement of government las, in addition to the interposition of las and

the resolution of disputes. *Hot to %e confused ith " judiciary " or " judicial

system".+ Somalia, ruled %y Uudges ith the tradition of xeer,W1=X as ell as

the Islamic 0ourts nion, is a historical example.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarian_democracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarian_democracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergatocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergatocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarian_democracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarian_democracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergatocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergatocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union

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Hetocracy

ule %y social connectionsQ a term invented %y the editorial %oard of the

)merican technology maga#ine Wired in the early 1BBs. ) portmanteau of

Internet and aristocracy, netocracy refers to a perceived glo%al upper(class

that %ases its poer on a technological advantage and netor>ing s>ills, incomparison to hat is portrayed as a %ourgeoisie of a gradually diminishing

importance. The netocracy concept has %een compared ith ichard 'lorida5s

concept of the creative class. &ard and SYderMvist have also de

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Term Denition

)narchy

Anarchy has more than one de

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aristocracy of %usiness, politics, and the military.WX In political science, the

term banana republic denotes a country dependent upon limited primary(sector

productions, hich is ruled %y a plutocracy ho exploit the national economy %y

means of a politico(economic oligarchy.W1X In )merican literature, the

term banana republic originally denoted the ic>%ac>s, the exploitation of

large(scale plantation agriculture, especially %anana cultivation.W1X In .S.

politics, the term banana republic is a peUorative political descriptor coined %y

the )merican riter @. enry in Cabbages and Kings *1BJ+, a %oo> of

thematically related short stories derived from his 1=B6ZBF residence

in onduras, here he as hiding from .S. la for %an> em%e##lement.W9X

3aoism

 The theory and practice of 3arxism(!eninism developed in 0hina %y 3ao

4edong *3ao Tse(tung+, hich states that a continuous revolution is necessary if 

the leaders of a communist state are to >eep in touch ith the people.

#epublican attributes

Term Denition

epu%lic

ule %y a form of government in hich the people, or some signi

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Democratic

repu%lic

) repu%lic form of government here the country is considered a 2pu%lic

matter2 *!atin; res pu%lica+, not a private concern or property of rulersOrd

orld, and here o-ces of states are su%seMuently, directly or indirectly,

elected or appointed Z rather than inherited Z here all eligi%le citi#enshave an eMual say in the local and national decisions that aect their lives.

Parliamentar

y repu%lic

) repu%lic, li>e India, Singapore and Poland, ith an elected head of state,

%ut here the head of state and head of government are >ept separate ith

the head of government retaining most executive poers, or a head of state

a>in to a head of government, elected %y a parliament.

'ederal

repu%lic

) federal union of states or provinces ith a repu%lican form of government.

?xamples include )rgentina, )ustria, &ra#il, Aermany, India, ussia,

and Sit#erland.

Islamic

epu%lic

epu%lics governed in accordance ith Islamic la. ?xamples

include )fghanistan, Pa>istan, and Iran.

Socialist

repu%lic

0ountries li>e 0hina and $ietnam are meant to %e governed for and %y the

people, %ut ith no direct elections. The term Peoples Republic is used to

dierentiate themselves from the earlier repu%lic of their countries %efore

the people5s revolution, li>e the epu%lic of 0hina and epu%lic of Korea.

$ederalism

Term Denition

'ederalis

m

ule %y a form of government in hich the people, or some signi

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repu%lican forms of government.WFX

'ederalmonarchy

) federal monarchy is a federation of states ith a single monarch as overall

head of the federation, %ut retaining dierent monarchs, or a non(monarchical

system of government, in the various states Uoined to the federation.

'ederal

repu%lic

) federal union of states or provinces ith a repu%lican form of government.

?xamples include )rgentina, )ustria, &ra#il, Aermany, India, ussia, 

and Sit#erland.

"ther po%er structure attributes

Term Denition

)dhocracyule %y a government %ased on relatively disorganised principles and

institutions as compared to a %ureaucracy, its exact opposite.

)narchism

Sometimes said to %e non(governanceQ it is a structure hich strives for

non(hierarchical voluntary associations among agents. )narchy is a

situation here there is no government.

 This can happen after a civil ar in a country, hen a government has

%een destroyed and rival groups are e its place. There are

also people called anarchists. They %elieve that any government is a %ad

thing Z this %elief is called anarchism. )narchists thin> governments stoppeople organising their on lives. Instead they thin> people ould %e

%etter o if they ruled their on lives and or>ed together to create a

society in any form they choose.

&and society ule %y a government %ased on small *usually family+ unit ith a semi(

informal hierarchy, ith strongest *either physical strength or strength of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government#cite_note-autogenerated2-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_monarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_monarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government#cite_note-autogenerated2-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_monarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_monarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_society

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character+ as leader. $ery much li>e a pac> seen in other animals, such as

olves.

&ureaucracyule %y a system of governance ith many %ureaus, administrators, and

petty o-cials

0hiefdom* Tri%a

l+

ule %y a government %ased on small complex society of varying degrees

of centralisation that is led %y an individual >non as a chief.

0y%ersynacy

uled %y a data fed group of secluded individuals that regulates aspects

of pu%lic and private life using data feeds and technology having no

interactivity ith the citi#ens %ut using 2facts only2 to decide direction.

Parliamentary

system

) system of democratic government in hich the ministers of the

executive %ranch derive their legitimacy from and are accounta%le to a

legislature or parliamentQ the executive and legislative %ranches are

interconnected. It is a political system in hich the supreme poer lies in

a %ody of citi#ens ho can elect people to represent them.

Presidential

system

) system of government here an executive %ranch is led %y a president

ho serves as %oth head of state and head of government. In such a

system, this %ranch exists separately from the legislature, to hich it is

not responsi%le and hich it cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss.

Homocracy

ule %y a government under the sovereignty of rational las and civic

right as opposed to one under theocratic systems of government. In a

nomocracy, ultimate and

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m

production are spread as idely as possi%le rather than %eing centrali#ed

under the control of the state *state socialism+, a fe individuals *plutocracy+,

or corporations *corporatocracy+. Distri%utism fundamentally

opposes socialism and capitalism, hich distri%utists vie as eMually Vaedand exploitative. In contrast, distri%utism see>s to su%ordinate economic

activity to human life as a hole, to our spiritual life, our intellectual life, our

family life2.

'eudalism

) system of land onership and duties. nder feudalism, all the land in a

>ingdom as the >ing5s. oever, the >ing ould give some of the land to the

lords or no%les ho fought for him. These presents of land ere called

manors. Then the no%les gave some of their land to vassals. The vassals then

had to do duties for the no%les. The lands of vassals ere called ers democratically through cooperatives on all

industry, pu%lic services may %e commonly or state oned, such as foodstu,

healthcare and education.

/elfare

state

0oncept of government in hich the state plays a >ey role in the protection

and promotion of the economic and social ell(%eing of its citi#ens. It is %asedon the principles of eMuality of opportunity, eMuita%le distri%ution of ealth, 

and pu%lic responsi%ility for those una%le to avail themselves of the minimal

provisions for a good life.

(implied

1. Democracy

 The ord 2democracy2 literally means 2rule %y the people.2 In a democracy, the people

govern.

9. epu%lic

) literal democracy is impossi%le in a political system containing more than a fe people. )ll2democracies2 are really repu%lics. In a repu%lic, the people elect representatives to ma>eand enforce las.

. 3onarchy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_productionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_socialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_of_opportunityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_of_opportunityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_of_wealthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_of_wealthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_responsibility&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_productionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_productionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_socialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_of_opportunityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_of_wealthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_responsibility&action=edit&redlink=1

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) monarchy consists of rule %y a >ing or Mueen. Sometimes a >ing is called an 2emperor,2especially if there is a large empire, such as 0hina %efore 1B11. There are no largemonarchies today. The nited Kingdom, hich has a Mueen, is really a repu%lic %ecause theMueen has virtually no political poer.

J. )ristocracy

)n aristocracy is rule %y the aristocrats. )ristocrats are typically ealthy, educated people.3any monarchies have really %een ruled %y aristocrats. Today, typically, the term2aristocracy2 is used negatively to accuse a repu%lic of %eing dominated %y rich people, suchas saying, 2The nited States has %ecome an aristocracy.2

:. Dictatorship

) dictatorship consists of rule %y one person or a group of people. $ery fe dictators admitthey are dictatorsQ they almost alays claim to %e leaders of democracies. The dictator may%e one person, such as 0astro in 0u%a or itler in Aermany, or a group of people, such asthe 0ommunist Party in 0hina.

6. Democratic epu%lic

 

sually, a 2democratic repu%lic2 is not democratic and is not a repu%lic. ) government thato-cially calls itself a 2democratic repu%lic2 is usually a dictatorship. 0ommunistdictatorships have %een especially prone to use this term. 'or example, the o-cial name of Horth $ietnam as 2The Democratic epu%lic of $ietnam.2 0hina uses a variant, 2ThePeople5s epu%lic of 0hina.2

&ranches of Government

3ontesMuieu5s tripartite system

 The term tripartite system is ascri%ed to 'rench ?nlightenment political philosopher &aron de

3ontesMuieu. In The Spirit of the !as *1FJ=+, 3ontesMuieu descri%ed the separation of political poer among a legislature, an executive, and a Uudiciary. 3ontesMuieu5s approachas to present and defend a form of government hich as not excessively centrali#ed in allits poers to a single monarch or similar ruler. e %ased this model on the 0onstitution of the oman epu%lic and the &ritish constitutional system. 3ontesMuieu too> the vie thatthe oman epu%lic had poers separated so that no one could usurp complete poer. Inthe &ritish constitutional system, 3ontesMuieu discerned a separation of poers among themonarch, Parliament, and the courts of la.

3ontesMuieu did actually specify that 2the independence of the Uudiciary has to %e real, andnot apparent merely2. 2The Uudiciary as generally seen as the most important of poers,independent and unchec>ed2, and also as considered dangerous.

)egislative *+ongress,   E-ecutive *President,   .udicial *(upreme +ourt,

• Passes %illsQ has%road taxing and spendingpoerQ regulates inter(statecommerceQ controlsthe federal %udgetQ has

• Is the commander(in(chief  of the armedforces

• ?xecutes the

• Determines hich las0ongress intended toapply to any given case

• ?xercises Uudicial

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clausehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clausehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_budgethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chiefhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chiefhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_armed_forceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_armed_forceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clausehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clausehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_budgethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chiefhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chiefhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_armed_forceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_armed_forceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States

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poer to %orro money onthe credit of the nitedStates *may %e vetoed %yPresident, %ut vetoes may%e overridden ith a to(

thirds vote of %oth houses+

• as sole poerto declare ar, as ell as toraise, support, and regulatethe military.

• @versees, investigates,and ma>es the rules for thegovernment and its o-cers.

• De