re-inventing microgrid power systems for net zero buildings
TRANSCRIPT
"Re-Inventing Microgrid Power Systems for Net Zero Buildings”
Brian T. Patterson, IEEE – EMerge AllianceDouglas B. Hamborsky, AIA – Nextek Power SystemsGregory Reed, Ph.D. – University of PittsburghNana Wilberforce – PNC Financial Services
A217
Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner ofhandling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Described as ‘The Next Big Thing’ in electrical energy, this course will explain the underlying interconnection infrastructures and technologies that make a network of electric power microgrids – the ENERNET - work within buildings and on building campuses. Sometimes referred to as ‘inside the meter’ microgrids, electric power microgrids are inherently scalable, from personal desktops to utility scale. The focus of this course is on those used in buildings and their relationship to utility power grids. It is in buildings that the challenge of powering the ‘Internet of Things’ will take place, and where the sole reliance on hundred year old AC power technology is increasing becoming wasteful and technically inadequate.
The course will give a basic understanding of the concepts involved and what technical characteristics of building/campus level microgrids can be leveraged to achieve net zero energy use. Several strategies that can allow a green building design professional to get involved in the continued growth and deployment of the Enernet from a building design and construction perspective are presented. The course will include a live demonstration of a wirelessly controlled room level microgrid powered by LVDC as typically sourced from a site based solar PV system.
As an added feature, Dr. Gregory Reed, PhD , professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Pittsburgh's Swanson School of Engineering, and Director for Pitt's Center for Energy in the Swanson School, will give a brief overview of the Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid activities at Pitt’s new Energy Innovation Center in downtown Pittsburgh. The Center is expected to be a continuing resource for course related work and additional educational opportunities for interested participants. Also, at the conclusion of the course, a case study report on the Net Zero Solar Powered PNC Branch Bank in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida will be given.
Course Description
Learning Objectives
1. demonstrate a basic understanding of efficient, resilient hybrid power
microgrids for use in Commercial, Residential and Off-grid Building
2. understand and address the specific challenges and benefits of utilizing new hybrid utility / on-site power sourcing, storage and use technologies within buildings
3. make a preliminary evaluation of and decide on applicability of the design and construction of hybrid power systems for commercial, residential and off-grid buildings
4. understand the composition of and describe the basic operational modes of a hybrid ac/dc microgrid power system
At the end of the this course, participants will be able to:
The Big Picture
The ENERNETGrid to chip…and back again
Brian T. Patterson, IEEEPresidentEMerge AllianceGoverning & Founding Member - EMerge Alliance
Smart GridEminent DomainSynchronizationFrequency ControlVoltage MaintenanceReactive Power (VARs)Spinning ReservesPeaking Turbines
Renewable Energy Sources (RES)Solar (PV) – Wind - Fuel CellsMicro-turbines - Combined Heat & Power Distributed Energy Resources (DER)Clean EnergyEnergy Storage
SSL - EfficiencySmart ControlsDigital Devices – IoTAC/DC Power ConversionFast Charge Electric VehiclesSmart BuildingsZero Net Energy (ZNE)
Remote Power AccessOff-gridIslandingMicrogridsLoad ShiftingDemand ResponseNet Metering
Power System ResiliencyElectro-Magnetic PulsesBrownouts-BlackoutsTerrorismExtreme WeatherPower QualityLinear Dynamic Failure
Over Dependency on Fossil Fuel SourcesCoal & Oil is leading to Increased Use of NG, Nuclear, Solar, Wind
Increasing Demand – Decreasing SupplyDespite Conservation Efforts – Use Grows at Double-Digit Rates
Resistance to New Centralized Infrastructure“Don’t Tread On Me”
Growing Problems of Quality and Resiliency There’s no easy answers for the existing grid
SANDY
Category 3
EMP
5KnT/min.
A Rising Population with No Electricity More Than 1/4 of the World Has No Electricity
Just imagine a life without …
Electric lighting or pumped water
Electric stoves, ovens, microwaves
Electric heaters, fans or air conditioners
Electro-mechanical Refrigeration
TV Cell phones, tablets or computers
Electric and electronic medical devices
Lighted schools, hospitals or clinics
Electric tools or machines
Electric transportation
Automated industry or agriculture
Electronic bank or financial transactions
62,500 1,700,000,000
Solution:
The ENERNET
Combining ideal solutions with key virtues learned from the Internet
Transforming Traditional Power Gridsto an ENERNET Mesh Topology:
Integrated Mesh NetworkCluster Tree Network
Community Microgrid
Building ServicesPower Storage & Control
Factory or WarehouseIndustrial Space
Outdoor SourcesOffice & Occupied Space
Data Center
Commercial Campus Microgrid
Wind Farm
Solar Farm
Sub-station
Sub-station
Commercial Campus
Microgrid
Community Microgrids
Peaking Power Plant
Utility-Scale Microgrids
The ENERNET
The Complete Enernet
Nanogrids, Microgrids and Macrogrids Organized into an Increasingly
Expansive and Inclusive Tiered Framework
The ENERNET
Macrogrids
National
Tier 3Regional
MicrogridsCommunity
Tier 2Campus
Nanogrids Building Tier 1
Level, Room, Device Area
But who will manage the Enernet?
Public Utility? Local Service Provider?
You?Cloud Service Provider?
All of the Above…
Your Public Utility? A Local Service Provider?
You?A Cloud Based Service Provider?
Using a Transactive Power Management Framework
From:
• Hierarchical centralized systems
require human intervention
• Massive complexity and decision
rates exceed human capability.
To:
• Semi-autonomous energy management systems as “agent.’
• Customizable economic and control mechanisms.
• User defined parameters
Predicted Transition to a market driven Transactive Energy Framework
Source: GridWise Architecture Council
Transactive Power Management Framework Timing
The ENERNET
Flexible, clean, efficient, resilient, affordable and sustainable energy infrastructure
Lessons Learned from
100+ Test, Beta, & Production SitesCommercial, Residential, Data Center Applications
NextHomeCampion HomesDetroit. MI
Electric Function AC Microgrid Hybrid DC Microgrid
Power Sources(Solar / Wind / Fuel Cell / CHP/ grid)
AC + DC to AC DC + AC to DC
Power Storage(Battery / Thermal Electric)
IN: DC + AC DC + DC
OUT: DC to AC
IN: DC
OUT: DC
Distribution/Wiring(Conduit / Wiring / Circuit Protection)
AC + DC to AC DC
Loads/Devices/Outlets(Lighting / Motors / Pumps / IT
Security / Appliances / Desktop)
AC + AC to DC DC + DC to AC
Controls/Monitoring(Wired / Wireless)
AC to DC DC
Total Frequency Conversion Points 6 2
Microgrids require Power Conversions
Notes: •Frequency conversions are generally much less efficient than simple voltage conversions•Conversion efficiency is almost always better at higher voltages and currents•Wire Size favors DC at equivalent voltages
Status Quo…
AC Grid
AC Bus
DC storage
AC
DC
Common Building
Loads (80%DC)
ACDC
DC
AC
ACDC
ACDC
ACDC
AC
DC
AC
Typical
Conversion
Loss
DC
AC
4% to
8% Loss
2% to 10%
loss
4% to
8% Loss
4% - 8%
4% to
8% Loss
12% to
20% loss
15% to
20% loss
3% to 10%
loss
V
F
D
A Better Way…
AC GridDC Bus
DC storage
DC
DC
DC / Semiconductor
Based Loads
DC
DC
• Higher Efficiency
• Minimal Conversion Loss
• Lower Operating Expense
• Safer
• Fewer Components
• More Reliable
• Less Real Estate
• Reduced Carbon Footprint
3% to 5%
loss
2% to 5%
loss
ACDCDC
ACDCDC
2% to 5%
loss
0% to 2%
loss
3% to 6%
loss
3% to 6%
loss
V
F
D 0% loss
ACDCDC
1% to 5%
loss
LVDCMicrogrid System
Design/SpecificationDouglass B. Hamborsky, AIADirector, Design and Integration ServicesNextek Power SystemsGoverning Member – EMerge Alliance
Q: Where to start? A: A Design Charrette
First Step – Determine Scale
Smaller Scale:• AC &/or DC In• 24v DC Loads
Larger Scale:• AC & / or DC In
• 380v DC Bus• 380v DC and
• 24v DC Loads
Construction Documents
Typical 24v DC Solution
CLARIFICATION!24v DC Fixtures and Devices May
Be EITHER Connected To An Energized Ceiling OR Directly Connected OR A Combination
of Both
Design and Product Resources From EMerge And It’s Members …
How About A Design Example?
A 10,000 sf Office Setting…
The Lighting Solution… Same as AC
Now The DC Power…
Hybrid Distribution: Energized Ceiling Grid + Direct Connect Fixtures
Full Featured Control Solution…All The Bells & Whistles… Occupancy Sensors / Photo Sensors / Dimming / Local
Switch Control / & More…
…Remarkably Unremarkable!
DC LED Lighting w/ Energized Ceiling Grid
Retail Grocery Store
DC Fluorescent Lighting
w/ Energized Ceiling Grid
Engineering Office
Wireless at the Fringe
IPv6(6loWPAN) • IPv6 Overview – The Technology
• IPv6 Controls – Applications , Features
• IPv6 Design / Specification
• IPv6 Installation / Commissioning
• System Case Studies
IPv6OVERVIEW
THE TECHNOLOGY
IPv6 Overview – The Technology
IEEE 802.15.4
IPv6 Overview – The Technology
• Two-way communication MESH NETWORK
• Access to the Internet (Cloud) via a Gateway
IPv6 Overview – The Technology
• Expanded functionality
• Remote options
• Future upgrades
• System tools
IPv6 Overview – The Technology
IPv6APPLICATIONS /
FEATURES
IPv6 Controls – Applications, Features
Robust Lighting Control!
FROM THIS…
THIS !
TO
IPv6 Controls – Applications, Features
Wirelessly Control Your Fixtures…
(So??? I am already doing that!)
IPv6 Controls – Applications, Features
• System access AND control from multiple internet enabled devices(phones / tablets / computers)
• Energy Monitoring / Dashboard Display / Analytics
AND…
(So??? I am already doing that!)
IPv6 Controls – Applications, Features
• Ability to customize scenes, automated actions, granular control options
AND…
(So??? I am already doing that!)
IPv6 Controls – Applications, Features
AND…CONTROL YOUR SAFE DC POWER FROM THE SOURCE!
WITHOUT Power Packs or Relays!!!
IPv6 Controls – Applications, Features
• BMS Interface via BacNET
• Remote System Troubleshooting / Repair
• Used with multiple small form factor devices
• Meter Grade Power Monitoring
• Growing use by IoT pioneers
• Expanding radio protocols / options
• Future Technologies….
AND EVEN MORE…
IPv6DESIGN /
SPECIFICATION
IPv6 Design / Specification
The CORE Wireless Hardware Portfolio
• Internet Gateway / Router
• Wall Switches
• Motion and Light Sensors
• Dimming Controllers
• Electronic Switches / Relays
• Internet Enabled Personal Devices:(Phone / Tablet / PC)
IPv6 Design / Specification
Define The Functional Needs By Area (Narrative)
• Define Area
• Define Transmitter
• Define Receiver
• Define Items Controlled
• Define Type Of Control
IPv6 Design / Specification
Sample Narrative
CONTROLS NARRATIVE
Room / Area Type
SKY Control
Transmitter(s)
Control
Receiver(s) Items Controlled / How Man
On
/Off
Tim
ed
On
/Off
*
Mo
tio
n O
n/O
ff
Au
to T
ime O
ff
Dim
Open Office / Corridors - General Switch PSM Channels / Fixtures within defined area X X
Open Office - Daylight Perimeter M&L SKY Dim 0-10 Fixtures connected to SKY Dim X X
Private Office Switch + M&L PSM Channels / Fixtures within defined area X X X 15
Conference / Meeting Rooms Switch + M&LPSM or SKY Dim
0-10 As noted
Channels or Fixtures connected to SKY
DimX X 15 X
Break Rooms Switch + M&LPSM or SKY Dim
0-10 As noted
Channels or Fixtures connected to SKY
DimX X 15 X
Large Rest Rooms
Switch + Command
connected to Dual
Tech Occ Sensor
PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X X 15
Small Rest Rooms Switch + M&L PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X X 15
Storage / Utility Switch PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X 5
* Timed On / Off is expected to be from 6am until 6pm. Will confirm with client
IPv6 Design / Specification
Shop Drawings – Specific Device Assignments
IPv6 Design / Specification
Shop Drawings – Specific Device Assignments
IPv6INSTALLATION /
COMMISSIONING
All SAFE, Low Volt Class 2 Wiring…
IPv6 INSTALLATION / COMMISSIONING
IPv6 INSTALLATION / COMMISSIONING
Remote Device Association / Commissioning Tools
CONTROLS NARRATIVE
Room / Area Type
Control
Transmitter(s) Control Receiver(s) Items Controlled / How Man
On
/Off
Tim
ed
On
/Off
*
Mo
tio
n O
n/O
ff
Au
to T
ime O
ff
Dim
Notes
Open Office - GeneralTrio (replaced keyed
Timed Switch )PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X X
May add motion sensing in
future
Open Office - Daylight Perimeter ML Light SKY Dim 0-10 Fixtures connected to SKY Dim X X
Private Office Medley PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X X X 15
Conference / Meeting Rooms Trio and ML MotionPSM or SKY Dim 0-10
As noted
Channels or Fixtures connected to
SKY DimX X 15 X
Break Rooms Trio and ML MotionPSM or SKY Dim 0-10
As noted
Channels or Fixtures connected to
SKY DimX X 15 X
Large Rest Rooms
Trio and
Wattstopper Motion
connected to
Command
PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X X 15
Small Rest Rooms Medley PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X X 15
Corridor / Lobby / PassTrio (replaced keyed
Timed Switch )PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X
Storage / Utility Trio PSM Channels / Fixtures within the area X ? Discuss Auto Off?
* Timed On / Off is expected to be from 6am until 6pm. Will confirm with client
CONTROLS NARRATIVE
A Cost Discussion
INITIAL COST ADVANTAGES:
• REDUCED LABOR HOURS (Class 2 Wiring)
• REDUCED LABOR RATE (Low Volt Trades)
• ACCELERATED DEPRECIAITON OPTION
• INEXPENSIVE INTEGRATED WIRELESS CONTROLS
TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO) ADVANTAGES:
• MAXIMUM EFFICENCY
• REDUCED ENERGY COSTS
• REDUCED MAINTENANCE
• REDUCED RECONFIGURATION COSTS
SYSTEM CASE STUDIES
Bedrock (Quicken Loans – Detroit, MI)
• 3 Floors of Class A
Office Space
• 14th Floor:T8 Fluorescent – No Controls
• 15th Floor:LED Retro Tube – No controls
• 16th Floor:LED Retro Tube – W IPv6
controls
• Dramatic Energy
Savings
75%!
• Recognized by
Americas Green
Challenge
(White House Initiative)
System Case Studies
State of Michigan – Flint Office Bldg.
• Deep Renovation of 7 Story Office Bldg.
• 110,000sf of 24v DC LED Lighting
• 70,000sf of DC Energized Ceiling
• IPv6 Wireless Lighting Control
• Complete Early 2016
System Case Studies
NextEnergy Center – Detroit …
380v DC Microgrid
380v DC Bus
380v DC Data Center
30kW Rectifier
23,300sf of 24v DC Lighting
IPv6 Wireless Controls
16kW of PV Solar
High Bay Lighting
System Case Studies
LVDCMicrogrid System
Case StudyNana WilberforceVice President – Energy ManagementPNC Financial ServicesMember – EMerge Alliance Advisory Council
PNC Better Buildings Challenge Goals
30% energy reduction in 26 million
square feet by 2020 across 3,200
properties, both retail bank branches
and corporate offices
PNC Banking on Net Zero
Uses 50% of traditional branch – annually produces a surplus of electric energy
Directly Solar Powered Lighting
Direct Solar Powered 24Vdc Low Voltage LED Lighting
55 kW DC PV system provides more power than the branch uses.
DC FLEXZONE CEILING, LEDLIGHTING & OCCUPANCY
SENSORS
DC PHOTOVOLTAICS
DIFFUSED DAYLIGHTING
DC PHOTOVOLTAICS
NATIVE PLANTS,
IRRIGATION &
GROUNDWATER
INFILTRATION
PNC Financial Services Group Inc. announced the debut of its new net-zero energy bank branch during first quarter 2013 in Fort Lauderdale, Fla.
PNC branch exceeds LEED Platinum certification and is PNC’s most energyefficient building, using 50 percent less energy than a typical branch.
VEGETATIVE WALL
ENERGY RECOVERY UNIT
Uses DC Interior Lighting Nanogrid
• Low Voltage DC LED Fixtures
• Power directly from on-site solar
• 50% less Energy than equivalent Branch Bank
• Future ENERNET Node
DC Technologies and Microgrid System
ResearchDr. Gregory ReedProfessor – University of Pittsburgh, Swanson School of EngineeringDirector – Pitt Center for Energy and Electric Power Systems LabDirector – DOE Grid Technologies CollaborativeChief Science Advisor & Governing Board Member – EMerge Alliance
University of PittsburghAnswering the Call for Energy Innovation
Pittsburgh
Mission: Engage corporate and community leaders, align workforce development and education, develop and demonstrate technology, and incubate businesses, to
support emerging clean and sustainable energy markets
University of PittsburghSwanson School of Engineering
Energy Labs @ the EIC
• Electric Power Technologies Lab,
focused on advanced electric power grid and energy generation, transmission, and
distribution-system technologies; power electronics and control technologies;
renewable energy systems and integration; smart grid technologies and applications;
and energy-storage development.
• Next Generation Energy Conversion & Storage Technologies Lab,
focused on energy conversion and storage including high energy and power density
rechargeable battery systems, photo electrochemical systems for harnessing solar
energy for water splitting, and high power density charge storage systems.
• High-Temperature Corrosion Testing Lab, focused on the assessment and development of materials
needed for harsh service environments.
• Pitt Incubator Labs, will provide affordable space for start-ups launched by
faculty and students at Pitt.
University of PittsburghSwanson School of Engineering
Energy Labs @ the EIC
23 kV Bus – substation primary bus
15 kV Bus – unregulated
23 kV – 15 kV 5 MVAVFI + Fuse Link
3 PH 15 kV Bus – regulated
15 kV – 5 kV 1 MVAVFI+ Fuse Link
15 kV Bus Indoor
MV INDOOR AND OUTDOOR AREAS
5 kV Bus Indoor
R
RBB
ShuntCap
Bank
F
S S
15kV /480V
1 MVA
3x, 1Ø15kV /120-240V
25 kVA
F
15kV /480V
225 kVA
3x, 1Ø15kV /120-240V
10 kVA
3x, 1Ø 15kV /120-240V
10 kVA
S S
AC
DC
1
2
3
4 5 6 7
A
A Amp Guard Fused VFI
R Recloser
S Sectionalizer
A
5 kV Return
480 Vac / 1000 Vdc
1 MVA
F Fused Cutouts
D Air Switch/Disconnect
B MV Breaker
60A Resi Panels 1/2/31-Phase 240-120V
60A Resi Panels 4/5/61-Phase 240-120V
200A Panel (Resi)3-Phase – 208/120V
MCCReturnFrom
LV motors
4160V/480V
1 MVA
3x, 1Ø15kV /277-480V
75 kVA
500 HP
A
5 kV Aux Loads
F F
R R
MV OUTDOOR
AREA
B
AC
AC
SoftStarter
500 HP
B A
8
LV AC BUSES LV DC BUSES
Programmable and Aux
1 kVdc Loads
1kVdc Switchboard
Programmable and Aux 1 kVdc Loads
Programmable and Aux 1 kVdc Loads
3
380 Vdc Panelboard8
DC
DC
PV Connection Transfer Switch
Aux Connection for PV Converter
AC or DC InterfaceTransfer Switch
To Inverter on Bus 4 Programmable and Aux
380 Vdc Loads
Load Types:
- Programmable Loads- Battery Storage- Motors & Drives- Load banks- Small Wind Turbines
Load Types:
- Programmable Loads- Battery Storage- Motors & Drives- Lighting- Load Banks- Small Wind Turbines- 24V and 48V DC Buses
480 V Switchboard1
AC
DC
DC
AC
Micro-wind generation
AC
AC
MAC
DC
3
480 V Panelboard
AC
AC
M
4
AC
DC
From PV by (3)
480 V Panelboard
AC
AC
M
6
G
Microturbine (or CHP system)
480 Vac / 1000 Vdc
1 MVA
DC
DCD
1000VPanelboard
1000V Panelboard
100 HP(x2)
AC
AC
M
50 HP 75 HP
AC
AC
M
50 HP 75 HP
Electric Power Technologies Lab: One-Line Diagram of Grid Infrastructure Plan
(AC network: 23-kV/15-kV/4.16-kV/480-V > system)
(DC network – 1.5-kV/380-V > system)
Pittsburgh District Energy Initiative- Goal: Largest District Energy Eco-System in N.A.- Resiliency, Reliability, Sustainability, Security, Economics
Pittsburgh Microgrids and DC Development
Pittsburgh Microgrids and DC Development
Pitt-Ohio Express Harmar Facility- Renewable DC Energy (Solar/Wind) and Storage System- Innovative DC-based design and operation / future expansion plans
Pittsburgh Microgrids and DC Development
Duquesne Light Microgrid at Wood’s Run- Distributed Energy Development/Integration- Multiple resources/loads, AC and DC aspects, demonstration
Woods Run Campus
Preble AvenueService Center
New Manchester Facility
See our microgrid demonstrations at:
Solar Power International and
Greenbuild 2016
Questions / Discussion
Thank you!
This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course
Beth A. Murphy
Membership & Program Support
717-612-2863
www.emergealliance.org