6.0 Fuels: Oil/Natural GasFrank R. Leslie, B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology1/28/2010, Rev. 2.1.1fleslie @fit.edu; (321) 674-7377www.fit.edu/~fleslieRootsweb.ancestry.com

In Other News . . . Chrysler developing ENVI plug-in hybrid vehicle drive for many models, but Fiat may own them by thenLarge oil companies are under Federal ruling on January 20, 2009 in the Southern District of Florida because of ethanol-containing boat fuel. The fuel destroys fiberglass fuel tanks, absorbs water and phase separation. --- Maritime Reporter 1/27/09Lawsuit filed in Tampa to recover damages Jan., 2010 --- could be huge settlementPres. Obama stated that he wants offshore oil drilling in the State of the Union address, also nuclear plus weatherization of buildingsHigh speed rail at 168 to 180 mph in Florida100128

6. Events: Oil and Coal-to-Liquids (CTL)1955 South African Sasol CTL started1973 Arab oil embargo due to Israel-Egypt Six-Day War1981 Saudi Ghawar field peaked at 5.7Mbbl/day1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait1991 First Gulf War3/19/2003 US invades Iraq2005 Kuwaits second largest Burgan field exhausted, 1.7Mbbl/day10/2008 Crude hits $147/bbl intraday high2009 Crude oil falls to $331/20/2009 Crude oil at $38, $46 on 1/23/09, $73 1/2010100124

6.0.1 Overview: Oil and Natural GasPetroleum or crude oil is a complex hydrocarbon mixture (mostly gasoline) that is refined to get its constituents or feedstock for chemical transformationsOil (crude) and natural gas are often found in the same area, and thus are treated together in this presentationOil provides our principal transportation fuels of gasoline and diesel, while natural gas provides heatingCoal-to-liquids results in primarily gasoline-like fluids and is just mentioned here100128

6.0 Overview: Oil and Natural Gas ReservesQuads normalize the energyRevised 030124Ref.: National Energy Technology Lab. Why Combustion? CD_ROM

6.0 About This Presentation6.1 Oil Consumption6.2 Oil Refining6.3 Natural Gas6.4 Natural Gas Turbine Peaking Power6.5 Oil/Gas Reserves6.6 Oil/Gas TransportationConclusion

100124

6.1 Oil Source and Sink Chart100128Source: Oil Market Basicshttp://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/oil_market_basics/petflow.htmPetroleum Flow, 2006 (Million Barrels per Day)http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/oil_market_basics/default.htm

6.1.1 Oil Process in the Wind River Mts. Of WYhttp://www.gravmag.com/grnriv.htmhttp://www.geocities.com/yosemite/1270/wrtrip/pixwindriver96.htmlThe Wind River Range is northeast of the oil/gas fields shown above. Note the slip that traps the oil and gas.To the right is my 1996 Sierra Club trail service trip crew at Wind River Cirque of the Towers --- whos that middle guy with the cowboy hat?090124

6.1.1 Amount of oil to be produced and consumedThe World consumption of oil was some 74,500,000 barrels of oil per day in 2000What does this large number represent, and how can we relate to it? [What do 2 million Mac hamburgers look like?]

Some interesting figures follow by permission of Jim Woodfin, former Chair of the Sierra Club Turtle Coast Group, Melbourne FL (January, 2003 group meeting)100124http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/

6.1.1.1 Matters of Scale: World Oil ConsumptionHow can we relate to such large numbers?

74,500,000 Barrels Per Day (year 2000)3,129,000,000 Gallons Per Day130,375,000 Gallons Per Hour2,172,917 Gallons Per Minute36,215 Gallons Per Second030129

6.1.1.2a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil flowing in West Brevard County ? Gal/Sec St. Johns River @ Melbourne, FloridaRevised 030124

6.1.1.2b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil flowing in the St. Johns River? ? Gal/Sec St. Johns River @ Melbourne, FloridaRiver Flow gallons/second 3,115 average9,000 high100124Water digitally replaced with oil

6.1.1.3a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil ? Gal/Sec St. Johns River @ Jacksonville FLRevised 030124

6.1.1.3b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil ? Gal/Sec St. Johns River @ Jacksonville FL43,610 gallons/second070121A little too much!

6.1.1.4a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption36,215 Gal/Sec of OilHow Long to fill Lake Okeechobee? (1,200,000,000,000 gallons)Revised 030124

6.1.1.4b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption36,215 Gal/Sec of OilHow Long to fill Lake Okeechobee? (1,200,000,000,000 gallons)394 daysRevised 030124

6.1.2.1 Oil History A chronologyOil was first discovered in ancient times, and asphalt was used to caulk the seams of ships1814 First oil well in Caldwell, Ohio discovered oil instead of salt water; Darn! (:-(( www.aoghs.org 1829 Oil discovered in Burkesville KY; 50,000 bbls total; they wanted salt water Why? Hint: food http://www.fohbc.com/images/American%20Oil.pdf1850 Samuel Kerr distilled oil shale to produce oil1857 E. L. Drake hired to drill for industrial oil in Pennsylvania1866 First gusher in Texas1866 PA oil was about $6 a barrel (~$35, 2004; $73, 2010)1901 Lucas Spindletop gusher near Beaumont, Texas, and Big Oil began100128http://www.sjgs.com/history.html

6.1.2 Old Oil Well Field in Pennsylvaniahttp://www.greentechhistory.com/2009/08/gallery-the-worlds-first-oil-field/See http://www.greentechhistory.com/2009/08/gallery-the-worlds-first-oil-field/ for a 3-D photo; adjust browser photo width to match your eye spacing, stare at infinity, and watch the well pop into 3-DThere are perhaps 20 stereopticon slides at this site

6.1.2.2 Oil History A chronology1901 Oil found in Louisiana1905 Oil found in California1920 Chevron-Texaco prospecting in the Middle East 1932 California Arabian Standard Oil Company found oil in Bahrain1938 SOCAL discovered oil at Damman, KuwaitIn the 1950s, oil and natural gas replaced coal due to the lower pollution and ease of use; natural gas predominatedOil is produced mainly in Saudi Arabia, Russia, and USSome important products are plastics, detergents, drugs, fertilizers, pesticides, explosives, paint rubber, epoxies, recording disks, CrayonsKnown reserves will be economically gone in mid-21st century (2050)090124

6.1.3 Diesel-Electric Peaking PlantsLarge 16-cylinder diesel engines can turn generatorsThese start quickly, and thus can meet rapidly changing load conditions while coal plants take ~6 hours to heatThese units are often packaged in semi-trailers so that they can be hauled to where they are needed and leasedThese diesel units have a total installed capacity of less than 2 million kW (1955)090124In 2004, diesels represent about 1% of US power www.uaf.edu/energyin/webpage/ pages/heat_engines/DEG.htm

6.2 Oil RefiningCrude oil contains many compounds; not homogenousRefining separates the various compounds by evaporation temperature (fractional distillation)Conversion causes chemical changes to make a different product by recombining the molecular chainsMethane (CH4), 1 C; propane, 3C; butane, 4C; pentane, 5C; hexane, 6C; heptane, 7C; octane, 8COctane rating is percentage of octane mixed with heptane and determines pre-ignition point in a standard engine (knocking is bad for the engine)See http://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining2.htm for a good animated drawing of distilling crude oil090124

6.2.1 Crude Oil is A Complex Mixture!090124http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html

6.2.9 Will Oil Shale Save Us?From Peoples Gas briefing to FECCColorado mined a lot in ~1970s before cheap oil returned

6.3 Natural Gas (NG) History A chronology6000-2000 yr BCE Gas seeps discovered in IranMarco Polo saw gas seeps in 1264 at Baku"Eternal Fires of the Apsheron Peninsula http://www.sjgs.com/history.html#baku1659 Gas discovered in England1815 NG found in US while digging a well for salt brine1859 Fredonia Gas Light Co. formed (West New York)1860 Liquefied natural gas used as a portable fuel1885 Coffee roasted by NG and air flame1905 NG discovered in California1918 Texas well produced 70 million cubic feet of gas per day090124http://hearth.com/what/gashistory.html

6.3.1 Natural Gas Heating Values100124Zerban and Nye, 1952Heat content affects the price (true of hot peppers, too! [see Scoville units])

StateLocationBtu/cu. ft.KSLeavenworth964MOKansas City967LACaddo Parish1039OKPark City1076CALos Angeles1108TXAbilene1129OHCleveland1150WVCharleston1172OKKiefer1272

6.3.2 Butane, Propane, Etc. Energy Densities060115Harder, 1982; Zerban and Nye, 1952

NameCompositionBtu/lbPropaneC3H821690ButaneC4H1021340Coke-oven gas19320Blast-furnace gas1208Water gas (coke)mixture of CO and H2 6600GasolineC8H18 (C6H14 to C12H26)20336JP-4 jet fuel95% kerosene18725No. 2 fuel oilC14H30 to C20H42 19440HydrogenH261100Crude oil, Avg. USmixture19589

6.3.3 Energy Content and SelectionResidual Oil150 MMBtu/1000 gallonsDistillate Oil140 MMBtu/1000 gallonsNatural Gas1,050 MMBtu/million cubic feet (MMCF)Propane 94 MMBtu/1000 gallons090124(MM is the industries old-style million unit used in commerce)

6.4.1 Gas Turbine Peaking Systemssuch as Oleander Energy Plant at Cocoa FL$200M, 650 MW peaking plant west of Cocoa near I-95Located close to gas pipeline and transmission linesFive 150 MW aeroderivative gas turbines spin generators (derived from aircraft engines)Muffled hot exhaust is directed straight up into the airA more-efficient design would use heat recovery steam generators to cool the exhaust by making steamThat type of combined cycle plant would not qualify under the previous PURPA law, so that wasnt builtPURPA was intended for solar and wind energy systems, but was written inadvertently such that other merchant plants could be licensed; unintended consequences100128

6.4.2 Oleander Energy Plant -- 600 MW090127http://www.constellation.com/generation/oleander.aspNow owned by the Southern Companyhttp://www.southerncompany.com/southernpower/pdfs/SP_Plant_Oleander.pdf5 x 160 MWThe turbine is directly coupled to the generator and jointly turns at 3,600 RPM. The first four combustion turbines produce electricity at 18,000 volts before being stepped up in a transformer to 230,000 volts for transmission, while the 5th combustion turbine produces electricity at 18,000 volts before being stepped up in a transformer to 138,000 volts for transmission.

6.4.3 The Mighty Snow Natural Gas EnginePhoto by F. Leslie, 2003This Snow engine ran on natural gas in a New Jersey water plantIt produced 400hp, less than some SUVsIts now in the Florida Flywheelers Museum near Ft. Meade, FL(Sorry, I could only get the right end in the photo)Feb 24 thru 28, 2009 - 18th Annual Antique Engine & Tractor Show www.floridaflywheelers.org/

6.5.1 Estimated Crude Oil ReservesProduction Oil in billion barrels to May 2009100128http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/2hslu.wordpress.com/2009/08/13

6.5.1 US Imported Crude Oil --- 2003Crude Oil Imports (Top 15 Countries) (Thousand Barrels per Day) 100128http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/company_level_imports/current/import.html

CountryNov-09Oct-09YTD 2009Nov-08YTD 2008

CANADA1,9841,8581,9272,0281,949MEXICO9511,0151,0991,2961,192NIGERIA948853748775927SAUDI ARABIA8379389981,4871,514VENEZUELA8098799831,0801,040IRAQ458499460476636ANGOLA408437466450499KUWAIT287104188292207BRAZIL261169304280233ALGERIA219327272381319COLOMBIA216282261160181RUSSIA169159238152122ECUADOR150174182222210EQUATORIAL GUINEA136329512475LIBYA11667666371

6.5.2 Estimated Natural Gas ReservesNatural Gas in trillion cubic feet090127http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/25opec/sld015.htm

6.6 Oil/Gas TransportationLNG is vented at ~100 psiNG is piped to customers at ~0.5 psi090127http://www.kmss.no/www/01/wProd.nsf/AllWeb/14CE017B56B8367FC125694A006CE37D?OpenDocumenthttp://www.nkk.co.jp/en/jigyosho/tsu/text_02.htmlOil Tankerhttp://www.ieagreen.org.uk/lngtank.jpgLNG Tankers

Conclusion: Oil & Natural GasOil is an energy-dense liquid, easy to store and transport, and thus works well in vehiclesMany chemicals are made from oil, thus burning it may prevent a better, higher use for materialsChoices are made from the economics and cost of doing business; supply and demand sets pricesNatural gas is the feedstock for fertilizers, plastics, etc.97% of hydrogen is now made from natural gasHow can enough hydrogen be made to replace existing transportation fuels?090127

References: BooksPickens, T. Boone. The First Million is the Hardest. NY: Crown Business, 2008, p. 136.Harder, Edwin L. Fundamentals of Energy Production. NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1982.Zerban, Alexander H. and Edwin P. Nye. Power Plants. Scranton: International Textbook Co., 1952.Anon. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2002.Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992. 0-262-02349-0, TJ807.9.U6B76, 333.7940973.Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1993. 0-930031-64-4, TJ820.G57, 621.45Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351 pp. ISBN 0-8493-1605-7, TK1541.P38 1999, 621.312136Srensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0-12-656152-4.090124

References: Websites, etc.Woodfin, Jim. Personal communication. Slides on oil rate from a Sierra Club meeting, 1/23/2003http://www.naturalgas.org/http://www.sjgs.com/history.html#bakuhttp://hearth.com/what/gashistory.htmlhttp://www.pa-roots.com/~clarion/books/caldwell/oil2.htmlhttp://www.koffeekorner.com/koffeehistory.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining2.htm a good animated refining processhttp://www.participate.net/files/syrianaDiscussion.pdfhttp://www.silverbearcafe.com/private/expectation.html______________________________________________________________________________-mailto:energyresources@egroups.com

www.dieoff.org. Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon populationwww.ferc.gov/ Federal Energy Regulatory Commissionwww.google.com/search?q=%22renewable+energy+course%22solstice.crest.org/dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html

080121

Olin Engineering Complex 4.7 kW Solar PV Roof Array080116

Slide stockpile follows!Older slides follow this one. Look at these if you have interest or time. Its difficult to decide what to leave out of the lecture to save time!

Nonrenewable energies come from combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas. Their creation took millions of years, and we are using it faster than it was produced and faster than it is being created.Renewable energies come from the sun. Collection is from natural occurrences. While the energy is free, it costs money to collect it.Nuclear and geothermal energies arent renewable but are treated that way since the quantity is so large.Nonrenewable energies come from combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas. Their creation took millions of years, and we are using it faster than it was produced and faster than it is being created.Renewable energies come from the sun. Collection is from natural occurrences. While the energy is free, it costs money to collect it.Nuclear and geothermal energies arent renewable but are treated that way since the quantity is so large.Nonrenewable energies come from combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas. Their creation took millions of years, and we are using it faster than it was produced and faster than it is being created.Renewable energies come from the sun. Collection is from natural occurrences. While the energy is free, it costs money to collect it.Nuclear and geothermal energies arent renewable but are treated that way since the quantity is so large.