rbe essay
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Stacy Zimmerman
Kellogg
ENGL 1320
April 21, 2012
Protectionism: Reviving the Moral Economy
A common topic regarding the American economy today is the unemployment rate.
From small town coffee shops to Wall Street investment firms, there is no shortage of finger
pointing; one such scapegoat for the American joblessness epidemic is outsourcing. Today,
nearly thirteen million people in the United States are unemployed (National Bureau of Labor
Statistics), and outsourcing of American jobs is contributing to this statistic. Also known as
offshoring or offshore outsourcing, it is the utilization of foreign laborers instead of
comparably qualified Americans. A growing number of American enterprises favor outsourcing,
primarily because of the financial gains it offers. Proponents of outsourcing allege that it is an
amiable proffer for each faction; the American-based establishments save capital, and create
employment opportunities in otherwise repressed areas of the world. Challengers disagree,
contending that potential employers from foreign countries are not reciprocating in this
multilateral trading relationship, therefore causing an imbalance, namely the staggering decline
in U.S. employment. Opposing the practice of outsourcing is a form of Protectionism, a tenet that
originated with the founding fathers of this country that was essentially designed to protect
American citizens who engaged in free trade. Today, lawmakers on state and federal levels are
actively creating legislation to regulate outsourcing for the exact same reason: to protect
American consumers and workers from falling victim to the manufacturing industry itself. It is
within the power of our Congress, the House of Representatives and the Senate to reverse this
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damaging trend by further amending current tax codes, restructuring work-visa requirements,
and creating new laws that mandate a more balanced approach to our standards regarding foreign
and local labor forces. Governing the outsourcing of American jobs is the first step in defending
the security of American breadwinners and their families.
Manufacturing and Information Technology are two sectors of the job market
overwhelmingly affected by outsourcing. Though both industries outsource extensively, each
has specific ways in which it affects the U.S. economy and workforces. Likewise, solutions for
addressing each respectively vary. This essay will address both, starting with the implications of
outsourcing from the manufacturing perspective.
Jan arrives at the daycare to pick up her son, Paul Jr. Its earlier than usual and she
wonders if his nap will be interrupted by her surprise arrival. Instead of her usual pick-up time
of five-fifteen, it is barely after lunch. But today was no ordinary day. Today, after fourteen
years at the Corning Glass plant, Jan lost her job. Corning, since its inception in the 1850s, had
employed three generations of Jans family. Apple, Inc. had chosen the American-based
company to supply the glass screens for iPhones, but opted instead to award the contract to
FoxConn, a Chinese-based organization. FoxConn took over the contract because they could
produce the same glass for a fraction of the cost. Manufacturing the glass in China not only
eliminated the need for costly overseas shipping of the glass, it reduced Apples cost of
production by sixty-five dollars per unit (The New York Times). As a result, Apple took its
business to FoxConn, leaving Jan and hundreds more workers in the small Kentucky town
displaced and unemployed. The practice of outsourcing results in the loss of more than factory-
floor jobs, however; the ripple effect of unemployment and economic decline is invasive,
spreading indiscriminately throughout all levels of the American economy.
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The majority of employed Americans, eighty-six percent, are now in lower paying
service-related jobs. Only fourteen percent still work in good-producing roles, including
manufacturing. This is in sharp decline from just fifty years ago, when nearly forty percent of all
American jobs were manufacturing related (The New York Times). This is significant. For
every one thousand manufacturing jobs that exist, another four thousand jobs are subsequently
created: parts manufacturing; transportation; warehousing; and management positions, all in
support of production and assembly line roles. This is known as the job-multiplier effect
(Bivens). The opposite of this effect is happening today, however. As more lower-level
manufacturing jobs have left this country, people in the higher paying supporting positions have
had to follow suit. This has created a vacuum of unemployed people, most of which are only
qualified for lower paying service related vocations, such as restaurant staff, hospital attendants
and retail sales. People in the higher level supporting positions either have to relocate overseas
or take lesser paying service related positions to stay employed here in the U.S. Outsourcing of
American manufacturing jobs not only affects workers on the factory floor, it impacts the entire
workforce.
Save Money, Live Better is the well-known slogan of the American based big-box
store, Wal-Mart. The nationwide chain is able to offer products at much lower price points
because their merchandise is largely imported from foreign suppliers. Not only does the money
spent to acquire their massive inventory go to foreign suppliers, six hundred thousand jobs
required to produce the items are exported overseas as well (Fischman). Where there once were
locally owned retailers for groceries, hardware and building materials, garden supplies and
pharmaceuticals, now instead are the sprawling new Supercenters, family-owned businesses left
boarded up and vacant (Mitchell). Ironically, Wal-Mart employs more Americans than any other
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company, one million, seven thousand people (Blodget) which is a fact their savvy public
relations firm has fervently capitalized upon. What they conveniently fail to mention, however, is
that for every job Wal-Mart creates, 1.4 American jobs are lost as existing businesses are
forced to downsize or close (Neumark, Zhang and Ciccarella). It would shock the average Wal-
Mart consumer to know that by shopping there, they are contributing to one of the worst attacks
on the economy the U.S. has ever seen. Save Money, Live Better is at best an enigma. Wal-
Mart in reality is the antithesis to living better; saving money in the short term is extolling
serious long term economic consequences (Goetz). The less aware the consumer is kept, the
better off Wal-Mart becomes. For reducing the quality of life for millions, perhaps a more
accurate slogan for Wal-Mart would be Save Money, Live Destitute or The Less You Know,
The Better We Live.
Wal-Mart is not alone. Many additional big-box conglomerates are profiting using the
same tactics: outsourcing the production of and importing foreign made merchandise; paying
lower wages and reducing health benefits of American employees; and taking full advantage of
government subsidies and loopholes in existing tax codes. Other similarly subsidized retailers
such as Home Depot, Bass Pro Shops, Super Target, and Borders Book Stores also reap
enormous fiscal benefits due to property tax rebates, free or discounted tracts of land, and
financial backing for site preparation and on-site infrastructure (Mattera, Philip, and Purinton).
These companies are given government money on the premise of creating economic growth, but
in reality, there are more people on Medicaid and food stamps in communities with these big-box
stores than there are in areas without them. The average Wal-Mart worker, for example, requires
$730 a year in taxpayer-funded healthcare and $1,222 annually in other forms of assistance, such
as food stamps and subsidized housing (Dube and Jacobs). The United States government must
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put an end to these corporate subsidies and tax cut incentives. The intent of these codes was to
stimulate economic growth, but as statistics have clearly shown, the companies taking advantage
of state and local loopholes are using them to fatten their own corporate bottom lines. The
people these laws were meant to help are actually suffering because of them, ending up worse off
than they were before the big-box stores came to town. Save Money, Live Better on Public
Assistance.
Aside from American joblessness and economic decline stateside, there is another
perspective on foreign outsourcing that warrants concern, and that is the toll it is taking on
people outside of this country as well. People in less developed areas of the world vie for
positions with American employers. Competition is fierce, and workers are willing to endure
conditions that would be unthinkable in the U.S. in exchange for pay that is a fraction of our own
minimum wage. American-based companies like Dell, HP, IBM, Motorola, Nokia, Sony,
Toshiba and Apple have openly admitted that Chinese manufacturing facilities efficiency and
lower operational costs makes them more attractive than their American counterparts. Human
rights groups, however, in both China and the United States have cried foul, citing numerous
occasions where inhumane working conditions have led to exhaustion, injuries, fatalities, mental
breakdowns and numerous suicides (Chan). Winning an American contract for Chinese
companies like FoxConn is literally like winning the lottery. Factories are run twenty-four hours
a day, seven days a week, with military precision and force. Plant Managers at FoxConn know
how to satisfy the demands of the American buyer; production must be at the speed of innovation
itself. This burden is then transferred to the millions of Chinese laborers, where abuse and
coercion are accepted as part of the job. This is all done to please the American buyers in hopes
of winning the next contract, and the next, with little concern for the human toll being taken. It
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is a common site in industrial towns like Longhua and Guanlan in the Shenzhen province of
China to see suicide prevention nets surrounding FoxConn employee dormitories (Chan).
Another sector of American workers displaced by outsourcing is those in the field of
Information Technology. This type of outsourcing, known as Business Process Outsourcing, or
BPO, impacts the American workforce differently than manufacturing related outsourcing, but is
perhaps more readily noticeable to the public. American based call centers and customer-service
related jobs, thanks to advances in telecommunication technology, are very easily replaced with
BPO centers in other parts of the world. Companies wanting to provide twenty-four-hour
support to a world-wide customer base might have call centers in several different time zones.
At face value this sounds like a reasonable justification, but opponents argue that with multiple
shifts in a twenty-four-hour period, American call centers could provide the exact same level of
support. In reality, the true motivation to outsource is cost: it is much cheaper for companies to
hire people overseas than it is to employ Americans, largely because of the minimum wage
requirements in this country. In less developed areas of the world like the Philippines,
Guatemala, Mexico and India, people are willing to be paid much less per hour than most
Americans, just to have a job in an air-conditioned cubicle for an eight to twelve-hour shift.
Additionally, employers of overseas workers are able to hire people without having to provide
them with health or retirement benefits, another savings in the overhead costs of operation. Since
fifty-five to sixty percent of the overhead costs of running a call center is man-power, this is a
significant amount of capital to be saved (Outsource2India.com). Coupled with the tax breaks
the U.S. Government currently provides, these factors add up to a profit boosting incentive few
American companies have been able to resist (Ali). Among those currently outsourcing their call
center operations are Convergys, Equinox Corporation, American Express, American Airlines,
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and U.S. Airways, to name a few. Imagine a customers surprise when calling the 800 number
for American Express client services and getting a call center agent who is obviously in another
country. The formidable cultural gap and accent barriers have resulted in an onslaught of
consumer complaints and a backlash against overseas call centers. A BPO firm in India, Delhi
Call Center, fields millions of calls per month, most of which come from America. Delhi Call
Centers creative solution to the backlash has been to extensively train young Indian recruits on
how not to be Indian. The successful graduates of the program have learned from weeks of
accent training tapes, the study of English intonation and memorization of American holidays.
The agents are required to adopt American names to use when identifying themselves to
customers, to make themselves (and Delhi Call Center) more palatable to American callers.
Those who do not make the cut are sent away, said yet to be cured of their MTI, or mother
tongue influence (Marantz). Millions of Indians apply for these BPO positions, the average pay
for which is about twenty-two thousand rupees per month- around two dollars an hour, or five
thousand dollars per year (US Department of State). Many Indian call center agents see this as
their opportunity to escape poverty and enter Indias middle class; they will opt for threadbare
living conditions, ration their own food, and send their paychecks back home to waiting families.
Not only are American companies taking jobs away from U.S. citizens, to make matters worse
they are taking advantage of the people in India who are so desperate for work that they willingly
accept such conditions.
In Manufacturing and IT alike, American corporations motivation to outsource seems to
share some similarities. Both do it for the money. Replacing American jobs with foreign labor
may benefit large American corporations by reducing overhead costs and bolstering profits.
According to the McKinsey Global Institute, for every dollar the United States spends overseas,
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we get back $1.12 (Ferrell). The investment dollars do come back to America, but its in the
form of corporate profits, leaving the American worker paying the ultimate price for someone
elses short term economic gain. It is this unscrupulous greed that is at the heart of many
problems, both locally within the United States and globally as well. These acts against
humanity, regardless of the degree of abuse, can be stopped. The United States government has
the power to mandate regulations and standards that could make significant changes for all.
Regulating the outsourcing of American jobs is the first step in protecting the interests of
American breadwinners and their families. Lawmakers on state and federal levels in the United
States are working tirelessly to pass legislation, standardizing the practice in hopes of protecting
the millions of Americans displaced and unemployed. One such code is the Appropriations Bill
H. R. 2673 which became Public Law No. 108-199 in January, 2004. Public Law 108-199 began
in the House of Representatives as H.R. 2989. It was amended by Senators Craig Thomas and
George Voinovich (Congressional Record), and the measure became law on January 23, 2004 as
a part of the Appropriations Bill H.R. 2673. Public Law 108-199 is an Administrative Law,
which means it is enforced by the executive branch, and meant to regulate international trade,
manufacturing, pollution, and taxation. This particular measure is groundbreaking in that it
disallows government funds to be used to pay for contracts that employ people or companies
outside the United States to do government related work. While Section 533 of Public Law 108-
199 targets a very small percentage of the American workforce, the enactment of this mandate
set precedence for future Protectionist legislation.
Another U.S. Bill, H.R. 3596, was introduced in December 2011 and is currently in
Congress now. It has been coined the United States Call Center and Consumer Protection Act
(Bishop). This proposed legislation would make companies that outsource ineligible for federal
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grants or loans. Proposed by Congressman Tim Bishop (D-NY), this Act would enable the
United States Department of Labor to monitor organizations that outsource jobs outside of the
U.S., preventing them from receiving any grant money for a minimum of five years. This
mandate targets companies that receive millions of dollars in tax incentives to open U.S. based
call centers, only to relocate the operation overseas shortly thereafter. Additionally, the Bill
would make any call center operation failing to disclose its offshore location to the Labor
Department subject to ten-thousand dollars a day in penalties. So far the Bill has as many as one
hundred six lawmakers as its co-sponsors (Epstein). Congressman Bishop has been quoted as
saying Taxpayer dollars should not be supporting companies that choose protecting their bottom
line over protecting their customers (Deccan Herald).
In the Global Market today, the technologies afforded to American citizens may have
changed, but the fundamental ideas of Protectionism still apply. Just as technical knowledge and
innovation have evolved, so must American policy in order for this country to fully embrace and
profit from these advancements, responsibly. The first economic policy ever implemented in the
United States was Protectionism, in which as defined by Webster is the theory or practice of
fostering, or developing home industries by protecting them from foreign competition through
restrictions on foreign competitors. Clearly, this call for regulation and standards is not a new
one. James Madison, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and other of our founding fathers
believed that it is wrong for industry to succeed at the ultimate demise of the consumer, and in
parallel, the American worker. Abraham Lincoln was strongly opposed to Free Trade, arguing in
defense of a greater concern: our moral economy. If the relationship between corporate profits
and the welfare of American consumers and workers were balanced, both can coexist. The
current state of financial crisis in the United States can be reduced by reforming the current tax
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codes and mandating minimum standards of employment for American corporations who wish to
outsource parts of their businesses.
There are numerous organizations that have been put into place over the years to regulate
fair trade; some believe strongly that free trade benefits everyone involved. Others claim, as I
do, that under the current system of checks and balances the wealth generated by free trade is
amassed by a miniscule percentage of the population. This unfair distribution of wealth is
adding insult to the injury of unemployment, and has led to recent uprisings of groups like the
well-known Occupy Movement. As things stand now, the ninety-nine percent bears the
burden of sacrifice while the wealthy one-percent enjoys the spoils. The rich are getting richer;
so rich in fact that Apple, Inc. alone profited $400,000 per employee in 2011 alone. How? On
the backs of the misfortunate millions without work in this country, and with the lives lost in
China because of abusive and inhumane working environments. A quote from a New York Times
article sums it up best: Given Apples prominence and leadership in global manufacturing, if
the company were to radically change its ways, it could overhaul how business is done. Every
company wants to be Apple, says Sasha Leshnev at the Enough Project, a group focused on
corporate accountability. If they committed to building a conflict-free iPhone, it would
transform technology (Duhigg and Barboza). The crux of the problem, however, is that Apple,
nor any other American manufacturer for that matter, are obligated to run their operations based
on ethics. The language spoken by the corporate elite is: dollars. Money talks. And who
knows the language of the dollar better than the United States Government. Eliminate tax breaks
for companies that outsource their labor. Reduce or remove the subsidies and land grants for
employers who chose to use foreign labor instead of qualified American workers. The argument
that Americans are not adequately skilled to perform goods producing functions is an outright
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fallacy. Perhaps one of the downfalls of our domestic workforce is that we are too attached to
things like forty-hour work weeks, and owning our own homes rather than living in cramped
dormitories where we can be called to the factory floor at any hour of the day or night. Not only
are these conditions unacceptable to American workers, they should be unacceptable to
everyone. It is our responsibility as a nation to draw the line, and make a distinction between
doing well, and doing wrong. Profiting at the expense of other human beings is an unequivocal
wrong. Knowing it is happening yet choosing to do nothing about it is equally as wrong. As a
country, we have the technology, the manpower and the mind power to find an amicable solution
and its going to have to start with our legal system. Rules need to be set for those who cant
seem to rule themselves, starting with the large corporations.
There is an adage that says the rising water lifts all boats. If the rising water is success,
and all boats are all people, I fear that without proper standards and regulations, that same water
can also fill all lungs. With government regulation, determination and fairness, the economic
ideal of this adage can be achieved. Without it, were drowning. Were drowning at the speed of
innovation.
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