GRAPHICS TOOLS

CAP 209

ASSIGNMENT# 1

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mandeep Kaur Mam Rupesh Rimal

Reg: 10904918

Sec: RD 3901, G2

Roll: B 36

PART A

1 ANS

A Web based application is one that is accessed over the internet using a web browser and A Windows or Computer Based Applications tools are the tools that are operated from the computer not the browser. Web based programs are run through a web browser or an equivalent program. Computer based applications are run through the Operating System, Windows, Linux, or Mac OS X.

Web based applications are nice because the user does not have to download or install anything before using them. They are able to be used from the browser. This also means that they can be used from many different computers while accessing the same program. E.g. : Google Docs is a web based Office suite that a person could access from any computer and work with their files. On the flip side, web based applications can be slow to load, or if the server goes down the user could be out of luck.

The various tools to implement web and windows based applications are as follows:

1. GIMP

GIMP is an open source image manipulation program capable of producing very impressive graphics and sporting an extensible interface similar to Photoshop's plugin community. Since the first release, GIMP has continually evolved into a formidable Adobe Photoshop alternative. We can check out GIMP in GIMP gallery in the GIMP Talk forum. GIMP is regularly used for creating basic website graphics, including many of those found on WJGilmore.com. It is a very popular web based applications for check out GIMP shop, a GIMP fork that replicates many of the Photoshop's features.

2. AJAX

AJAX is a group of interrelated web development techniques used on the client-side to create interactive web applications. With Ajax web applications can retrieve data from the server asynchronously in the background without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page. The use of Ajax techniques has led to an increase in interactive or dynamic interfaces on web pages. Data is usually retrieved using the XML Http Request object.

3. Dia

Dia, a diagramming tool, an open source GTK-based utility capable of not only producing all of the aforementioned diagram types but also supporting a wide variety of formats including SVG, PNG and EPS. If you need shapes not offered within the native distribution, you can either create your own or select from the many shape libraries produced by fellow users.

4. Browser Shots

Even though browser developers have made countless treads towards standards acquiescence in recent years, it goes without saying that you should always "trust, but verify" i.e. test your website within multiple browsers residing on multiple operating systems. Yet many developers might not have a Mac or even a Windows machine at their disposal. A great alternative is Browser Shots, an online utility capable of not only testing browser compatibility on multiple operating systems, but also multiple browser versions within these systems. Further, it tests compatibility with a number of lesser-used browsers, including Lynx, K-Meleon and Konqueror.

5. FIREBUG

Firebug is the most indispensable tool for implementation of web based application. A Firefox add-in, Firebug provides an easy and convenient way to inspect, edit and debug CSS, HTML and JavaScript. With Ajax becoming an integral part of today's websites, Firebug's ability to inspect HTTP payloads has made the tool an even more important part of any Web developer's toolbox. Firebug can have such a thoughtful impression on our efficiency.

6. MY SQL

MySQL is an open-source database that we use for most of our web applications. Another great package that we occasionally use is Postgre SQL.

7. Terminal

Terminal is most used application. It is used while working in my local environment as well as interfacing with our servers. When OSX came around with its BSD foundation a lot of us web developers started making the switch. It has great user experience, but you can open up the terminal and feel at home.

8. Adobe Creative Suite

A standard suite of software for any designer, we use Adobe Creative Suite for everything from design mockups to slicing up graphics for the web.

2 ANS

Desktop publishing added name for Graphic Design.

Desktop publishing is the process of using page layout and graphic software to produce a wide variety of publications electronically. Although DTP simplifies and speeds up the production of publications, it is important that those new to it gain some familiarity with the basic principles of graphic design and page layout.

Graphic design has been around far longer than desktop publishing. Desktop publishing is simply a software tool that graphic designers can use to help translate their concepts and ideas into the proper format for printing. But desktop publishing software is also a tool that anyone can use to create and print their own designs as well.

Corel DRAW desktop publishing softwareCorel DRAW is a supreme supplier of graphics software, including the popular Corel DRAW program. Corel DRAW has tools that allow the user to both create and edit images. The type of desktop publishing tools that you use will depend on the type of project. For more information and assistance, use the Corel website.

Corel DRAW is the best Desktop publishing software that empowers users to create illustrations containing graphics, text and photographs. Corel has an extensive range of tools which enable the user to edit any shape or character with ease and precision, fit text to curves and create custom color separations.

It is developed and marketed by Corporation of Ottawa. This tool can open files: Adobe PageMaker, Microsoft Publisher and Word, and other programs can print documents to Adobe PDF using the Writer printer driver, which such software can then open and edit every aspect of the original layout and design.

Several innovations to vector-based illustration originated with Corel: a node-edit tool that operates differently on different objects, fit text-to-path, stroke-before-fill, quick fill/stroke color selection palettes, perspective projections, mesh fills and complex gradient fills.

One of this software's many strengths is the huge range of over 1,000 fonts that it comes with, provided in both TrueType and Postscript Type 1 format. Corel differentiates itself from its opponent in a number of ways: The first is its positioning as a graphics suite, rather than just a vector graphics program.

A full range of editing tools allow the user to adjust contrast, color balance, change the format from RGB to CMYK, add special effects such as vignettes and special borders to bitmaps. Bitmaps can also be edited more extensively using Corel Photo Paint, opening the bitmap directly from Corel and returning to the program after saving. It also allows a laser to cut out any drawings.

Expert believed it was the first of the Windows-based drawing programs and has built on this early start to become far-and-away the dominant drawing package on the PC. Its biggest strength - and its biggest potential limitation - is its all-encompassing approach. In the past this has led to accusations of unfocused bloating, but with version 7.0 Corel has addressed the criticisms with a far tighter and better rationalized program. Even so, there's a huge range of functionality to cover.

ADOBE PHOTOSHOP desktop publishing software

Adobe Photoshop is a graphics editing program developed and published by Adobe Systems. Photoshop is one of the premiere graphics software packages used in conjunction with desktop publishing projects. Learn how to get the most out of Adobe Photoshop as a standalone tool and when used with other desktop publishing software programs.

Photoshop has ties with other Adobe software for media editing, animation, and authoring. The .PSD (Photoshop Document), Photoshop's native format, stores an image with support for most imaging options available in Photoshop. These include layers with masks, color spaces, ICC profiles, transparency, text, alpha channels and spot colors, clipping paths, and duotone settings. This is in contrast to many other file formats (e.g. .EPS or .GIF) that restrict content to provide streamlined, predictable functionality.

Photoshop's popularity means that the .PSD format is widely used, and it is supported to some extent by most competing software. The .PSD file format can be exported to and from Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Premiere Pro, and After Effects, to make professional standard DVDs and provide non-linear editing and special effects services, such as backgrounds, textures, and so on, for television, film, and the Web. Photoshop is a pixel-based image editor, unlike programs such as Macromedia FreeHand (now defunct), Adobe Illustrator, Inkscape or CorelDraw, which are vector-based image editors.

Photoshop uses color models RGB, lab, CMYK, grayscale, binary bitmap, and duotone. Photoshop has the ability to read and write raster and vector image formats such as .EPS, .PNG, .GIF, .JPEG, and Adobe Fireworks.

Image Editing Features

Listed below are some of the most used capabilities of the Adobe Photoshop.

Selection

One of the prerequisites for many of the applications mentioned below is a method of selecting parts of an image, thus applying a change selectively without affecting the entire picture. Most graphics programs have several means of accomplishing this, such as a marquee tool, lasso, vector-based pen tools as well as more advanced facilities such as edge detection, masking, alpha compositing, and color and channel-based extraction.

Layers

Another feature common to many graphics applications is that of layers, which are analogous to sheets of transparent acetate, stacked on top of each other, each capable of being individually positioned, altered and blended with the layers below, without affecting any of the elements on the other layers. This is a fundamental workflow which has become the norm for the majority of programs on the market today, and enables maximum flexibility for the user while maintaining non-destructive editing principles and ease of use.

Image size alteration

Image editors can resize images in a process often called image scaling, making them larger, or smaller. High image resolution cameras can produce large images which are often reduced in size for Internet use. Image editor programs use a mathematical process called resampling to calculate new pixel values whose spacing is larger or smaller than the original pixel values. Images for Internet use are kept small, say 640 x 480 pixels which would equal 0.3 megapixels.

Cropping an image

Digital editors are used to crop images. Cropping creates a new image by selecting a desired rectangular portion from the image being cropped. The unwanted part of the image is discarded. Image cropping does not reduce the resolution of the area cropped. Best results are obtained when the original image has a high resolution. A primary reason for cropping is to improve the image composition in the new image.

Histogram

Image editors have provisions to create an image histogram of the image being edited. The histogram plots the number of pixels in the image (vertical axis) with a particular brightness value (horizontal axis). Algorithms in the digital editor allow the user to visually adjust the brightness value of each pixel and to dynamically display the results as adjustments are made. Improvements in picture brightness and contrast can thus be obtained.

Un cropped image from camera Lilly cropped from larger image

Sunflower image Histogram of Sunflower image

ANS 3

The Various Software’s available in market for designing are as follows:

1. Adobe Photoshop

2. Adobe Illustrator

3. Corel DRAW

4. GIMP

5. AutoCAD

6. Wilcom Deco Studio e 1.5

7. Auto Desk Maya

8. Paint Shop Professional

9. Macromedia Flash Player

10. Adobe Live Motion

The Designing capabilities of Computer

The Designing capabilities of Computer can be known as Computer Aided Design. is the use of computer technology for the process of design and design-documentation.

Computer Aided Design describes the way in which technology is folded into a design process. Computer Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer.

CADD software, or environments, provides the user with input-tools for the purpose of streamlining design processes; drafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes.

CADD output is often in the form of electronic files for print or machining operations.

The development of CADD-based software is in direct correlation with the processes it seeks to economize, industry-based software (construction, manufacturing, etc.) typically uses vector-based (linear) environments whereas graphic-based software utilizes raster-based (pixelated) environments.

Various Applications of computer in the field of designing are as follows:

Various applications of computer in the field of designing are as follows:

1. Computer and with the help of graphics is applied many sectors like educations, industry, defense, aerospace etc.

2. In the field of education it has given knowledge about ideas in a visual representation,

designing web pages, animation software’s etc.

3. It is applied in greeting cards sector too as many companies search for the card in the competitive world.

4. It is applied in Logo designs, Package design, various illustrations, Business cards, Stationery, Brochures, Website designs, Banner designs, animated graphic designs and more.

5. Applied in Decorating and Building Architecture Design co-corporate buildings and house hold buildings.

6. Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is defined as any communicative transaction that occurs through the use of two or more networked computers which is applied in it.

PART B4 ANS

Navigation Palette

Palettes are available in both the Editor and Organizer workspaces. But they behave a little differently in each.

Palettes help you manage, monitor, and modify images.

Some palettes have menus that provide additional commands and options.

You can organize palettes in the workspace in many different ways.

You can store palettes in the Palette Bin to keep them out of your way, but easily accessible, or you can keep frequently used palettes open in the workspace. Another option is to group palettes together or dock one palette at the bottom of another palette.

Press Shift +Tab to hide the palettes in the work area. Press Shift +Tab again to make the palettes visible.

To move the palette in computer graphics, a range of colors used for display and printing.

To see color palette. A collection of on-screen painting tools. A toolbar that contains a set of functions for any kind of application.

Color palette groups in the work area, press and drag the top bar of the group. To move back to the original location select Window > Workspace > Reset Palette Locations.

To separate a palette from its group, select the name of the palette or click anywhere on the tab and drag it outside of the group. To place it back, drag the tab and drop it in the group. You can use the Reset Palette Locations command to put all of the palettes back in the group at once and in the default order.

You can store individual palettes (not as a group) in the palette well. Simply point to the name of the palette or anywhere on the tab, and then drag and drop it into the palette well. You can also select the menu option Dock to Palette Well from the palette shortcut menu.

Options Bar

This bar will look different depending on what tool you have selected from the Tool Bar (number four coming up).

The vast majority of options for any tool will be found here.

The options bar, which is located directly underneath the menus, is a useful tool when working with the different Photoshop tools.

When we use the selection tool the options bar reflects the changes that can be made to how that specific tool operates.

In the options bar we have selection options, and style options, which include the ability to make the selection tool a specific size in pixels.

When we switch tools to the paintbrush tool for instance these options change in the options bar.

When a tool in Photoshop isn't behaving as we expect it to then options bar should be the first place you look to fix it.

The Different Types of Screen Modes in Photoshop are as follows:

1. Standard Screen Mode (regular windows)

2. Full Screen Mode (black background with no menu bar)

3. Full Screen Mode with Menu Bar (gray background,)

4. Maximized Screen Mode (In CS3)

5 ANS

Different ways in which an image can be modified are as follows:

Selection

One of the prerequisites for many of the applications given is a method of selecting part of an image, thus applying a change selectively without affecting the entire picture. Most graphics programs have several means of accomplishing this, such as a marquee tool, lasso, vector-based pen tools as well as more advanced facilities such as edge detection, masking, alpha compositing, and color and channel-based extraction.

Layers

The next feature common to many graphics applications is that of Layers, which are analogous to sheets of transparent acetate, stacked on top of each other, each capable of being individually positioned, altered and blended with the layers below, without affecting any of the elements on the other layers. This is a fundamental workflow which has become the norm for the majority of programs on the market today, and enables maximum flexibility for the user while maintaining non-destructive editing principles and ease of use.

Image Size Alteration

Image editors can resize images in a process often called image scaling, making them larger, or smaller. High image resolution cameras can produce large images which are often reduced in size for Internet use. Image editor programs use a mathematical process called resampling to

calculate new pixel values whose spacing is larger or smaller than the original pixel values. Images for Internet use are kept small say 640 x 480 pixels which would equal 0.3 megapixels.

Cropping an image

Digital editors are used to crop images. Cropping creates a new image by selecting a desired rectangular portion from the image being cropped. The unwanted part of the image is discarded. Image cropping does not reduce the resolution of the area cropped. Best results are obtained when the original image has a high resolution. A primary reason for cropping is to

improve the image composition in the new image.

Histogram

Image editors have provisions to create an image histogram of the image being edited. The histogram plots the number of pixels in the image (vertical axis) with a particular brightness value (horizontal axis). Algorithms in the digital editor allow the user to visually adjust the brightness value of each pixel and to dynamically display the results as adjustments are made. Improvements in picture brightness and contrast can thus be obtained.

Un-cropped image from camera Lilly cropped from larger image

Sunflower image Histogram of Sunflower image

Noise Reduction

Image editors may feature a number of algorithms which can add or remove noise in an image. JPEG objects can be removed, dust and scratches can be removed and an image can be de-speckled. Noise reduction merely estimates the state of the scene without the noise and is not a substitute for obtaining a "cleaner" image. Extreme noise reduction leads to a loss of detail, and its application is hence subject to a trade-off between the undesirability of the noise itself and that of the reduction artifacts.

Removal of Unwanted Elements

Most image editors can be used to remove unwanted branches, etc, using a "clone" tool. Removing these distracting elements draws focus to the subject, improving overall composition.

Notice the branch in the original The eye is drawn to the center of the globe

Selective Color Change

Some image editors have color swapping abilities to selectively change the color of specific items in an image, given that the selected items are within a specific color range.

An example of selective color change, the original is on the left.

Image Orientation

Image orientation (from left to right): original, -30° CCW rotation, and flipped.

Image editors are capable of altering an image to be rotated in any direction and to any degree. Mirror images can be created and images can be horizontally flipped or vertically flopped. A small rotation of several degrees is often enough to level the horizon, correct verticality (of a building, for example), or both. Rotated images usually require cropping afterwards, in order to remove the resulting gaps at the image edges.

Perspective Control and Distortion

Perspective control: original (left), perspective distortion removed (right).

Some image editors allow the user to distort (or "transform") the shape of an image. While this might also be useful for special effects, it is the preferred method of correcting the typical perspective distortion which results from photographs being taken at an oblique angle to a rectilinear subject. Care is needed while performing this task, as the image is reprocessed using interpolation of adjacent pixels, which may reduce overall image definition. The effect mimics the use of a perspective control lens, which achieves a similar correction in-camera without loss of definition.

Lens Correction

Photo manipulation packages have functions to correct images for various lens distortions including pincushion, fisheye and barrel distortions. The corrections are in most cases subtle, but can improve the appearance of some photographs.

Enhancing Images

In computer graphics, the process of improving the quality of a digitally stored image by manipulating the image with software is enhancing images. It is quite easy, for example, to make an image lighter or darker, or to increase or decrease contrast. Advanced photo enhancement software also supports many filters for altering images in various ways.[1]

Programs specialized for image enhancements are sometimes called image editors.

Sharpening and Softening Images

Graphics programs can be used to both sharpen and blur images in a number of ways, such as un-sharp masking or de-convolution. Portraits often appear more pleasing when selectively softened (particularly the skin and the background) to better make the subject stand out. This

can be achieved with a camera by using a large aperture or in the image editor by making a selection and then blurring it. Edge enhancement is an extremely common technique used to make images appear sharper, although purists frown on the result as appearing unnatural.

Selecting and Merging Of Images

Many graphics applications are capable of merging one or more individual images into a single file. The orientation and placement of each image can be controlled. When selecting a raster image that is not rectangular, it requires separating the edges from the background, also known as silhouetting. This is the digital version of cutting out the image. Clipping paths may be used to add silhouetted images to vector graphics or page layout files that retain vector data. Alpha compositing, allows for soft translucent edges when selecting images.

Change Color Depth

This is an example of converting an image from color to grayscale.

It is possible, using software, to change the color depth of images. Common color depths are 2, 4, 16, 256, 65.5 thousand and 16.7 million colors. The JPEG and PNG image formats are capable of storing 16.7 million colors (equal to 256 luminance values per color channel). In addition, grayscale images of 8 bits or less can be created, usually via conversion and down-sampling from a full color image.

Contrast Change and Brightening

This is an example of contrast correction. Left side of the image is untouched.

Image editors have provisions to simultaneously change the contrast of images and brighten or darken the image. Underexposed images can often be improved by using this feature. Recent advances have allowed more intelligent exposure correction whereby only pixels below a particular luminosity threshold are brightened, thereby brightening underexposed shadows without affecting the rest of the image. The exact transformation that is applied to each color channel can vary from editor to editor.

Color Adjustments

An example of color adjustment using raster graphics editor

Color retouched photo (cycles every 3 seconds)

The color of images can be altered in a variety of ways. Colors can be faded in and out, and tones can be changed using curves or other tools. The color balance can be improved, which is important if the picture was shot indoors with daylight film, or shot on a camera with the white balance incorrectly set. Special effects, like sepia and grayscale can be added to a image. In addition, more complicated procedures such as the mixing of color channels are possible using more advanced graphics editors.

6 ANS

Jumping to the Recent State of an Image

The Undo History panel (Window; Undo History) lets us jump to any recent state of the image created during the current work session.

Each time we apply a change to pixels in an image, the new state of that image is added to the Undo History panel.

We don’t need to save a change in order for the change to appear in the History.

For example: If we select, paint, and rotate part of an image, each of those states is listed separately in the panel. We can then select any of the states, and the image reverts to how it looked when that change was first applied. We can then work from that state.

Record Different Actions Applied On an Image:

To record the Save step, choose Save As from the File menu OR Press Ctrl/Command + Shift + S.

The Save As dialog box appears.

The filename and the destination for saving that you enter here has no impact on the batch process—we tend to use an obviously silly name such as “foo.jpg”.

Choose the Desktop as destination, to simplify cleanup.

In this example, we have to make sure that the format is set to JPEG, and include any other settings in this dialog box that we want to include in the action.

Then click Save to proceed to the JPEG Options dialog box,

Set the desired quality

Set the Format Options to Baseline (Standard) for maximum compatibility with JPEG-reading software.

Then click OK.

The file is saved on the Desktop as “foo.jpg,” and the Save step appears in the Actions palette. Then close the open document so that a Close step appears in the Actions palette.