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SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO BAR EXAMINATIONINPOLITICAL LAWARRANGED BY TOPIC(1987 2006)Edited and Arranged by:Atty. Janette Laggui-Icao and Atty. Alex Andrew P. Icao(Silliman University College of Law) July 26, 2005 Updated by:Romualdo L. Seeris II, LLB.April 19, 2007

From the ANSWERS TO BAR EXAMINATION QUESTIONS in POLITICAL LAW by the UP LAW

COMPLEX and PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF LAW SCHOOLS

BAR Q&A (as arranged by Topics) POLITICAL LAW (1987-2006)

1

FORWARD

This work is not intended for sale or commerce. This work is freeware. It may be

freely copied and distributed. It is primarily intended for all those who desire

to have a deeper understanding of the issues touched by the Philippine BarExaminations and its trend. It is specially intended for law students from the

provinces who, very often, are recipients of deliberately distorted notes from

other unscrupulous law schools and students. Share to others this work and you

will be richly rewarded by God in heaven. It is also very good karma.

We would like to seek the indulgence of the reader for some Bar Questions which

are improperly classified under a topic and for some topics which are improperly

or ignorantly phrased, for the authors are just Bar Reviewees who have prepared

this work while reviewing for the Bar Exams under time constraints and within

their limited knowledge of the law. We would like to seek the readers indulgence

for a lot of typographical errors in this work.

The Authors


2


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE

PHILIPPINES.......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 14

Phil Con 87; New Features

(1991)............................................................................

......... 14 Phil Con 87; People Power(1987)..................................................................................... 14 Phil Con 87; People Power(2000)..................................................................................... 15 Phil Con 87; People Power(2003)............................................................................

......... 15 Nature of the Constitution: Constitutional Supremacy

(2004)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 15 Government Presidential Form vs.

Parliamentary Form (Q6-2006)............................. 15 ARTICLE I National

Territory.........................................................................

.................. 16 Archipelagic Doctrine(1989)............................................................................

................... 16 Contiguous Zone vs. Exclusive Economic Zone

(2004)................................................. 16 Exclusive Economic

Zone; Rights of the Coastal State (1994)..................................... 16

Exclusive Economic Zone; Rights of the Coastal State (Q1-

2005).......... ...... ...... ...... .. 17 Flag State vs. Flag of Convenience

(2004)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 17

Territory & Government

(1996)............................................................................

............... 17 Territorial Sea vs. Internal Waters

(2004)......................................................................... 17

ARTICLE II Declaration of Principles and State

Policies.......................................... 18 Armed Forces; Servant of the

People (2003)...................................................................

18 Doctrine of Incorporation; Constitutional Law

(1997)...................................................... 18 Doctrine of

Incorporation; Pacta Sunt Servanda

(2000)................................................. 18 Freedom from Nuclear

Weapons; Foreign Military Bases (1988)................................. 18

Philippine Flag (Q4-

2006).............................................................................

....................... 19 Principle of Civilian Supremacy (Q6-

2006)....................................................................... 19State Immunity from Suit

(1991)............................................................................

............. 19 State Immunity from Suit(1996)......................................................................................... 20 State Immunity from Suit(1989)........................................................................................ 20 State Immunity from Suit(1994)............................................................................


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............. 21 State Immunity from Suit(1992)......................................................................................... 21 State Immunity from Suit(1999)......................................................................................... 22 State Immunity from Suit(1999)......................................................................................... 22 State Immunity from Suit

(1987)............................................................................

............. 22 State Immunity vs. Waiver of Immunity

(1997)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 22 State

Immunity from Suit

(1993)......................................................................................... 23 State Principles & Policies(1994)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

........... 23 Transparency; Matters of Public Interest

(1989).............................................................. 24

Transparency; Matters of Public Interest

(2000).............................................................. 25 ARTICLE

III Bill of

Rights......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

........................ 25 Bill of Attainder(1987).......................................................................................................... 25 Bill of Attainder(1990)............................................................................

.............................. 26 Custodial Investigation; Extrajudicial

Confession (2001).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 26 Custodial

Investigation; Extrajudicial Confession; Police Line-Up (1994)............. ......

26 Custodial Investigation; Police Line-Up

(1997)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 27

Custodial Investigation; Right to Counsel(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 27 Custodial

Investigation; Right to Counsel

(1993)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 27 Custodial

Investigation; Right to Counsel

(2000)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 28 Custodial

Investigation; Right to Counsel; Receipt of Property Seized (2002)........... 28

Custodial Investigation; Rights

(1990)............................................................................

... 29 Custodial Investigation; Rights(1993)............................................................................... 29 Custodial Investigation; Rights(1996)...............................................................................30BAR Q&A (as arranged by Topics) POLITICAL LAW (1987-2006)3Double Jeopardy(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ................................. 30 Double Jeopardy(1993)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ................................. 31 Double Jeopardy(1997)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......


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........................... 31 Double Jeopardy(1999)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ................................. 32 Double Jeopardy(1999)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ................................. 32 Double Jeopardy(2000)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ................................. 32 Double Jeopardy

(2001)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ................................. 32 Double Jeopardy(2002)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ................................. 33 Double Jeopardy; Requisites(1999)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

...... 33 Due Process; Absence of Denial

(1999)...........................................................................

33 Due Process; Deportation

(1994)............................................................................

........... 34 Due Process; Forfeiture Proceedings

(1993)................................................................... 35 Due

Process; Media Coverage during Hearing

(1996)................................................... 35 Due Process; Meeting

vs. Hearing

(1999)........................................................................ 35

Due Process; Notice by Publication

(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 35

Due Process; Permit to Carry Firearm Outside Residence (Q6-

2006).......... ...... ...... .. 36 Due Process; PPA-Pilots

(2001)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

............. 36 Due Process; Procedural vs. Substantive

(1999)............................................................ 37 Due Process;

Provisional Order(1991)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

. 3 7 D u e P r o c e s s ; P u b l i c S c h o o l T e a c h e r s

(2002)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 37 Due

Process; Radio Station

(1987)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

........ 38 Due Process; Represented by a Non-Lawyer

(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 38 Due Process;

Substantive

(2003)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

........... 38 Due Process; Suspension of Driver's License(1992)..................................................... 38 Due Process; Urgent

Public Need

(1987)......................................................................... 39

Eminent Domain; Garnishment

(1994)............................................................................

.. 39 Eminent Domain; Garnishment(1998)............................................................................


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.. 40 Eminent Domain; immunity from suit

(2001)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 40

Eminent Domain; Indirect Public Benefit

(1990)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 40 Eminent

Domain; Just Compensation

(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 40

Eminent Domain; Just Compensation

(1989)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 41

Eminent Domain; Just Compensation

(1998)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 41

Eminent Domain; Legal Interest

(1993)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

. 4 1 E m i n e n t D o m a i n ; N o n - o b s e r v a n c e o f t h e p o l i c y o f " a l l o r n o n e "

(2000)...................... 42 Eminent Domain; Power to Exercise

(2005)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 42

Eminent Domain; Public Use

(1987)............................................................................

...... 42 Eminent Domain; Socialized Housing

(1996)................................................................... 43

Eminent Domain; Writ of Possession

(1993).................................................................... 43

Equal Protection; Alien Employment

(1989)..................................................................... 44

Equal Protection; Invidious Discrimination

(1987)........................................................... 44 Equal

Protection; Invidious Discrimination

(1987)........................................................... 45 Equal

Protection; Police Power

(2000)............................................................................

.. 45 Equal Protection; Right to Education

(1994)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 45

Equal Protection; Subsidiary Imprisonment

(1989)......................................................... 45 Freedom of

Expression; Censorship

(2003)..................................................................... 46

Freedom of Expression; Prior Restraint

(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 46 Freedomof Religion; Convicted Prisoners

(1989)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 46 Freedom of

Religion; Flag Salute

(1997)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....

47 Freedom of Religion; Flag Salute

(2003)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....

48 Freedom of Religion; Non-Establishment Clause


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(1988)............................................... 48 Freedom of Religion; Non-

Establishment Clause (1992)............................................... 48 BAR

Q&A (as arranged by Topics) POLITICAL LAW (1987-2006) 4

Freedom of Religion; Non-Establishment Clause

(1997)............................................... 49 Freedom of Speech; Ban on

Tobacco AD (1992).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 49

Freedom of the Press; Actual Malice

(2004)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 50

Freedom of the Press; Wartime Censorship

(1987)........................................................ 50 Impairment

Clause; Basic Human Rights

(1992)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 51 Involuntary

Servitude

(1993)............................................................................

................... 51 Liberty of Abode; Limitations(1998)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

....... 51 Liberty of Abode; Temporary(1996)............................................................................

...... 52 Non-Imprisonment for Non-Payment of Debt

(1993)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 52 Police Power;

Abatement of Nuisance

(2004)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 52 Police

Power; Ban on Tobacco AD

(1992)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 52

Police Power; Zoning Ordinance vs. Non-Impairment of Contracts

(1989)......... ...... . 53 Police Power; Zoning Ordinance vs. Non-Impairment of

Contracts (2001)........... ..... 53 Privacy of Communication

(2001)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ................. 53 Privacy of Correspondence(1998)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ............... 54 Privacy of Correspondence; Jail(1989)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... 5 4 R i g h t t o A s s e m b l y ; P e r m i tA p p l i c a t i o n ; F r e e d o m P a r k s ( Q 2 -

2006).............................. 54 Right to Assembly; Permit Requirements

(1992)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 55 Right to

Assembly; Public Teachers

(2000)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 55

Right to Assembly; Public Teachers

(2002)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 56Right to Travel; Order of Arrest

(1991)............................................................................

.. 56 Rights of the Accused; Counsel of his Choice (Q8-

2005).............................................. 56 Rights of the Accused;

Presumption of Innocence vs. Presumption of Theft (2004) 57 Rights of the Accused;

Right to Bail

(1993)...................................................................... 57


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Rights of the Accused; Right to Bail; Capital Offense (Q4-

2006).......... ...... ...... ...... ..... 58 Rights of the Accused; Right to Bail;

Deportation Case (1989).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 58 Rights of the

Accused; Right to Bail; Matter of Right or a Matter of Discretion

(Q72005)..........................................................................

............................................................. 58 Rights of the

Accused; Right to Speedy Trial

(2000)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 59 Rights of the

Accused; Self-Incrimination

(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 59 Rights of

the Accused; Self-Incrimination

(1990)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 59 Rights of


(1992)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 60 Rights of


(2000)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 60 Rights of

the Accused; Self-Incrimination (Q7-

2006)...................................................... 61 Searches and

Seizure; Private Individuals (Q8-

2005)................................................... 61 Searches and Seizures;

Aliens

(2001)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

... 61 Searches and Seizures; Breathalyzer Test

(1992).......................................................... 62 Searches and

Seizures; Immediate Control

(1987)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 62 Searches and

Seizures; Incidental to Valid Search(1990)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 62 Searches and Seizures; Place

of Search (2001)............................................................. 63

Searches and Seizures; search made by a private citizen

(1993)................................ 63 Searches and Seizures; search made by a

private citizen (2002)................................ 64 Searches and Seizures;

Valid Warrantless Search (2000)............................................ 64

Searches and Seizures; Visual Search

(1992)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 65

Searches and Seizures; Waiver of Consent

(1989)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 65 Searches and

Seizures; Warrantless Arrests(1993)...................................................... 66 Searches and

Seizures; Warrants of Arrest

(1991)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 66 ARTICLE IV

Citizenship.......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

............................... 66 Action for Cancellation; Prescription & Effect

of Death (1994)...................................... 66 Citizenship; Elected


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Official

(1993)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

......... 67 Dual Allegiance vs. Dual Citizenship

(1987)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 67 BAR

Q&A (as arranged by Topics) POLITICAL LAW (1987-2006) 5

Dual Allegiance vs. Dual Citizenship

(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 68

Dual Citizenship

(1994)............................................................................

............................ 68 Effect of Marriage; Filipino(1989)..................................................................................... 69 Effect of Oath of Allegiance(2004)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ............... 69 Effect of Repatriation(1999)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .......................... 70 Effect of Repatriation(2002)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

.................... 70 Effect of Repatriation(2003)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

.................... 70 Effects of Marriages(1999)................................................................................................. 70 Effects of Philippine Bill of 1902(2001)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... 7 1 E l e c t e d O f f i c i a l(1992)............................................................................

.............................. 71 Electing Philippine Citizenship (Q8-

2006).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 71

Electing Philippine Citizenship; When Proper (Q8-

2006)............................................... 72 Natural Born Filipino

(1989)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

..................... 72 Natural Born Filipino(1998)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ........................... 72 Natural-BornFilipino(1993)............. ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

.............................. 73 Naturalization; Cancellation of Citizenship

(1998)........................................................... 73 Residency

Requirements; Elective Official (Q9-

2005).................................................... 73 Status; Illegitimate

Child

(1990)............................................................................

.............. 74 Status; Illegitimate Child; Dual Citizenship

(1996)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 74 Status;

Legitimate Child

(2003)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

............... 74 Ways of Reacquiring Citizenship

(2000)...........................................................................

75 ARTICLE VI Legislative

Department........... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......


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....... 75 Appropriation of Public Funds(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

..... 75 Appropriation of Public Funds; Debt Servicing

(1992).................................................... 75 Appropriation of

Public Funds; Public Purposes

(1988)................................................. 75 Commission onAppointments

(2002)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

.... 76 Delegation of Powers(2002)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......................... 76 Delegation of Powers; (Q6-2005).............................................................................

.......... 76 Delegation of Powers; Completeness Test; Sufficient Standard Test

(Q6-2005)...... 77 Discipline; Modes of Removal

(1993)............................................................................

... 77 Discipline; Suspension of a Member of the Congress

(2002)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 77 Elected Official; De FactoOfficer

(2004)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....

78 Electoral Tribunal; HRET Members Right & Responsibilities

(2002)......... ...... ...... ..... 78 Electoral Tribunal; Senate; Jurisdiction

(1990)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 79 Foreign

Affairs; Role of House of Rep

(1996)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 79

Foreign Affairs; Role of Senate

(1994)............................................................................

.. 79 Investigations in Aid of Legislation

(1992)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 79Law Making; Process & Publication

(1993)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 80

Law-Making; Appropriation Bill

(1996)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

... 80 Law-Making; Appropriation Law; Automatic Renewal & Power of Augmentation(1998)............................................................................

.......................................................... 80 Law-Making;

Appropriation Law; Rider Provision

(2001)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 81 Law-Making; Foreign

Affairs; Treaties

(1996)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 81 Law-

Making; Overriding the Presidential Veto

(1991)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 81 Law-Making; Passage

of a Law

(1988)............................................................................

. 8 2 L e g i s l a t i v e P o w e r ; P r e s . A q u i n o sT i m e


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(1990)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 82

Legislative Powers

(1989)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

........................ 82 Loans Extended to Members of Congress

(1991)........................................................... 82 Multi-Party

System

(1999)............................................................................

....................... 83 Non-Legislative Powers(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

............... 83 Non-Legislative Powers; Emergency Powers; Requisites

(1997)................................. 83 BAR Q&A (as arranged by Topics)

POLITICAL LAW (1987-2006) 6

Prohibitions and Inhibitions of Public Office

(2004)......................................................... 83 Qualifications;

Congressmen

(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ............ 84 Qualifications; Congressmen;(1993)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ........... 84 Qualifications; Congressmen;(1999)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ........... 85 Separation of Powers(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......................... 85 Separation of Powers(2003)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

................... 85 Three-Term Limit: Congressmen

(1996)...........................................................................

86 Three-Term Limit; Congressmen

(2001)...........................................................................

86 ARTICLE VII Executive

Department........... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

......... 86 Appointing Power; Acting vs. Permanent Appointment

(2003)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 86 Appointing Power; ad interim

appointments (1991).............. ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 86

Appointing Power; Ad Interim Appointments

(1994)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 87 Appointing

Power; Appointments Requiring Confirmation; RA 6975-Unconstitutional

(2002)............................................................................

.......................................................... 87 Appointing Power;

Categories of Officials

(1999)............................................................ 88 Appointing

Power; Kinds of Appointments

(1994)........................................................... 88 Appointing

Power; Limitations on Presidential Appointments (1997)...........................

89 Appointing Powers; Ad Interim Appointments (Q4-

2005).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 90 Cabinet Members;

limitation on accepting additional duties (1996)......... ...... ...... ...... .. 90


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Calling-out Power; President (Q1-

2006).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....

91 Declaration; State of Calamity; Legal Effects (Q1-

2005)................................................ 91 Declaration; State of

National Emergency (Q1-2006)........... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....

91 Enter into Contract or Guarantee Foreign Loans(1994)................................................ 91 Enter into Contract or

Guarantee Foreign Loans (1999)................................................ 92

Enter into Executive Agreements

(2003)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....

92 Impose Tariff Rates, Import and Export Quotas

(1999).................................................. 92 Martial Law &

Suspension of Writ of Habeas Corpus

(1987)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 92 Martial Law; Limitations

(2000)............................................................................

.............. 93 Martial Law; Sufficiency of the Factual Basis (Q3-

2006)................................................ 94 Pardoning Power; Amnesty(1993)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

......... 95 Pardoning Power; Amnesty(1995)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

......... 95 Pardoning Power; Breach of Condition; Revocation (Q5-

2005).................................... 95 Pardoning Power; Exec Clemency;

Pardon (1995)......................................................... 95

Pardoning Power; Executive Clemency

(1997)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 96

Pardoning Power; Executive Clemency

(1999)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 96

Pardoning Power; Kinds

(1988)............................................................................

.............. 96 Pardoning Power; Pardon, Conditional

(1997)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 97

President; Participation; Legislative Process

(1996)....................................................... 97 Presidential

Immunity from Suit

(1997)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

.. 97 Prohibition Against Multiple Positions & Additional Compensation

(2002)......... ...... .. 97 Prohibition against Multiple Positions by Govt

Officials (1987)........... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 98 Suspension of Writ of

Habeas Corpus

(1997).................................................................. 99

ARTICLE VIII Judicial

Department........... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......


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............. 99 Cases to be Heard En Banc; Supreme Court

(1999)...................................................... 99 Contempt Powers

(1996)............................................................................

......................... 99 Finality of Void Judgments(1993)...................................................................................... 99 Fiscal Autonomy

(1999)............................................................................

......................... 100 Function; Continuing Constitutional Convention

(2000)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 100 Issuance of Restraining

Orders and Injunctions (1992).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 100

Judicial & Bar Council

(1988)............................................................................

................ 101 Judicial & Bar Council(1999)............................................................................................ 101 BAR Q&A (as arranged by Topics) POLITICAL LAW (1987-2006) 7

Judicial Department; Writ of Amparo

(1991)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 101

Judicial Independence; Safeguard

(2000)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 101

Judicial Power

(1989)............................................................................

............................. 102 Judicial Power(1992)......................................................................................................... 102 Judicial Power(1998)......................................................................................................... 103 Judicial Power; Scope(1994)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...................... 103 Judicial Review; Locus Standi(1992)............................................................................

.. 104 Judicial Review; Requisites(1994)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

....... 104 Jurisdiction of HLURB(1993)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

................ 104 Mandatory Period For Deciding Cases

(1989)............................................................... 105

Political Question

(1995)............................................................................

........................ 105 Political Question Doctrine(1997)............................................................................

........ 105 Political Question: Separation of Powers

(2004)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 106 Political

Question; To Settle Actual Controversies

(2004)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 106 Political Questions

(1988)............................................................................

...................... 106 Pro Hac Vice Cases(1999)............................................................................

................... 107 Removal of Lower Court Judges

(1993)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....


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107 Review Executive Acts

(1996)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

............... 107 Supervision; Courts & its Personnel (Q5-

2005)............................................................. 108 Taxpayer's

Suit; Locus Standi

(1995)............................................................................

.. 108 Term of Office; Justices(1996)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

............. 108 Votes required for declaring a law unconstitutional

(1996)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 109 ARTICLE IX Constitutional

Commissions.......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 109

Rotational Scheme

(1999)............................................................................

..................... 109 Constitutional Commissions & Council (Q7-

2006).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 109 ARTICLE IX

Civil ServiceCommission........................................................................

109 Career Service; Characteristics

(1999)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

109 Civil Service Commission vs. COA

(2004)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 109

Function of CSC

(1994)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

.......................... 110 GOCCs Without Original Charter vs. GOCCs WithOriginal Charter (1998)............. 110 Jurisdiction over the GOCCs(1999)................................................................................ 111 Jurisdiction over the GOCCs

(2003)................................................................................ 111 Modes of Removal from Office(1993)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... 1 1 1 R e c e i v i n g o f I n d i r e c t C o m p e n s a t i o n

(1997)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 111

Security of Tenure

(1988)............................................................................

...................... 112 Security of Tenure (Q5-2005).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..................... 112 Security of Tenure; Meaning(1999)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ........... 113 ARTICLE IXCOMELEC.............. ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

.......................... 113 Electoral Tribunal; Functions & Composition (Q5-

2006).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 113 Fair Election; Equal

Space & Time in Media (1989)........... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

113 Grant of Pardon in Election Offenses

(1991)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 114

Judicial Review of Decisions

(2001)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......


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..... 114 Removal from Office; Commissioners

(1998)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 114 Right

to Vote; Jurisdiction

(2001)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

.......... 114 Election

Laws........... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ................................................. 114 2nd Placer Rule(2003)..................................................................................................... 114 2nd Placer Rule(1990)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

........................... 115 2nd Placer Rule; in Quo Warranto Cases

(1992)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 115 2nd Placer

Rule; Rule of Succession

(1996)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 115

Appreciation of Ballots

(1994)............................................................................

............... 116 Disqualification; Grounds

(1991)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ................. 116 BAR Q&A (as arranged by Topics) POLITICAL LAW (1987-2006) 8Disualifications(1999)............................................................................

............................ 116 Effect of Filing of Certificate of Candidacy;

Appointive Officer vs Elective Officer

(2002)............................................................................

........................................................ 116 Effect of Filing of

Certificate of Candidacy; Fair Election Act (2003).......................... 117

Election Offenses; Conspiracy to Bribe Voters

(1991)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 117 Election Protest

(1990)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

........................... 117 Election Protest vs. Quo Warranto

(2001)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 118

Election Protest vs. Quo Warranto (Q5-

2006).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 118 Election

Protest; Jurisdiction

(1996)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

..... 118 Expiration of term bars service thereof

(2000)............................................................... 118 Petition

to Declare Failure of Elections; Requisites & Effects

(1995)......................... 118 Pre-Proclamation Contest

(1987)............................................................................

......... 119 Pre-Proclamation Contest(1988)............................................................................

......... 119 Pre-Proclamation Contest vs. Election Contests

(1997)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 120 Pre-Proclamation

Contest; Proper Issues

(1996).......................................................... 121 Process;


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Illiterate Voters

(1987)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

............ 121 Process; Principle of Idem Sonans

(1994)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 121

Process; Stray Ballot

(1994)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

.................. 121 Recall(2002)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .................................................. 122 Three-Term Limit Rule(2001)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

............... 122 Three-Term Limit; from Municipality to Newly-Created City (Q9-

2005).................... 122 Vacancy; Effect of Vice-Mayor Acting As Mayor

(2002)............................................... 123 Vacancy; Rule of

Succession

(1995)............................................................................

... 123 Vacancy; SB; Rule on Succession

(2002)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 124

ARTICLE IX Commission on

Audit.......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

... 124 COA; Jurisdiction(2001).................................................................................................... 124 COA; Money Claims(1998)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......................... 124 ARTICLE X LocalGovernment........... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

.............. 125 Appointment of Budget Officer; control vs supervision

(1999)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 125 Boundary Dispute Resolution; LGU;

RTCs Jurisdiction (Q10-2005)........................ 126 Boundary Dispute

Settlement; Authority; Jurisdiction (1999)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....

126 Creation of New Local Government Units; Plebiscite Requirement

(2004)......... ..... 126 De Facto Public Corporations; Effect

(2004).................................................................. 126

Devolution of Power

(1999)............................................................................

................... 126 Franchise; prior approval of LGU necessary

(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 126 Law fixing the

terms of local elective officials (Q4-

2006).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 127 Ordinance; Use & Lease of

Properties; Public Use (1997).......................................... 127

Ordinance; Validity; Closure or Lease of Properties for Public Use

(2003)......... ..... 127 Ordinance; Validity; Compensation; Tortuous Act of an

Employee (1994)............ ... 127 Ordinance; Validity; Local Taxation vs.

Special Assessment (1987).............. ...... ..... 128 Ordinance; Validity;

Preventing Immorality

(1987)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 128 Ordinance;

Validity; Utilization & Development; National Wealth (1991).......... ...... .. 128


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Ordinances; Validity; Amending Natl Laws

(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 128 Ordinances;

Validity; Gambling Prohibition

(1995)........................................................ 129 Ordinances;

Validity; Limitation of Penalties

(1991)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 129 Ordinances; VetoPower

(1996)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

............ 129 Police Power; LLDA(1995)............................................................................

................... 130 Power to Issue Subpoena & Cite For Contempt

(1993)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 130 Power; Eminent Domain;

LGU; Right to Exercise (Q10-2005).................................... 131 Powers

of Barangay Assembly

(2003)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

. 1 3 1 P o w e r s ; L i g a n g m g a B a r a n g a y

(2003)...........................................................................131 BAR Q&A (as arranged by Topics) POLITICAL LAW (1987-2006) 9

Requisites; Contracts Involving LGU

(1991)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 131

Requisites; Contracts involving LGU

(1995)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 132

Taxation; GOCC Liability For Real Estate Tax

(1999).................................................. 132 Taxation; Sources of

Revenue

(1999)............................................................................

. 1 3 2 W i t h d r a w a l o f P u b l i c P r o p e r t y f r o m

P u b l i c U s e

(1990)................................................. 132 ARTICLE XI

Accountability of Public

Officers........................................................... 133

Abandonment of Office

(2000)............................................................................

.............. 133 Discipline; Clemency; Doctrine of Condonation

(2000)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 133 Discipline; Effect of

Pardon Granted in Favor of Public Officers (1999).............. ...... 134

Discipline; Preventive Suspension & Appeal; entitlement to salary pendente

(2001)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

....................................................................134

Discipline; Preventive Suspension

(1990)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 134

Discipline; Preventive Suspension

(2002)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 135

Elective and Appointive Officials: disciplinary authority

(2004)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 135 Elective Public Officer; De Facto


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Officer (2000)............. ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 135

Elective Public Officers; De Facto Officer; effects

(2004)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 136 Graft and Corruption;

Prescription of Crime

(2002)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 136 Impeachment;

Cronyism(2000)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

............ 137 Impeachment; Grounds(1999)............................................................................

............. 137 Impeachment; Nature; Grounds; PD 1606

(1988)......................................................... 137 Law of Public

Officers; Next-in-Rank Rule

(1994)......................................................... 137 Liability For

Damages in Performance of Official Functions (1990)............ ...... ...... ...

138 Local Elective Officials; Limitations On Additional Duties

(1995)......... ...... ...... ...... .... 139 Ombudsman: Power to Suspend; Preventive

Suspension (2004).......... ...... ...... ...... . 139 Ombudsman; Power toInvestigate

(2003)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 139

Ombudsman; Power to Suspend; Preventive Suspension

(1996)......... ...... ...... ...... .. 140 Power to Issue Subpoena; validity of

delegation (1989).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 140 Prohibition

On Elective Officer to Hold Public Office

(2002)........................................ 140 Public Office; Public Trust

(1998)............................................................................

......... 140 Retirement Benefits(1996)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

.................... 141 ARTICLE XII National Economy and

Patrimony......................................................... 142 Acquisition

and Lease of Public Lands

(1998)............................................................... 142

Acquisition of Lands

(1987)............................................................................................... 142 Acquisition of Lands(2000)............................................................................

................... 143 Acquisition of Lands by Hereditary Succession

(2002)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 143 Acquisition of Lands;

Citizenship issue

(1989)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 143Acquisition of Lands; Citizenship issue

(1994)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 144

Acquisition of Lands; Citizenship issue

(1995)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 144

Acquisition of Lands; Prohibition; acquisition of private lands by aliens

(1994)....... 145 Citizenship Requirement in Management of Advertising Industry

(1989)......... ...... .. 145 Engagement in Business & Exercise of Profession


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(1987).......................................... 145 Exploration and Development

of Minerals (1994)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 146

Expropriation of Public Utilities

(1992)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

. 1 4 6 L e a s e o f P r i v a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l L a n d s

(2001)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 146

National Economy & Patrimony; Constitutional Prohibition

(2004)............................. 147 National Patrimony; definition

(1999)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

... 147 Nationalized Activities(1994)............................................................................

................ 147 Ownership Requirement of Mass Media

(1989)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 148 Chinese

citizens; engaging in retail trade (Q4-

2006).................................................... 148 Exploration,

development, and utilization of natural resources (Q4-2006).......... ..... 148

ARTICLE XIII Social Justice and Human

Rights......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 148 BAR Q&A (as

arranged by Topics) POLITICAL LAW (1987-2006) 10

Agrarian Reform Law; Coverage

(1992)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....

148 Commission on Human Rights; Power to investigate

(1992)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 149 Commission on Human Rights;

Power to issue TRO (1997).............. ...... ...... ...... ...... 149 Commission on

Human Rights; Power to issue TRO (2001)............ ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 149

Commission on Human Rights; Power; Limitations (Q4-

2005)................................... 150 Labor; Right to Self-Organization(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...

151 Labor; Right to Strike

(1988)............................................................................

................. 151 Labor; Right to Strike(1993)............................................................................

................. 151 Social Justice under the Present Constitution

(1995)................................................... 152 Women

(2000)............................................................................

......................................... 152 ARTICLE XIV Education, Science and

Technology, Arts........... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 153 Education; Academic

Freedom

(1987)............................................................................

153 Education; Academic Freedom

(1989)............................................................................

153 Education; Academic Freedom

(1993)............................................................................

153 Education; Academic Freedom; Extent

(1999)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 154


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Education; Alien Enrollees & Donors

(1999)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 154

Education; Duties of State in Re Education

(1999)....................................................... 154 Education; Flag

Salute

(1987)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

............... 155 Education; Right to Choose Profession

(2000).............................................................. 155

Education; Right to Quality Education

(2003)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 156

Education; Teaching of Religion

(1999)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....

156 Education; Validity of Academic Requirements

(1994)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 156 ARTICLE XVI General

Provisions........... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

........... 156 General Provisions; Local Dialect

(1987)........................................................................ 156

AFP; limitation on accepting additional duties

(1996)................................................... 157 ARTICLE XVII

Amendments or

Revisions............ ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 157

Peoples Initiative

(2004)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

........................ 157 Amendments and Revisions; Modes

(1997)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 157

REFERENDUM vs. INITIATIVE (Q1-

2005).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 157ARTICLE XVIII Transitory

Provisions........................................................................

...... 158 Transitory Provisions; Foreign Military Bases

(1996)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 158 Transitory

Provisions; Foreign Military Bases

(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 158 PUBLIC

INTERNATIONAL

LAW............ ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

.......... 158 Basic Principles in Public Intl Law

(1991)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 158Constitutive Theory vs. Declaratory Theory

(2004)....................................................... 160 Contiguous Zone

vs. Exclusive Economic Zone (2004)..............................................

160 Diplomatic Immunity

(2000)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

................... 160 Diplomatic Immunity(2001)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......................... 160 Diplomatic Immunity


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(2003)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......................... 161 Diplomatic Immunity(2004)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

................... 161 Diplomatic Immunity; Ambassador (Q3-

2005).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 162

Diplomatic Immunity; Ambassadors

(1990).................................................................... 162

Diplomatic Immunity; Coverage (Q3-

2005).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 163

Diplomatic Immunity; Diplomatic Envoy and Consular Officers

(1995)...................... 164 Diplomatic Immunity; Diplomatic Envoy and

Consular Officers (1997)...................... 165 Exclusive Economic Zone

(2000)............................................................................

......... 165 Executive Agreements; Binding Effect

(2003)................................................................ 165

Extradition vs. Deportation

(1993).................................................................................... 166 Extradition; Doctrine of Specialty

(1993).........................................................................

166 Extradition; Effectivity of treaty

(1996)............................................................................

. 1 6 6 E x t r a d i t i o n ; G r o u n d s(2002)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......................... 167 BAR Q&A (as arranged by Topics) POLITICAL LAW (1987-2006) 11

Extradition; Retroactive Application (Q2-

2005).............................................................. 167 Flag State

vs. Flag of Convenience(2004)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 168

Genocide

(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

...................................... 168 Human Rights(1999)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .................................... 168 Human Rights; Civil and Political Rights (1992)

............................................................ 168 Human Rights;

Civil and Political Rights

(1996)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 169 Intl

Court of Justice; Jurisdiction Over

States................................................................ 170 IntlCourt of Justice; Jurisdiction Over States

(1994)................................................... 170 Intl Court of

Justice; Limitations On Jurisdiction

(1999)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 170 Intl Court of Justice;

Parties; Pleadings and Oral Argument (1994).............. ...... ...... 170

International Convention; Law of the Sea

(2004)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 171


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International Court of Justice (Q9-

2006)......................................................................... 171

International Law vs. Municipal Law; Territorial Principle; International Crimes

(Q22005)..........................................................................

........................................................... 171 Mandates and Trust

Territories

(2003)............................................................................

172 Municipal Law vs. International Law

(2003)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 173

Neutrality of States

(1988)............................................................................

..................... 173 Outer Space; Jurisdiction(2003)............................................................................

.......... 174 Principle of Auto-Limitation (Q10-

2006).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....

174 Reciprocity v. Principle of Auto-Limitation (Q10-

2006)................................................. 174 Recognition of States;

De Facto vs. De Jure Recognition (1998)............ ...... ...... ...... 174

Reparations Agreement; Validity

(1992)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....

175 Right to Innocent Passage

(1999)............................................................................

........ 175 Right to Transit and Innocent Passage

(2004)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 176 Rights

and Obligation under UN Charter

(1991)............................................................ 176 Sources of

International Law; Primary & Subsidiary Sources (2003)......... ...... ...... ...

177 Sovereign Immunity of States; Absolute vs. Restrictive

(1998)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 177 Sovereignty of States; Natural Use

of Territory (1989)................................................. 178

Sovereignty; Definition; Nature (Q10-

2006).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 178

State Liabilities

(1995)............................................................................

............................ 179 State Sovereignty; Effective Occupation; Terra

Nullius (2000)............. ...... ...... ...... .... 179 Stateless Persons; Effects;

Status; Rights (1995)......................................................... 179

Territorial Sea vs. Internal Waters

(2004)....................................................................... 180

Use of Force; Exceptions

(2003)............................................................................

.......... 180 Use of Force; Principle of Non-Intervention

(1994)....................................................... 181 Use of Force;

Right of Self-defense


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(2002)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 182

Use of Force; Self-Defense; Waging War

(1998)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 182 Use of

Force; When allowed

(1988)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

..... 183 War; Combatants/ Prisoners of War vs. Mercenaries

(1993)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 183 Wilson doctrine vs. Estrada

doctrine (2004)...................................................................

184 ADMINISTRATIVE

LAW...............................................................................

........................ 184 Admin Law; Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies

(1991)....................................... 184 Admin Law; Exhaustion of

Administrative Remedies (2000)....................................... 184 Admin

Law; Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies vs Doctrine of Primary Jurisdiction

(1996)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

................................... 185 Admin Law; Exhaustion of AdministrativeRemedies; Exceptions (1991)............ ..... 185 Admin Law; Judicial Review of

Administrative Action (2001)........... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 186 Admin Law;

Judicial Review of Administrative Decisions (1988)................................

186 Admin Law; Meaning of Government of the Philippines

(1997)......... ...... ...... ...... .... 187 Admin Law; Power of the President to

Reorganize Administrative Structure

(2003)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

.................................................................... 187 BAR Q&A(as arranged by Topics) POLITICAL LAW (1987-2006) 12

Admin Law; Rules and Regulations; Due Process

(2000)......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 187 Government Agency vs.Government Instrumentality (Q7-2005)............................... 188 Quasi-

Judicial Body or Agency (Q5-

2006).......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 188

BAR Q&A (as arranged by Topics) POLITICAL LAW (1987-2006)13

1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES

Phil Con 87; New Features (1991) No 1: How is the Bill of Rights strengthened in

the 1987 Constitution? SUGGESTED ANSWER: There are several ways in which the Bill

of Rights is strengthened in the 1987 Constitution. 1. New rights are given

explicit recognition such as, the prohibition against detention by reason of

political beliefs and aspirations. The waiver of Miranda rights is now required to

be made in writing with the assistance of counsel. The use of solitary,

incommunicado and secret detention places is prohibited, while the existence of

substandard and inadequate penal facilities is made the concern of legislation. 2.

There is also recognition of the right of expression, an express prohibition

against the use of torture, a mandate to the State to provide compensation and

rehabilitation for victims of torture and their families. 3. Some rights have been

expanded. For instance, free access to courts now includes access to quasi-


23/33

judicial bodies and to adequate legal assistance. 4. The requirements for

interfering with some rights have been made more strict. For instance, only judges

can now issue search warrants or warrants of arrest. There must be a law

authorizing the Executive Department to interfere with the privacy of

communication, the liberty of abode, and the right to travel before these rights

may be impaired or curtailed. 5. The Constitution now provides that the suspensionof the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus does not suspend the right to bail,

thus resolving a doctrinal dispute of long standing. 6. The suspension of the

privilege of the writ of habeas corpus and the proclamation of martial law have

been limited to sixty (60) days and are now subject to the power of Congress to

revoke. In addition, the Supreme Court is given the jurisdiction, upon the

petition of any citizen to determine the sufficiency of the factual basis of the

suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus and the proclamation of

martial law.

7. The Supreme Court is empowered to adopt rules for the protection and

enforcement of constitutional rights. 8. Art. II. Sec. 11 commits the State to a

policy which places value on the dignity of every human person and guarantees fullrespect for human rights. 9. A Commission on Human Rights is created. 10. Under

Article XVI. Sec. 5(2) the State is mandated to promote respect for the people's

rights among the members of the military in the performance of their duty. Phil

Con 87; People Power (1987) No. XVIII: The framers of the 1987 Constitution and

the people who ratified it made sure that provisions institutionalizing people

power were incorporated in the fundamental law, Briefly discuss at least two such

provisions. SUGGESTED ANSWER: Art. VI, Sec. 1, while vesting in Congress the

legislative power, nonetheless states that such conferment of power shall be

subject to the reservation made in favor of the people by provisions on

initiatives and referendum. For this purpose, Congress is required, as early as

possible, to provide for a system of initiative of referendum whereby the peoplecan directly propose and enact laws or approve or reject an act or law or part

thereof passed by the Congress or the legislative bodies after the registration of

a petition therefor, signed by at least 10% of the total number of registered

voters, of which every legislative district must be represented by at least 3% of

the registered voters. (Id., sec. 32) The Constitution also provides that through

initiative, upon a petition of at least 12% of the total numbers of registered

voters, of which every legislative district must be represented by at least 3% of

the registered voters therein, amendments to the Constitution may be directly

proposed by the people. Art, XIII, sec. 15 states that the state shall respect the

role of independent people's organization to enable them to pursue and protect,

within the democratic framework, their legitimate and collective interests andaspirations through peaceful lawful means. For this purpose, the Constitution

guarantees to such organizations the right to participate at all levels of social,

political and economic decisionmaking and the state is required to validate the

BAR Q&A (as arranged by Topics) POLITICAL LAW (1987-2006)14

establishment of adequate mechanism for this purpose. (Id., sec, 16) Phil Con 87;

People Power (2000) No IX. Is the concept of People Power recognized in the


24/33

Constitution? Discuss briefly. (3%) SUGGESTED ANSWER: Yes, the concept of People

Power is recognized in the Constitution. Under Section 32. Article VI of the

Constitution, through initiative and referendum, the people can directly propose

and enact laws or approve or reject any act or law or part thereof passed by the

Congress or local legislative body after the registration of a petition therefor

signed by at least ten per centum of the total number of registered voters, ofwhich every legislative district must be represented by at least three per centum

of the registered voters thereof. Under Section 16, Article XIII of the

Constitution, the right of the people and their organizations to effective and

reasonable participation at all levels of social, political and economic decision-

making shall not be abridged. The State shall, by law facilitate the establishment

of adequate consultation mechanisms. Under Section 2. Article XVII of the

Constitution, the people may directly propose amendments to the Constitution

through initiative upon a petition of at least twelve per centum of the total

number of registered voters, of which every legislative district must be

represented by at least three per centum of the registered voters therein. Phil

Con 87; People Power (2003) No I Is "people power" recognized by the 1987Constitution? Explain fully. SUGGESTED ANSWER: "People power" Constitution. is

recognized in the

Article XIII, Section 16 of the 1987 Constitution provides that the right of the

people and their organizations to participate at all levels of social, political,

and economic decision-making shall not be abridged and that the State shall, by

law, facilitate the establishment of adequate consultation mechanisms. Article

XVII, Section 2 of provides that subject to implementing law, the propose

amendments through initiative. the 1987 Constitution the enactment of an people

may directly to the Constitution

Nature of the Constitution: Constitutional Supremacy (2004) (10-a) BNN Republic

has a defense treaty with EVA Federation. According to the Republic's Secretary of

Defense, the treaty allows temporary basing of friendly foreign troops in case of

training exercises for the war on terrorism. The Majority Leader of the Senate

contends that whether temporary or not, the basing of foreign troops however

friendly is prohibited by the Constitution of BNN which provides that, "No foreign

military bases shall be allowed in BNN territory." In case there is indeed an

irreconcilable conflict between a provision of the treaty and a provision of the

Constitution, in a jurisdiction and legal system like ours, which should prevail:

the provision of the treaty or of the Constitution? Why? Explain with reasons,

briefly. (5%) SUGGESTED ANSWER: In case of conflict between a provision of a

treaty and a provision of the Constitution, the provision of the Constitution

should prevail. Section 5(2)(a), Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution authorizes

the nullification of a treaty when it conflicts with the Constitution. (Gonzales

v. Hechanova, 9 SCRA 230 [1963]). Government Presidential Form vs. Parliamentary

Form (Q6-2006) 1. a) What is the principal identifying feature of a presidential

form of government? Explain. (2.5%) SUGGESTED ANSWER: The principal identifying

feature of a presidential form of government is embodied in the separation of

powers doctrine. Each department of government exercises powers granted to it by

the Constitution and may not control, interfere with or encroach upon the acts


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done within the constitutional competence of the others. However, the Constitution

also gives each department certain powers by which it

Article III, Section 4 of the 1987 Constitution guarantees the right of the people

peaceable to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.

Article VI, Section 32 of the 1987 Constitution requires Congress to pass a law

allowing the people to directly propose and enact laws through initiative and to

approve or reject any act or law or part of it passed by Congress or a local

legislative body.


15

may definitely restrain the others from improvident action, thereby maintaining a

system of checks and balances among them, thus, preserving the will of the

sovereign expressed in the Constitution. b) What are the essential characteristicsof a parliamentary form of government? (2.5%) SUGGESTED ANSWER: The essential

characteristics of a parliamentary form of government are: the fusion of the

legislative and executive branches in parliament; the prime minister, who is the

head of government, and the members of the cabinet, are chosen from among the

members of parliament and as such are accountable to the latter; and the prime

minister may be removed from office by a vote of loss of confidence of parliament.

There may be a head of state who may or may not be elected.

prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and

regulations within its territory or territorial sea. (Article 33 of the Convention

on the Law of the Sea.) The EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE is a zone extending up to 200

nautical miles from the baselines of a state over which the coastal state hassovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and

managing the natural resources, whether living or nonliving, of the waters

superjacent to the seabed and of the seabed and subsoil, and with regard to other

activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone. (Articles 56

and 57 of the Convention on the Law of the Sea.) Exclusive Economic Zone; Rights

of the Coastal State (1994) No. 11: In the desire to improve the fishing methods

of the fishermen, the Bureau of Fisheries, with the approval of the President,

entered into a memorandum of agreement to allow Thai fishermen to fish within 200

miles from the Philippine sea coasts on the condition that Filipino fishermen be

allowed to use Thai fishing equipment and vessels, and to learn modern technology

in fishing and canning. 1) Is the agreement valid? SUGGESTED ANSWER: 1) No. thePresident cannot authorize the Bureau of Fisheries to enter into a memorandum of

agreement allowing Thai fishermen to fish within the exclusive economic zone of

the Philippines, because the Constitution reserves to Filipino citizens the use

and enjoyment of the exclusive economic zone of the Philippines. Section 2.

Article XII of the Constitution provides: The State shall protect the nation's

marine part in its archipelagic waters, territorial sea, and exclusive economic

zone, and reserve its use and enjoyment to Filipino citizens."


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ARTICLE INational Territory

Archipelagic Doctrine (1989) No. 20: What do you understand by the archipelagic

doctrine? Is this reflected in the 1987 Constitution? SUGGESTED ANSWER: The

ARCHIPELAGIC DOCTRINE emphasizes the unity of land and waters by defining an

archipelago either as a group of islands surrounded by waters or a body of watersstudded with islands. For this purpose, it requires that baselines be drawn by

connecting the appropriate points of the "outermost islands to encircle the

islands within the archipelago. The waters on the landward side of the baselines

regardless of breadth or dimensions are merely internal waters. Yes, the

archipelagic doctrine is reflected in the 1987 Constitution. Article I, Section 1

provides that the national territory of the Philippines includes the Philippine

archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein; and the waters

around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of

their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.

Section 7, Article XIII of the Constitution provides: "The State shall protect the

rights of subsistence fishermen, especially of local Contiguous Zone vs. ExclusiveEconomic communities, to the preferential use of the Zone (2004) communal marine

and fishing resources, both (2-a-2) Distinguish: The contiguous zone and inland

and offshore. It shall provide support to the exclusive economic zone. such

fishermen through appropriate technology SUGGESTED ANSWER: and research, adequate

financial, production, CONTIGUOUS ZONE is a zone contiguous to and marketing

assistance, and other services. the territorial sea and extends up to 12 nautical

The State shall also protect, develop, and miles from the territorial sea and over

which the conserve such resources. The protection shall coastal state may exercise

control necessary to extend to offshore fishing grounds of BAR Q&A (as arranged by

Topics) POLITICAL LAW (1987-2006) 16

subsistence fishermen against foreign intrusion. Fishworkers shall receive a just

share from their labor in the utilization of marine and fishing resources.

Exclusive Economic Zone; Rights of the Coastal State (Q1-2005) (c) Enumerate the

rights of the coastal state in the exclusive economic zone. (3%) ALTERNATIVE

ANSWER: In the EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE, the coastal State has sovereign rights for

the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural

resources, whether living or non-living, of the waters superjacent to the seabed

and of the seabed and its subsoil, and with regard to other activities for the

economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of

energy from the water, currents and winds in an area not extending more than 200

nautical miles beyond the baseline from which the territorial sea is measured.

Other rights include the production of energy from the water, currents and winds,

the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations and structures,

marine scientific research and the protection and preservation of the marine

environment. (Art. 56, U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea) ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:

SOVEREIGN RIGHTS for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and

managing the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the seabed and

subsoil and the superjacent waters, and with regard to other activities such as


27/33

the production of energy from the water, currents and winds in an area not

extending more than 200 nautical miles beyond the baseline from which the

territorial sea is measured. (See Art. 56, UNCLOS) Jurisdiction, inter alia, with

regard to: (1) the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations and

structures; (2) marine scientific research; and (3) the protection and

preservation of the marine environment. Flag State vs. Flag of Convenience (2004)(2-a-3) Distinguish: The flag state and the flag of convenience. SUGGESTED ANSWER:

FLAG STATE means a ship has the nationality of the flag of the state it flies, but

there must be a genuine link between the state and the ship.

(Article 91 of the Convention on the Law of the Sea.)

such as low or non-existent taxation or low operating costs although the ship has

no genuine link with that state. (Harris, Cases and

Materials on International Law, 5th ed., 1998, p. 425.)

Territory & Government (1996) No. 8: A law was passed dividing the Philippines

into three regions (Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao), each constituting an

independent state except on matters of foreign relations, national defense and

national taxation, which are vested in the Central government. Is the law valid?

Explain. SUGGESTED ANSWER: The law dividing the Philippines into three regions,

each constituting an independent state and vesting in a central government matters

of foreign relations, national defense, and national taxation, is

unconstitutional. First, it violates Article I, which guarantees the integrity of

the national territory of the Philippines because it divided the Philippines into

three states. Second, it violates Section 1, Article II of the Constitution, which

provides for the establishment of democratic and republic States by replacing it

with three States organized as a confederation. Third, it violates Section 22,

Article II of the Constitution, which, while recognizing and promoting the rights

of indigenous cultural communities, provides for national unity and development.

Fourth, it violates Section 15, Article X of the Constitution, which, provides for

autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and in the Cordilleras within the framework

of national sovereignty as well as territorial integrity of the Republic of the

Philippines. Fifth, it violates the sovereignty of the Republic of the

Philippines. Territorial Sea vs. Internal Waters (2004) (2-a-1) Distinguish: The

territorial sea and the internal waters of the Philippines. SUGGESTED ANSWER:

TERRITORIAL SEA is an adjacent belt of sea with a breadth of 12 nautical miles

measured from the baselines of a state and over which the state has sovereignty.

(Articles 2 and 3 of the Convention on the Law of the Sea.) Ship of all states

enjoy the right of innocent passage

FLAG OF CONVENIENCE refers to a state with which a vessel is registered for

various reasons


17


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through the territorial sea. (Article 14 of the Convention on the Law of the Sea.)

Under Section 1, Article I of the 1987 Constitution, the INTERNAL WATERS of the

Philippines consist of the waters around, between and connecting the islands of

the Philippine Archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, including

the waters in bays, rivers and lakes. No right of innocent passage for foreign

vessels exists in the case of internal waters. (Harris, Cases and Materials onInternational Law, 5th ed., 1998, p. 407.) Internal waters are the waters on the

landward side of baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is

calculated. (Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law, 4th ed., 1990, p.

120.)

No. 1; What do you understand by the "Doctrine of Incorporation" in Constitutional

Law? SUGGESTED ANSWER: The DOCTRINE OF INCORPORATION means that the rules of

International law form part of the law of the land and no legislative action is

required to make them applicable to a country. The Philippines follows this

doctrine, because Section 2. Article II of the Constitution states that the

Philippines adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part

of the law of the land. Doctrine of Incorporation; Pacta Sunt Servanda (2000) NoX. The Philippines has become a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and

resultantly agreed that it "shall ensure the conformity of its laws, regulations

and administrative procedures with its

re-notes in political law

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