Reading Comprehension in Reading Comprehension in the United Statesthe United States

How are students doing?How are students doing?

Warm-Up QuestionsWarm-Up QuestionsWhat percentage of adults in the U.S. is What percentage of adults in the U.S. is functionally illiterate?functionally illiterate?22%–25%22%–25%When did American society begin to expect When did American society begin to expect that everyone should be able to read?that everyone should be able to read?

In the 1920s, with the passage of In the 1920s, with the passage of compulsory public education lawscompulsory public education laws

What percentage of fourth-grade children What percentage of fourth-grade children score at the proficient level or above on the score at the proficient level or above on the NAEP?NAEP?

44thth-35% (2013)-35% (2013)

p. 7

Warm-Up Questions Warm-Up Questions (continued)(continued)

What percentage of children referred to What percentage of children referred to special education has learning disabilities special education has learning disabilities involving reading and/or language? involving reading and/or language?

Approximately 80%–85%Approximately 80%–85%

How early can we identify potential How early can we identify potential reading problems?reading problems?

Very early—in mid-kindergarten and Very early—in mid-kindergarten and sometimes earlier!sometimes earlier!

p. 7

pp. 16-17

Five Essential Five Essential Components of Components of

Reading Instruction Reading Instruction

Based on the Reading First program Based on the Reading First program of NCLB (2001)of NCLB (2001)

Report of the National Reading Panel Report of the National Reading Panel (NICHD, 2000); a meta-analysis of (NICHD, 2000); a meta-analysis of

scientific studiesscientific studies

The “Big Five”The “Big Five”

Phoneme awarenessPhoneme awarenessPhonics (decoding and word Phonics (decoding and word recognition)recognition)Reading fluencyReading fluencyVocabularyVocabularyReading comprehensionReading comprehension

pp. 16-17

Good Reading Requires …Good Reading Requires … Accurate Word Reading, Fluency, and Accurate Word Reading, Fluency, and

ComprehensionComprehension

Decoding Language Comprehensionx

PA

Phonics

Fluency

Vocabulary

Reading Comprehension

5 components

2 domains

Additional ComponentsAdditional Components

Reading and Writing Reading and Writing AchievementAchievement

See handout; multidimensional See handout; multidimensional model of literacy-related strengths model of literacy-related strengths and weaknesses (Lombardino, 2012)and weaknesses (Lombardino, 2012)

The “Ingredients” of LanguageThe “Ingredients” of LanguageBeyond the five essential components Beyond the five essential components

of reading, there are multiple of reading, there are multiple components of components of language language that that

underpin reading abilityunderpin reading abilityThe writing system and how it represents speech The writing system and how it represents speech ((orthography; ph= / f / orthography; ph= / f / ))The rules by which speech sounds are combined into The rules by which speech sounds are combined into words words ((phonology; e.g., no phthphonology; e.g., no phth))The structure of words, word meanings, word The structure of words, word meanings, word relationships, expressions relationships, expressions ((morphology (-ous; ed; morphology (-ous; ed; inter-; vis=see), vocabulary/semanticsinter-; vis=see), vocabulary/semantics))Sentence structure Sentence structure ((syntaxsyntax))Communication (receptive and expressive) in speech Communication (receptive and expressive) in speech or writing or writing ((discoursediscourse))Social conventions of language use Social conventions of language use ((pragmaticspragmatics))The history and origin of words The history and origin of words ((etymology; Latin etymology; Latin based, i= long e in curiousbased, i= long e in curious))

p. 17

semantics

pragmatics

orthography

syntax

phonology

etymology

p. 17

Mapping State Proficiency Standards Onto NAEP Scales:

Refer to the Refer to the Results From the 2013 NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments

See Figure 1

Literacy Statistics and RILiteracy Statistics and RI

Literacy StatisticsLiteracy Statistics Handout: RI Snapshot ReportHandout: RI Snapshot Report

Achievement-Level Percentages and Achievement-Level Percentages and Average Score ReportsAverage Score Reports

Student groupings in 2013 (see Student groupings in 2013 (see disaggregated results)disaggregated results)

ConclusionsConclusions

What does this information suggest What does this information suggest about instruction?about instruction?