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8/3/2019 Raymond Trevor Bradley- The Psychophysiology Of Intuition: A Quantum-Holographic Theory Of Nonlocal Communi

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The Psychophysiology Of Intuition: AQuantum-Holographic Theory Of NonlocalCommunication

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By:[Bradley,RaymondTrevor]At:19:4623January2007

World Futures, 63: 6197, 2007

Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

ISSN 0260-4027 print / 1556-1844 online

DOI: 10.1080/02604020601123148

THE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INTUITION:

A QUANTUM-HOLOGRAPHIC THEORY OF

NONLOCAL COMMUNICATION

RAYMOND TREVOR BRADLEYInstitute for Whole Social Science, Carmel, California, USA;

Institute of HeartMath, California, USA;

eMotion Institute, Auckland, New Zealand

This work seeks to explain intuitive perceptionthose perceptions that are not

based on reason or logic or on memories or extrapolations from the past, but

are based, instead, on accurate foreknowledge of the future. Often such intuitive

foreknowledge involves perception of implicit information about nonlocal objects

and/or events by the bodys psychophysiological systems. Recent experiments

have shown that intuitive perception of a future event is related to the degree of

emotional significance of that event, and a new study shows that both the brain and

the heart are involved in processing a pre-stimulus emotional response to the fu-

ture event. Drawing on this research and on the principles of quantum holography,I develop a theory of intuition that views the perception of things remote in space

or ahead in time (nonlocal communication) as involving processes of energetic

resonance connecting the bodys psychophysiological systems to the quantum

level. The theory explains how focused emotional attention directed to the non-

local object of interest attunes the bio-emotional energy generated by the bodys

psychophysiological systems to a domain of quantum-holographical information,

which contains implicit information about the object. The bodys perception of

such implicit information about things distant in space/time is experienced as an

intuition.

KEYWORDS: Bio-emotional energy, communication, intuition, precognition, presentiment,

psychophysiology, nonlocality, quantum holography.

This article is a revised version of a paper (Bradley, 2006a) presented at the Third

International Entrepreneurship Research Exchange conference held at UNITEC, Auckland,

New Zealand (February 710, 2006). The revision has benefited from helpful comments by

Karl Pribram and Murray Gillin. Dana Tomasino improved the readability of the manuscript

and Mike Atkinson prepared Figures 7a8 and assisted with the adaptation of Figures 911c. I am grateful to the Institute of HeartMath for permission to reproduce Figures 911c

and to Roger Nelson for Figures 2 and 3.Address correspondence to Dr. Raymond Bradley, Institute for Whole Social Science,

25400 Telarana Way, Carmel, CA 93923, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

or [email protected]

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62 RAYMOND TREVOR BRADLEY

The entire universe is one unique, immense sound from which burst, like a ripe

pomegranate, billions of harmonics, all composing one same oceanic harmony.

(Rolland, 1956, p. 23)1

INTRODUCTION

This work seeks to explain intuitive perceptionthose perceptions that are not

based on reason or logic or on memories or extrapolations from the past, but are

based, instead, on accurate foreknowledge of the future. A recent study (McCraty

et al., 2004a, 2004b) defined such foreknowledge of a future event as intuition,

and viewed intuition as a process by which information normally outside of the

range of conscious awareness is immediately sensed and perceived by the bodys

psychophysiological systems.The objective of this work is to demystify intuition by building a rational account

firmly grounded in recent empirical evidence, whose reason and logic is informed

by established scientific principles and concepts and is amenable to empirical

verification. Toward this end, recent work on the psychophysiology of intuitive

perception and the principles of quantum holography are used to develop a theory

of intuitive perception. The theory explains how implicit information about a future

event can be accessed by the bodys psychophysiological systems as intuitive

information.

To adequately address the question at issue hereaccurate foreknowledge of

the futurerequires drawing on the concept of nonlocality from quantum physics.Nonlocality is the fundamental interconnection of everything at the quantum level

such that faster-than-the-speed-of-light communication/interaction is implied be-

tween subatomic particles separated in space/time by vast distances. However,

because such interaction defied Einsteins concept of a cosmological constant

the speed of lightnonlocality was derided by him as spooky action at a distance.

Yet nonlocality is a peculiarity of quantum theory that has been empirically demon-

strated in repeated laboratory experiments (e.g., Aspect et al., 1982; Tittel et al.,

1998), and is thus a scientific fact that I build on in this work.

The perception of information from nonlocal sources is a phenomenon that hasbeen studied and well documented in a large volume of rigorous scientific experi-

ments for more than a century.2 The consistent finding from these experiments is

that such intuitive foreknowledge involves perception of implicit information about

nonlocal objects and events by the bodys psychophysiological systems. A review

of this research suggests that such intuitive ability is unlikely to be specific to any

subpopulation, but rather appears to be an ability generally distributed throughout

the human population. I draw on the findings of this research, and, in particular,

on a recent significant study (McCraty et al., 2004a, 2004b). The latter is notable

because it not only presents compelling evidence of intuitive foreknowledge, but

also, and more importantly for my purposes here, it shows where and when in thebody intuitive information is received, and how this information is processed.

Drawing on Nobel Laureate Denis Gabors (1946) energy-based concept of

informationthe encoding of information as a pattern of oscillations in energy at

any frequencythe theory explains how information about nonlocal objects and


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THE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INTUITION 63

events is spectrally enfolded at the quantum level in the radiation of energy. Such

implicit information about the future is distributed as a hologram throughout a

field of potential energy that exists as a domain apart from space and time. At a

biological level, the bodys psychophysiological systems generate numerous fieldsof energy, at various frequencies, that radiate outwards and interpenetrate the field

of potential energy.

The act of perception generates an outgoing wave field of attentional emotional

energy directed to an object of interest that interacts with an incoming wave field

of energy from the object. Focused emotional attention directed to the object of

interest attunes the psychophysiological systems to the quantum level of the object,

which contains holographically encoded information about the objects future po-

tential. Such emotional attunementcoherencebrings the outgoing wave field

of attentional energy from the individuals psychophysiological systems into har-

monic resonance with the incoming wave field of energy from the object. The

harmonic resonance between the two wave fields of energy creates an optimal

channel for communication of nonlocal information. The bodys perception of

such implicit information about the objects future is experienced as an intuition.

The theory leads to the following hypothesis: the more coherent the emotional

attentional interest directed to the object of interest, the greater the bodys psy-

chophysiological systems access to the field of quantum-holographic nonlocal

information, and, hence, the greater the intuitive foreknowledge about the object

of interest.

CONCEPT OF INTUITION

Taking an information processing perspective, intuition is viewed as a process by

which information normally outside the range of cognitive processes is sensed

and perceived in the body and mind as certainty of knowledge or feeling (posi-

tive or negative) about the totality of a thing distant or yet to happen (McCraty

et al., 2004a, 2004b). This thing can be a material object or event, or a mental

construct such as a thought or idea. Often the feeling of certainty is immediate

and absolutethe intuition is experienced as beyond question or doubtand thefeeling can encompass positive emotions, such as optimism and excitement, or

negative emotions like dread, fear, or terror.

This experience of an immediate, total sense of the thing as a whole is quite

unlike the informational processing experience of normal awareness. In normal

awareness, the contents of the brain are updated incrementally, as the moment-by-

moment sequences of sensory experience unfold. Also, the experience of intuition

is not confined to cognitive perception, but involves the entire psychophysiological

system, often manifesting through a wide range of emotional feelings and physio-

logical changes experienced throughout the body. Indeed, it is this involvement of

the entire psychophysiological system in processing intuitive perception that hasenabled its detection and measurement using electrophysiological instrumentation,

as described in the research reviewed in the next section.

The results of these studies question a commonly held view of intuition:

namely, that it is not registered by the five senses of normal perception (vision,


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audition, taste, smell, and touch), but, instead, is either a direct, unmediated in-

teraction between the brain and a nonlocal source, or is the result of some subtle,

extraordinaryeven supernaturalsense or force that conveys accurate nonlocal

information straight into the brain (Bernstein, 2005).3 Yet the interesting news fromthis research is not that of discovery of a new sixth sense or of a new information

pathway to nonlocal things. Rather, it is that known physiological structures are in-

volved (both the brain and the heart), and that the body appears to process intuitive

information in the same way it processes information from ordinary sensory input.

SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE

Although there is now a voluminous body of rigorous experimental research doc-

umenting the phenomenon of intuitive perception (see Radins informative review,1997a), mainstream science still regards the findings of these studies as anomalous

(Walach and Schmidt, 2005).4 Even among those who study it, intuition is viewed

largely as the result of past experiencea function of the unconscious mind access-

ing existing information within the brain from forgotten experience (Agor, 1984;

Eisenhardt and Zbaracki, 1992; Hogarth, 2001; Laughlin, 1997; Lieberman, 2000;

Myers, 2002). In presenting a very brief review of the evidence from studies that

challenge this view, I will follow Bernstein (2005) and divide the work on the basis

of the kind of intuitive information communication investigated:person-to-person

communication, often referred to as telepathy; place- orobject-to-person commu-

nication, also known as extra-sensory perception (ESP) or remote viewing; and

future-to-person communication, involving precognitive perception (thoughts) or

presentiment perception (emotions).

Prior Research

In the 1930s Joseph Rhine (1964, 1981) conducted numerous pioneering stud-

ies on telepathic person-to-person information communication. He developed a

forced choice card test using a special deck of twenty-five cards comprised of

five groups of five geometric symbols (triangle, square, circle, star, wavy lines).In 27 of 33 laboratory experiments, involving almost one million trials, he found

statistically significant results in which a receiver correctly identified the symbol

mentally transmitted by a sender, in a different room, from a randomly selected

card. Replication studies at other laboratories yielded a 61% statistically signif-

icant success rate, compared to 5% expected by chance. In the 1960s, Charles

Tart (1963) added physiological instrumentation to measure the receivers bodily

response when a stimulus was administered to the body of a sender, who was

located in a separate room. He found that the receivers brain waves and peripheral

blood volume changed significantly when the stimulus was applied near to or on

the senders body. A meta-analysis (Schlitz and Braude, 1997) of 19 laboratorystudies conducted in Scotland and California in the 1980s and 1990s, involving

healers sending their thoughts on a randomized schedule to receivers, found sta-

tistically significant changes in the receivers bodies using Galvanic Skin Response

(GSR) measures when the senders thoughts were focused on them. Another 40


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studies, conducted during this time, employed a Ganzfield procedure (to isolate

the receivers from normal visual and auditory stimuli) and Faraday cages and steel

wall screening (to block electromagnetic radiation), and found that the receivers

overall accuracy rate in correctly identifying which of four images had been sentby a sender, exceeded the rate expected by chance by a factor of 1015 to 1 (Radin,

1997a, pp. 8788).

Rhine (1964, 1981) was also a pioneer in research on place-to-person informa-

tion communication, in which a receiver is to identify a randomly selected distant

target, also unknown to the experimenter. In the 1930s he conducted 34 studies

involving 792,000 trials, and found success rates above those expected by chance.

Using the remote viewing protocol they developed in the 1970s (Puthoff and Targ,

1976), scientists at the Stanford Research Institute collaborated with the CIA to

conduct a series of follow-up studies in the 1980s and 1990s (May et al., 1988;

Puthoff, 1996; Targ, 1994). Involving more than 1,000 trials, the results from these

studies found that the accuracy rates of the receivers descriptions of the remote

targets (scored by an independent panel of judges) exceeded chance by a factor of

1020 to 1.

Turning to the work onfuture-to-person information communication, Honorton

and Ferrari (1989) conducted a meta-analysis of the 309 studies (published in

English) conducted on precognition between 1935 and 1989. All of the studies

were laboratory controlled experiments in which subjects had to predict a target

that would be selected in the future by a randomized procedure. Conducted by 62

different researchers and involving more than 50,000 subjects in nearly 2 milliontrials, the accuracy rate of correct predictions exceeded chance by 1025 to 1.

A number of recent studies examining the brains pre-stimulus response have

demonstrated significant differences in event-related potentials5 before target pre-

sentation as compared to non-target stimuli during forced-choice precognition

tasks (Warren et al., 1992a, 1992b). Don et al. extended these ERP findings in a

series of gambling studies in which they found enhanced negativity in the ERPs

was widely distributed across the scalp in response to future targets (Don et al.,

1998; McDonough et al., 2002). The authors concluded from these studies that

the ERP effect was an indicator of unconscious precognition, because the studyparticipants overt guessing accuracy did not differ from chance expectations.

Before moving on, I want emphasize the scientific significance of this volumi-

nous body of evidence. As Radin (1997a) concludes, from meta-analyses of the

results of the experiments on each of the three kinds of intuitive perception briefly

reviewed here, the likelihood that an intuitive effect is true exceeds the certainty

of measurement in experiments verifying quantum mechanicsthe most accurate

scientific description of reality (see Penrose, 1989 or Nadeau and Kafatos, 1999).

In the last decade, researchers have turned their attention to presentiment and

have begun to explore physiological predictors of future events by investigating

whether the human autonomic nervous system can unconsciously respond to ran-domly selected future emotional stimuli. Radin (1997a, 1997b, 2004) designed

elegant experiments to evoke an emotional response using randomly selected

emotionally arousing or calming photographs, with measures of skin conduc-

tance level (SCL) and photoplethysmographic measures of heart rate and blood


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volume. Comparison of SCL response between emotional and calm trials showed

a significantly greater change in electrodermal activity around 5 seconds before a

future emotional picture than before a future calm picture. These results have since

been replicated (Bem, 2003; Bierman, 2000; Bierman and Radin, 1997; Biermanand Scholte, 2002; Radin, 2004), and a follow-up study, using functional magnetic

resonance imaging, found brain activation in regions near the amygdala (which

handles the processing of strong emotions such as fear and rage) before emotional

pictures were shown, but not before the calm pictures (Bierman and Scholte, 2002).

The consistent finding across these studies is that the body typically responds to a

future emotionally arousing stimulus four to seven seconds prior to experiencing

the stimulus.

Evidence of the Hearts InvolvementA surprising result from a recent study conducted by the Institute of HeartMath

suggests that the heart is directly involved in receiving and processing intuitive

information about a future event (McCraty et al., 2004a, 2004b). We used Radins

(1997b, 2004) basic experimental protocol (see Figure 1) while including ad-

ditional electrophysiological measures of brain and heart activity well suited to

investigate information processing. Drawing on the presentiment findings, we pos-

tulated that the greater the emotional significance of a future stimulus, the larger

the physiological response prior to experiencing the stimulus. And because prior

research has shown that the pattern of the rhythm of heart activity directly re-flects the processing of emotional experience in the body (McCraty and Childre,

2004; Tiller et al., 1996), we suspected that the heart played a role in processing

pre-stimulus information about a future event.

The study used a counterbalanced crossover design in which 30 calm (pleasant

or neutral) and 15 emotionally arousing (violent or erotic) pictures were randomly

presented to 26 participants in two sessions, two weeks apart, under two experi-

mental conditions: a baseline condition of normal psychophysiological function

Figure 1. Experimental protocol for electrophysiological study of intuitive perception

(from McCraty et al. 2004a, 2004b).


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and a condition of psychophysiological coherencea distinctive, highly efficient

mode of psychophysiological function induced by a heart-focused, positive emo-

tional state (see McCraty and Childre, 2002; McCraty et al., 2006).

The second condition was included because we expected that a calm, coher-ent emotional state enhanced the bodys response to pre-stimulus information

about a future event.6 For each trial in the experiment the subject pressed a button

on a computer keyboard and, after a 6-second blank screen interval, the com-

puter displayed a randomly selected picture for 3 seconds, which was followed

by 10 seconds of a blank screen, as shown in Figure 1. Throughout each ex-

perimental session continuous electrophysiological measurement of the subjects

body response was recorded. Primary measures included: skin conductance; the

electroencephalocardiogram (EEG), from which cortical event-related potentials

(ERP) and heartbeat-evoked potentials (HBEP) were derived; and electrocardio-

gram (ECG), from which cardiac decelerations/accelerations were derived. These

measures were used to investigate where and when in the brain and body intuitive

information is processed. Data from 2,340 trials were collected across the two

sessions for all subjects and subjected to statistical analysis.

There were a number of significant findings from our study. The first is the

surprising result that the heart receives informational input regarding the future

emotional stimulus. As shown in Figure 2, this is where the slope of the heart rate

deceleration curve for the emotional trials clearly starts to diverge from the slope for

the calm trials. Based on classical psychophysiological interpretations of cardiac

decelerations/accelerations in relation to the processing of sensory information,these data suggest that the heart responds to the unknown stimulus in the same way

it does when the future stimulus is known. A second finding, also shown in Figure 2,

is that there were significant differences in brain response (primarily in the frontal

areas) in the cortical event-related potentials, marked by increased negativity and

a faster onset of the positive-going wave in the emotional trials. A third finding of

particular importance, should it be confirmed in subsequent studies, is that the heart

appears to receive intuitive information even before the brain (4.8 seconds before

the stimulus versus 3.5 seconds, respectively); this is also evident in Figure 2

when one compares the divergence of the heart rate variability (HRV) and ERPcurves in the pre-stimulus period for the emotional trials. A fourth finding is that

the frontal cortex, left temporal areas, occipital areas, and, to a lesser degree,

parietal areas of the brain appear to be involved in the processing of intuitive

information. A fifth finding is that there were significant differences in heartbeat-

evoked potentials between the calm and emotional trials, primarily in Condition 2,

the psychophysiological coherence state. And finally, there were significant gender

differences in the processing of pre-stimulus information.

Especially noteworthy was evidence of an apparent interaction between the

HBEPs and ERPs in the females during the emotional trials. This suggests that af-

ferent (ascending) input from the heart to the brain contains information pertainingto the future stimulus, and also that females may be more attuned to information

from the heart. Overall, these findings suggest that intuitive perception is not a

discrete function produced by a single part or system of the body alonethe

brainas previously thought. Rather, it appears that intuition is a system-wide


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Figure 2. Temporal dynamics of heart and brain pre-stimulus responses. This overlay

plot shows the mean event-related potential (ERP) at FP2 and heart rate deceleration

curves for the female subgroup (n = 15) in Condition 1 during the pre-stimulus period.

(The 0 time point denotes stimulus onset.) The heart rate deceleration curve for the

emotional trials diverged from that of the calm trials (sharp downward shift) about

4.8 seconds prior to the stimulus (arrow 1), whereas the emotional trial ERP showed

a sharp positive shift about 3.5 seconds prior to the stimulus (arrow 2). This positive

shift in the ERP indicates when the brain knew the nature of the future stimulus.

The time difference between these two events suggests that the heart received the

intuitive information about 1.3 seconds before the brain (from McCraty, Atkinson,

and Bradley, 2004b).

process involving at least the heart and brain (and possibly other body systems),

together, in the processing and decoding of intuitive information (McCraty et al.,

2004a, 2004b, 20042005).

Evidence of Collective Intuition

Before moving to the task of explanation, I want to present one further piece of

evidence of intuitive foreknowledge, only this time at the collective level. This

comes from data from the output from Random Number Generators (RNGs) in the


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hours before the terrorist attacks took place in the United States on the morning

of 11 September 2001 (Nelson, 2002; Radin, 2002). As we will see in a moment,

these data suggest that there was implicit global foreknowledge of the impending

terrorist attacks some three to four hours before the first plane crashed into theNorth Tower of the World Trade Center at 8:45 a.m.

Initiated in 1998 by Roger Nelson (2001), the Internet-based Global Conscious-

ness Project (GCP) has been collecting the random data that is continuously gen-

erated by RNGs in more than 40 sites throughout the world. The collected data are

analyzed to determine if there is a correlation between global events of mass con-

sciousness and periods of non-random order generated by the RNGs.7 In Nelsons

words:

Our research hypothesis predicts the appearance of increasing coherence andstructure, or non-random trends, in the globally distributed data collected during

major events in the world. The events . . . share a common feature, namely, that

they powerfully engage human attention all around the world, and draw us in

large numbers into a common focus. (Nelson, 2002, pp. 550551)

This hypothesis appears to be strongly confirmed by the results of an analysis of

104 global events, investigated as of May, 2002, which had a combined overall

significance of p < 3 107(Radin, 2002).

In independent analyses of the outputs of the RNGs, Nelson (2002) and Radin

(2002) found that the largest departure from random order in the year 2001 occurredon 11 September 2001, and that this anomalous structure could not be explained

by artifacts such as electrical disturbances or high levels of mobile phone use. This

can be seen in the plot of data in Figure 3 which shows a significant rise in the curve

for the cumulative deviation for the 11 September data when compared to plots of

data for the ten days surrounding 11 Septemberthe 5th through the 15th.8 Radin

(2002) reports that virtually every analysis he conducted of the 11 September data

revealed anomalous statistical order in the RNG output on that day. For instance, he

found that the largest daily change in variance in a whole year of daily observations

occurred on 11 September, and in calculating the correlations among all possiblepairs of RNG outputs on a per-day basis, he found that the largest daily average

correlation also occurred on 11 September.

Even more intriguing is that Nelson and Radin also found evidence of global

precognition in the RNG output data prior to the attacks. This can be seen in

the comparison of the pattern for the true data with that for pseudo data in

Figure 4, in which the former are the cumulative deviation of variance across the

RNGs for each second on 11 September.9 Compared with the empirical control,

the pattern for the true data is that of random fluctuation until about three or four

hours before the attacks, at which point there is a steep, persistent rise, peaking

during the period of the attacks, and then an equally strong, persistent decline somefour hours or so later in the day. This is also apparent from an analysis of the odds

against chance, calculated from 6 September through 13 September 2001, which

showed a large spike in the pattern on 11 September. In commenting on the results,

Nelson notes that in terms of the original, unsmoothed data, the spike incorporates


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Figure 3. Cumulative sum of normalized autocorrelation coefficients for the second-

by-second inter-egg (RNG) variance measure, calculated for all lags up to 4 hours.

The time period is the 24-hour UTC day of 11 September. The smooth curves show a

0.0005 threshold and the 5% probability envelope (from Nelson, 2002, Figure 5).

Figure 4. Cumulative deviation of variance across eggs (RNGS) for each second on

11 September 2001. Times of the separate events in the terrorist attacks are marked

with rectangles on the zero line. The light gray curve labeled Pseudo Data shows a

control calculation using a pseudo-random clone data set for each day (From Nelson,

2002, Figure 3).


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some large deviations (from chance) early in the morning, and the peak weight of

the moving average actually centers at 6:30, somewhat more than two hours prior

to the first WTC hit (Nelson, 2002, p. 560; my addition in parentheses and my

italics).However, although a number of independent analyses of the RNG data find the

same pattern of anomalous order on 11 September 2001, briefly described here,10

virtually all of the researchers involved are puzzled by the following perplexing

observation: Why was the event effect of 11 September 2001 weaker than that of the

effect measured in prior Global Consciousness Project eventsespecially when

the attacks on 11 September 2001 produced mass horror and anxiety all around the

world unmatched in the prior events? This paradox is resolved when the explanation

is broadened from a focus on the mental attention of the brain (e.g., Jahn, 2001; Jahn

and Dunne, 2001; Nelson, 2002) to include the heart and the bio-emotional energy

generated by the body as a whole. As will become clear in the theory that follows,

I believe the explanation has to do with the difference in the resonance potential

of coherent and incoherent wave fields of positive and negative bio-emotional

energy, respectively. Generated by the body in processing precognitive energetic

information about impending future beneficial or harmful events, these wave fields

of attentional bio-emotional energy are amplified when social aggregations focus

on a common event that tunes them into a resonant frequency.

Empirical Generalizations

On the basis of this brief review of the research on intuition, we can derive the

following empirical inferences that an adequate theory of intuition must explain:

r the experiments on telepathy, involving Faraday Cages and steel wall shielding,

show that electromagnetism cannot be the carrier wave for the transmission

of intuitive information between persons;r the remote viewing experiments show that the transmission of intuitive infor-

mation does not decrease over distance and is not affected by location;r

the experiments on precognition and presentiment show that intuitive fore-knowledge about a future event is not limited by the normal causal relations of

time;r the recent experiments on presentiment show that intuitive perception is related

to the degree of emotionality of a nonlocal object or event;r subject to confirmation by future studies, the results from our own study suggest

that both the heart and the brain (and possibly other bodily systems) are involved

in intuitive perception of future events;r the results from electrophysiological studies show that intuitive information

appears to be processed by the body in the same way as information from

normal sensory input; andr that the results from studies of the RNG output in the hours immediately prior

to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, suggest that implicit global fore-

knowledge of future events of mass common significance (collective intuition)

is recorded in the bio-emotional energy wave field of the human population.


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THEORY

For mainstream science, intuitionthe bodys ability to receive and process infor-

mation about things distant or in the futureis, at best, an empirical anomaly that

belongs to a class of phenomena that has been especially perplexing and difficult

to come to grips with, let alone explain (Walach and Schmidt, 2005). This is the

phenomenon ofaction at a distance, which is nowadays referred to as nonlocality.

In reflecting, over four hundred years ago, upon the difficulty posed by gravita-

tional force, Newton summed up the quandary of action at a distance in a letter to

Bentley, his closest friend:

It is inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should, without the mediation of

something else which is not material, operate on and affect other matter without

mutual contact. . . . That one body may act upon another at a distance and through avacuum without the mediation of anything else by and through which their action

or force may be conveyed from one to another is to me so great an absurdity

that I believe no man who has in philosophical matters any competent faculty of

thinking can ever fall into. (Newton, in Turnbull, 1961, p. 253f)

Yet modern science has found that the capacity to receive and process information

about nonlocal events appears to be a fundamental property of all physical and

biological organization, and is likely due to the inherent interconnectedness and

non-separability of everything in the universe at the quantum level (Bohm and

Hiley, 1993; Laszlo, 1995; Nadeau and Kafatos, 1999; Bekenstein, 2003).This property of universal interconnectedness, also known as quantum entangle-

ment, was dramatically demonstrated in experimental violations of Bells theorem

of inequality in the 1980s and 1990s. These experiments showed that it was im-

possible to break the connection between a pair of entangled sub-atomic particles

even when each particle was separated by enormous micro-scale distances; ini-

tially over meters (Aspect et al., 1982) and subsequently over kilometers (Tittel

et al., 1998). When the experimental condition was applied to one member of the

experimentally separated entangled photon pair, the other member simultaneously

changed its behavior at the same instant. In the words of Alain Aspect, We mustconclude that an entangled EPR [Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen] photon pair is a

non-separable object; that is, it is impossible to assign individual local properties

(local physical reality) to each photon.In some sense, both photons keep in contact

through space and time (Aspect, 1999, p. 190; addition in square brackets and

emphasis in italics, mine).

At the molecular level, all matter absorbs and reemits quanta of energy from

and into an underlying field of quantum fluctuations called zero point energy. In-

stead of being random fluctuations, the emissions from complex matter exhibit

quantum coherence reflective of the matters material organization; these emis-

sions also carry information nonlocally about the event history of the matters

quantum states. This suggests that all biomatter at all scales of organization

is informationally interconnected, endogenously, by nonlocal quantum coher-

ence, and also exogenously connected to the larger external environment by

the biomatters coherent quantum emissions (Mitchell, 2004, p. 155). Thus, in

seeking to explain how human intuition occurs, recent theories have endeavored


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to build on this understanding and have used the concept of nonlocal quantum

interconnectedness as a physical means or medium for communication of intuitive

information.

Broadly speaking, there have been two approaches in recent work to a builda scientific explanation for communication of intuitive information. The most

common approach is based on various applications of holographic theory. The other

is based on an extension to the space-time dimensionality underlying relativity

theory, which will be presented first.

Zero-Point Theory of Space-Time Dimensionality

To build an explanation for the time-reversal cause and effect dynamics involvedin intuitive foreknowledge, Rauscher and Targ (2001) make an extension to Rel-

ativity Theorys Einstein-Minkowski 4-dimensional space-time. By adding three

extra dimensions to space and an extra dimension to time to the conventional

4-dimensional Einsteinian conception of space-time at the macro-scale, they con-

struct a complementary micro-scale domain which establishes nonlocality as a

property of this 8-dimensional universe. They use the universal connectivity of

the zero-point energy field of the quantum vacuum as the mechanism for the kind

of instantaneous communication involved in precognition and presentiment. They

demonstrate universal connectivity by showing, mathematically, that there is al-

ways a path between any two points in this 8-dimensional space-time universethat has zero units of separation.11 This condition of adjacency, or inseparability,

means that nonlocality holds for both space and time, which provides a physical

mechanism for communication of information about an object or event from the

future. Therefore, because any two points in time can become adjacentin effect,

they are inseparably entangled or interconnectedan effective pathway ofno-time

between the two exists. This means that information transmission between the two

points occurs in no-time, so that what will happen in a future time can be known

now, in present time.

Although Rauscher and Targs extension to an 8-dimensional space-time con-cept of physical reality appears to be consistent with the explanatory principles of

modern physics, in that it does not seem to violate the equations of Maxwell,

Einstein, or Schodinger, nor the Poincare and Lorentz invariances (Bernstein,

2005), and although it appears to provide a physical means for bridging both the

spatial and temporal elements of nonlocal information transmission, it only seems

to explain a part of what intuition involves. It leaves unaddressed two basic issues:

first, the question of how the body knows which, from the set of all possible pairs

of points that connect now to all future points, is the correct pairing to the ac-

tual point in the future relevant to the situation at hand; and second, the question

of the means and processes by which the body accesses and translates information

from this 8-dimensional world into intuitive perception. Because holographic ap-

proaches are both used in physics to explain nonlocal interaction (Bohm and Hiley,

1993; Nadeau and Kafatos, 1999) and used in neuropsychology to explain sensory

perception and memory in the brain (Pribram, 1971, 1991),12 holographic the-

ory offers a single explanatory framework for understanding nonlocal information


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communication in both the physical and biological realms, which I believe, pro-

vides a more fruitful approach to explaining intuition.

Holographic Theory

The appeal of holographic theory (Gabor, 1948) is the explanatory power of its

principle of distributed organization as the informational mechanism for nonlocal

interactionthat the information about the properties and organization of a whole

(object or event) is spectrally encoded into oscillations of energy as an interfer-

ence pattern and radiated throughout a field of potential energy to all points and

locations. Because it is possible to retrieve information about the whole from any

location within the field, holographic theory, and its basis in the linear mathemat-

ics of the Fourier transform function, has been postulated to provide a reversiblephysical mechanism by which intuitive information can be encoded, transmitted,

received, decoded, and perceived.13

To create a hologram requires two sets of wavesa set of object waves and a

set of reference waves. The object wave is directed towards the object. It encodes

intensity changes and phase-shifts reflecting the features of the object as the wave

interacts with the object, and then is emitted away from the object in all direc-

tions.14 When a reference wave is directed back toward the emitted object wave, it

interacts with the object wave and creates an interference pattern that records the

phase-shifts of the object wave relative to the reference wave; these phase-shifts

produce the apparent momentary freezing of the objects 3-dimensional image inspace-time. At the moment of conjunction, the instant the interference pattern is

created, both waves are spatially and temporally coherentan important point

that I build on later. Then they continue on radiating as separate waves. In short, it

is the interference pattern that encodes the phase-shift information from which a

3-dimensional imagea holographof the object can be reconstituted in space-

time, via a Fourier transform function. Research on the creation of holographs in

nature, has shown that bats and dolphins actually create holograms by transmitting

acoustical object waves and reference waves that radiate outward into their envi-

ronments and that are then reflected back to the animal for neural processing andtranslation into holographic images of objects in the environment (Farhat, 1980;

Schueler, Lee, and Wade, 1984).

There are, however, two basic forms of holography: Classical Holography, de-

veloped to understand the physics of image processing (Gabor, 1948); and Quan-

tum Holography, developed to explain the physics of information transmission

in signal processing (Gabor, 1946). Because Classical Holography is based on

an invertible linear process involving a Fourier transform function, there are no

degrees of freedom in the transformation relations; chance and probability are

not involved. This means, in effect, that Classical Holography is a principle of

system organization in which constituent parts are enfolded into and whose be-havior is informed and, therefore, determined by the global organization of the

system as a whole. As a result, theories that attempt to use the principles of Clas-

sical Holography as a means for explaining intuition, such as Bohms theory of

the implicate order (Bohm, 1980; Bohm and Hiley, 1993) and Laszlos theory


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of quantum-vacuum-interaction (Laszlo, 1995), run into the inherent limitations

of holographic determinism, which, by definition, rule out human choice and

free will (see Bradley, 1998). However, in recent explications of his theory (e.g.,

Laszlo, 2003), Laszlo has adopted more of a quantum-holographic approach andhas reached conclusions broadly similar to those I lay forth in this work.

Quantum holography is based on Gabors (1946) energy-based concept of in-

formation, the logon, which provides the foundation for a non-determinist kind of

holographic organization (Bradley and Pribram, 1998; Bradley, 2002). He defines

a unit of information as the minimum uncertainty with which a signal can be en-

coded as a pattern of energy oscillations across a waveband of frequencies, as in

the encoding and transmission of vocal utterances for telephonic communication.15

Gabor was able to define the smallest area, in space and in time, within which a

signal can be encoded in the oscillations of energy and still maintain fidelity for

information communication (see Figure 5). He called this area a logon, or a quan-

tum of information (hence the term quantum holography; see Pribram, 1991), and

showed that the signal that occupies this minimum area is the modulation product

of a harmonic oscillation [of energy] ofany frequency with a pulse in the form of a

probability function (Gabor, 1946, p. 435; my addition and emphasis). In mathe-

matical terms, the logon is a sinusoidal module variably constrained by space-time

coordinatesessentially a space-time-constrained hologram (see Pribram, 1991;

Bradley, 1998).16

An important point, which bears directly on the question of determinism, is

that logons are not discrete units but occur as a series of space-timeconstrained

Figure 5. An idealized graph of a Hilbert Space showing a logon (Gabor elementary

function) in terms of Gabors (1946) limits of measurement (adapted from Bradley,

2002).


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Figure 6. Representation of the overlap among logons (from Bradley and Pribram,

1998).

sinusoids, each wrapped in a Gaussian probability envelope: a series of modu-

larized, overlapping units in which the heads and tails of adjacent units in-

terpenetrate one another, as is illustrated in Figure 6. This overlap among logons

introduces indeterminacy, in that the data in each module are spectrally enfolded,

to some degree, into the data of adjoining logons. This overlap among logons has

a significant implication for information communication from the future, in that

each logon, in Gabors words, contains an overlap [with] the future (Gabor,

1946, p. 437; my addition and emphasis). This means, in effect, that each unit

of information, by virtue of its spectral enfoldment with adjoining units, contains

information on the future order energetically encoded in the unit that succeeds it

(Bradley, 1998; Bradley and Pribram, 1998).

In addition to an earlier application of the principles of quantum holographyto explain the communication of endogenous order among the members in social

collectives (Bradley, 1987, 1996, 2003)including intuitive anticipation of fu-

ture social orderon which I build later, there are two other holographic theories

of intuitive perception.

Theory of Magnetic Wave Information Transmission

Developed to explain telepathic communication (transmission of intuitive informa-

tion from one person to another), one of these is Tillers theory of super-luminalmagnetic carrier wave propagation (Tiller, 1999, 2004). Based on an extension

of wave-particle duality, his theory proposes information transmission through a

part of the zero-point energy field of the quantum vacuum, he calls R-subspace,

by magneto-electric carrier waves. By moving into a more internally coherent

state (as through meditation), the human brain propagates magnetic waves into

R-subspace; because the magnetic waves are modulated by the information content

of the senders mind, they encode, via Fourier transform equations, this informa-

tion into magnetic waveforms that radiate from the source at great speed. Thus this

provides a physical means by which human intention, emotion, and other char-

acteristics of mind are (quantum-holographically)17 encoded and communicatedthrough the micro-scale quantum vacuums R-subspace at much higher speeds (up

to twice the speed of light) than the information transmitted over long distances

in our macro-scale 4-dimensional world by carrier waves of electromagnetism

(visible light, radio, etc.) at the speed of light.


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However, Tillers theory has two disadvantages as a basis for a theory of in-

tuition. First, his notion of information transmission via magneto-electric waves

through R-subspace is a hypothesis which, as yet, is empirically unsubstantiated.

And second, he restricts nonlocal information communication to a specific energyfrequencynamely, that of magneto-electric carrier waves.

Theory of the Nonlocal Quantum Hologram

The other holographic theory is the theory of the nonlocal quantum hologram as

the nonlocal carrier of quantum-level information for molecular and macro-scale

organization, which emerges from the work of Mitchell, Marcer, and Schempp

(Marcer and Schempp, 1997, 1998; Mitchell, 2000; Marcer and Mitchell, 2001).

These scientists combine the information processing efficiency and storage ca-

pacity of holography with the inherent interconnectedness (or entanglement)of objects and events at the quantum level, to create a theory to explain remote

viewing (intuitive perception of objects or events over great distances).

Their theory is based on the following postulates: first, that a quantum holo-

gram is created at the quantum level that contains nonlocal information about

the specific organization of quantum reality associated with an object, entity, or

event in the macro-scale world; second, that the act of perception requires both

an incoming wave field of sensory information about the object and an outgoing

wave field of attentional energy; and third, that a relationship of phase-conjugate-

adaptive-resonance between the incoming wave field and the outgoing wave fieldis required to perceive an object in the macro-scale 4-dimensional world. Phase-

conjugate-adaptive-resonance is a process in which the incoming and outgoing

wave fields are phase-conjoined by the percipients act of attention, in that s/he

tunes into and maintains vibratory resonance with the objects energetic oscilla-

tions at the quantum level.18 TheconceptwasproposedbyMarcertoshowhow both

quantum information and space-time information are involved in perceptionthat

the percipient and the source of information must be in a resonant relationship for

sensory information to be accurately perceived:

. . . if we consider that the condition of phase-conjugate-adaptive-resonance is nec-

essary to completely specify the act of perception as described in the mathematical

formalism of the nonlocal hologram by Marcer, then we may also consider the

perceived object and the percipients perceptual system as locked in a resonant

feedback loop. The incoming wave front carrying information may be labeled

as perception from the point of view of the percipient, and the return path

required by the resonant relationship may be labeled attention. . . . (Mitchell,

2000, p. 302)

As a wave field of any kind interacts with a physical object, parts of its am-

plitude and phase are altered, not only because part of the wave is reflected fromthe objects surface, but also because part of the waves energy is absorbed by the

object. This absorption energizes the object to emit a wave outward, part of which

may travel back toward the source of the initial wave (Marcer, 2004). Based on

the derivation of macro-scale images from the application of quantum holography


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in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( fMRI), it is now known that the

returning wave inevitably contains nonlocal quantum information about the ob-

jects internal organization and microscopic features, along with its external and

macroscopic features (Schempp, 1992).

. . . [Q]uantum information processing systems using quantum holography are

. . . in worldwide medical diagnostic use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

systems (Schempp, 1998; Binz and Schempp, 2000; Binz and Schemp, 2000). In

these systems, the diffraction (wave interference) patterns extracted by the mag-

netic resonant nuclear spin choreography to produce the desired medical images

are easily shown to be holochoric in nature, ie [sic] to be quantum holograms as

predicted by the theory of quantum holography, as identified by Schempp (1992),

which is described in terms of the 3 dimensional nilpotent Heisenberg Lie Group.

(Marcer, 2004)

Moreover, the complete event history of the objects movement in time through

its 3-dimensional environment is carried by a quantum hologram: It evolves over

time to provide an encoded nonlocal record of the experience of the object in the

four-dimensional space/time as to its journey in space/time and the quantum states

visited (Mitchell, 2000, p. 299). Taken altogether, this produces a holographic

process in which nonlocal quantum-level information about the objects organi-

zation and history is encoded and communicated back to the source of the initial

wave.Retrieval of this information by a human brain requires, first, that the indi-

vidual calms his thoughts and emotions, and then directs his mind to a distant

location (not visible to the eyes). The mental activity involved in paying atten-

tion to the location generates an outgoing wave directed externally towards the

object. This establishes phase-conjugate-adaptive-resonance with the quantum-

mechanical level of objects at the distant location whereby, insofar as vibratory

resonance is maintained, the individuals neural system can apprehend quantum-

holographically encoded information instantaneously available through quantum

entanglement (Marcer and Schempp, 1997, 1998).Mitchell (2000, p. 302) makes the important point that nonlocal quantum infor-

mation can still be processed by the brain even in the absence of space-time (elec-

tromagnetic) signals to establish the phase-conjugate-adaptive-resonance condi-

tion. All that is required is an icon, a symbol representing the object, which

seems sufficient for the brain to pay attention to the object and to thus es-

tablish phase-conjugate-adaptive-resonance with the quantum level of the object.

However, as noted earlier, in order to decode the spectrally encoded holographic

phase-dependent information, a reference wave is required:

Marcer (1998) has established, using Huygens principle of waves and secondary

waves, that any waves reverberating through the universe remain coherent with

the waves at the source, and are thus sufficient to serve as the reference to decode

the holographic information of any quantum hologram emanating from remote

locations. (Mitchell, 2000, p. 302; my emphasis)


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Once received, such quantum holographic information about distant objects is

decoded and converted by the brain, through a Fourier transform process, into

mental imagery, feelings, and other sensations as described by Pribram (1991).

Recapitulation

The brief overview of the theories of Tiller, and Mitchell, Marcer, and Schempp

reveals a number of interesting commonalities and points of difference: both use

a holographic approach that is based (implicitly, in Tillers case) on the principles

of quantum holography; both use quantum entanglementthe inherent intercon-

nectedness and inseparability of everything at the quantum levelas the means

to achieve nonlocal information communication; and both assign a key role to the

bodys mental and emotional state in establishing a bio-energetic means of con-

nection to the energy fields of the external environment through which nonlocalinformation can be communicated.

However, although communication of intuitive information, in the theory of

Mitchell, Marcer, and Schempp, can occur through any energy wave field (no

matter whether it be quantum-mechanical, electromagnetic, acoustical, or another),

which is comparable to Gabors (1946) concept of the enfoldment of information

in the oscillation of energy at any frequency, Tiller endeavors to account for

intuitive telepathic communication with energy waves of a specific frequency

that is, with superluminal magneto-electric wave propagation in his R-subspace of

the zero-point energy field. Finally, Marcers concept of phase-conjugate-adaptive-

resonancethe mechanism for creating a reciprocal channel for nonlocal quantum

holographic information communication between the percipient and the objectis

a key idea. I expand on this concept, in what follows, to show how energetically

encoded information can also be propagated, by harmonic resonance, through the

wave fields of different energy frequencies and is communicated both within and

across micro and macro scales of organization.

TOWARD A GENERAL THEORY OF INTUITION

Drawing on what is known about intuitive perception from the empirical research,and from the existing theories, each of which was developed to explain a specific

mode of intuitive perception (telepathy, remote viewing, or intuitive foreknowl-

edge), the outlines of a general theory of intuition can be constructed. In this effort

I will be aided by Gabors (1946) energy-based concept of information, as de-

scribed above, because none of the other theories offers a rigorous definition of

information, even though it is a fundamental term. But Gabors notion is useful for

another reason, in that his concept of informationthe encoding of information in

energy oscillations at any frequencyis a general concept that applies to energetic

information communication at both the macro-scale of the 4-dimensional classical

world and the micro-scale of quantum reality. Also, because their theory of thequantum hologram seems to fit best with the physics and psychophysiology of

the information processing involved in intuitive perception, I will use the theory of

the nonlocal quantum hologram from the work of Mitchell, Marcer, and Schempp

as the foundation for what follows.


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Outline of a Quantum-Holographic Theory

From the micro-scale of the quantum domain to the macro-scale of the 4-

dimensional world, all objects and entities in the universe are energized in a con-

stant state of oscillation at different energy frequencies. The energetic oscillations

from all objects generate energy wave fields that radiate outward and interact. As

a wave field of any kind interacts with a physical object, a part of the wave is

reflected directly from the objects surface and part of the waves energy is ab-

sorbed, causing the object to become energized and emit another wave outward

back towards the source of the initial wave. The interaction among these wave

fields generates an interference pattern that, at the moment of conjunction of the

object and reference wavesthe instant the interference pattern is createdboth

waves are spatially and temporally coherent. The interference pattern spectrally

encodes information about the objects internal and external organization and alsoencodes its event history.

At the quantum level, the area of intersection in the interference pattern is a

quantum hologram containing quantum level information reflecting this macro-

scale process. Because the area of intersection involves an interaction between

wave fronts, in which the radiation of energy in one wave front is modularized by

the constraint of the wave front of radiating energy in the other, it is equivalent

to Gabors quantum or unit of energetic information, the logon (1/2 cycle, see

Figure 5).19 This means that the quantum hologram is essentially a logon, or a

Gaussian-constrained hologram, in Pribrams (1991) terms. And since each logoncontains nonlocal information about the future, then each quantum hologram also

contains quantum level information about the future organization of the macro-

scale object with which it is associated. At the very least, this would provide an

information processing mechanism by which moment-by-moment intuitive antic-

ipation of future social order can occur, such as that involved in highly dynamic

collectives like shoals of fish, flocks of birds, or herds of animals. It would also

explain the intuitive anticipations of future action among the members of high

performance human groups like music and dance ensembles, sports teams, spe-

cial operations military units, and so forth (Bradley, 1996; Bradley and Pribram,

1998).It can be shown (see Figure 7a), that when two interpenetrating wave fields

are radiating synchronized oscillations at the same energy frequency, the conjunc-

tion of individual waves creates a spatially and temporally coherent channel of

interaction connecting the object source points of the two wave fields (Bradley

et al., 2004). This channel is essentially a logon pathway for optimal information

communication, and it is also generated in systems involving multiple objects with

synchronized oscillations at the same energy frequency (see Figure 7c). But this

does not hold for interaction between wave fields radiating energy oscillations

at varying frequencies (see Figure 7b); in such cases effective communication isimpeded by spatial and/or temporal incoherence in the pattern of interpenetration

between the wave fields.

However, when wave fields at different energy frequencies oscillate in harmonic

resonance, as shown in Figure 8, a coherent channel of communication emerges


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Figure 7. Figure 7a shows how a channel of coherent interaction is created between

a percipient (P) and an object (O) when their two interpenetrating wave fields are

radiating synchronized oscillations at the same energy frequency. This also holds for

systems involving a percipient and multiple objects, as shown in Figure 7c; coherentchannels of interaction are created both between the percipient and each object and

also among the objects themselves. However, this does not hold for interaction be-

tween wave fields radiating energy oscillations at different frequencies, as shown in

Figure 7b; effective communication is impeded by an incoherent pattern of interpen-

etration between the two wave fields (adapted from Bradley, McCraty, and Rees, 2004;

Institute of HeartMath and Institute for Whole Social Science, all rights reserved).


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Figure 8. This figure depicts a set of wave fields at different energy frequencies in a

harmonic seriestwo waves, four waves, eight waves, and so forth, per cycle, with

synchronized wave peaks and troughs across the series. Note how a coherent channel

of resonance emerges from synchronized oscillations across the wave fields, depicted

with a dashed vertical line in the figure (R.T. Bradley, 2006, all rights reserved).

from the radiation of synchronized oscillations across the wave fields. Thus when

the set of wave fields constitute a harmonic seriestwo waves, four waves, eight

waves, and so forth, per cycle, with synchronized wave peaks and troughs across

the series, as shownoscillatory resonance creates a coherent channel of commu-

nication across the different frequencies of individual wave fields (depicted with

a dashed vertical line in the figure). This provides for a logon pathway of optimalnonlocal information communication across different scales of organization: from

the quantum level micro-scale domain, to the 4-dimensional macro-scale world,

and vice a versa. Because the overlap among logons means information about

future order is spectrally enfolded, it is suggested that this creates an information

processing mechanism by which foreknowledge of the future is contained in the

logon or nonlocal quantum hologram at hand.

When the dynamics of these interactions are considered, information commu-

nication at hyper-speeds appears as an emergent property of the radiation of energy

in the two wave fields. Using a simple dynamic model,20 it can be shown that when

two wave fields at the same energy frequency interact from opposing directions, athird emergent wave fieldis generated with wave fronts radiating at a hyper-speed,

significantly faster than the rate of radiation of the original wave fronts. This third

wave field radiates outward in all directions from the point source of the leading

wave fronts in each wave field. It is suggested that this third wave field encodes


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the quantum holograms created by the interaction of the two original wave fields,

and, as such, is a likely mechanism for nonlocal information communication at

hyper-speeds. It is further suggested that when wave fields from different scales

of organization are in harmonic interaction, an emergent oscillatory resonance isgenerated for nonlocal information communication within and between macro and

micro-scales of organization at hyper-speeds.

The act of conscious perception requires both an incoming wave field of sen-

sory information about the object andan outgoing wave field of attentional energy.

Based on recent research, it is clear that more than the brain is involved in the act

of attention.21 The bodys psychophysiological systems generate numerous fields

of energy, at various frequencies, that radiate outward from the body as wave

fields in all directions. Of these, the heart generates the most powerful, rhythmic

electromagnetic field. Not only does a massive deceleration in the hearts pattern

of rhythmic activity occur at the moment of mental attention, which would gen-

erate a great change recorded in the outgoing wave field, but it is also clear from

recent research that nonlocal perception is related to the percipients degree of

emotional arousal generated by an object of interest. It is the individuals passion

or rapt attention, as Radin (1997a) calls itthe biological energy activated in

the individuals emotional connection to the object of his interestthat generates

the outgoing attentional wave directed to the object. And because it is well estab-

lished that the hearts energetic pattern of activity reflects feelings and emotional

experience (Tiller et al., 1996; McCraty et al., 2006)22which, even recorded,

provides an emotiograph of different emotional states (see Figure 9)it is likelythat the heart is instrumental in generating the outgoing wave of attentional energy

directed to the object.

The calming of extraneous thoughts and adoption of positive emotional inter-

est involved in the act of paying attention to distant locales or nonlocal ob-

jects establishes a relationship of phase-conjugate-adaptive-resonance with the

quantum level of an object at the distant location. Research at the Institute of

HeartMath and elsewhere has found that attention is significantly enhanced when

a focused, self-generated positive emotional state is sustained (McCraty, 2002;

McCraty et al., 2006, pp. 3237). Maintenance of a positive emotional stateinduces a shift to a coherent order in the hearts beat-to-beat pattern of rhythmic

activity, marking the movement to a global state of increased synchronization

and harmony in psychophysiological processes, referred to as psychophysiologi-

cal coherence (McCraty et al., 2006). Compare, in Figure 9, the coherent order of

smooth, sine-wave-like waveforms generated by the hearts beat-to-beat pattern

of rhythmic activity during a sustained positive emotional state, such as appreci-

ation or love, to the incoherent order of erratic, irregular waveforms produced in

a negative emotional state like anger or frustration. Although the interpenetration

between the outgoing coherent wave fields generated in the state of psychophys-

iological coherence and the incoming wave fields of quantum coherence fromobjects and events outside the body creates an oscillatory channel of energetic

resonance for information communication, such communication is impeded when

the bodys psychophysiological systems are in a state of incoherence, as shown in

Figures 7a and 7b.


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Figure 9. Emotiographs of heart rhythm patterns during two different psychophysio-

logical modes. The left-hand graphs are heart rate tachograms, which show beat-to-

beat changes in heart rate. To the right are the heart rate variability power spectral

density (PSD) plots of the tachograms at left. Although there are individual varia-

tions in the HRV patterns associated with each mode, the examples depicted are

typical of the characteristic aspects of the more general patterns observed for the

two modes. Anger, an example of the Psychophysiological Incoherence mode, ischaracterized by a lower frequency, more erratic heart rhythm pattern and increas-

ing mean heart rate. As can be seen in the corresponding power spectrum to the

right, the rhythm during anger is primarily in the very low frequency region, which is

associated with sympathetic nervous system activity. In this example, the anger was

intense enough to drive the system into an extreme state, where the heart rhythm

trace became flat (indicating very low HRV) around 200 seconds. Psychophysiologi-

cal Coherence, which is associated with sustained positive emotions (in this example,

appreciation), results in a highly ordered, sine wavelike heart rhythm pattern. As can

be seen in the corresponding power spectrum, this psychophysiological mode is asso-

ciated with a large, narrow peak in the low frequency region, centered around 0.1 Hz.

Note the scale difference in the amplitude of the spectral peak during the coherencemode. This indicates system-wide resonance, increased synchronization between the

sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the nervous system, and entrainment

between the heart rhythm pattern, respiration, and blood pressure rhythms. The co-

herence mode is also associated with increased parasympathetic activity, thus en-

compassing a key element of the relaxation response, yet it is physiologically distinct

from relaxation because the system is oscillating at its resonant frequency and there

is increased harmony and synchronization in nervous system and heartbrain dynam-

ics (see McCraty et al., 2006, for further information. This figure was adapted from

McCraty et al., 2006; Institute of HeartMath, reprinted with permission).

But there also is electrophysiological evidence of a deeper internal state in

which the bodys psychophysiological systems seem optimally organized for con-

nection to and communication with the nonlocal quantum world. In the example

from an Institute of HeartMath study (McCraty et al., 2006) shown in Figure 10,


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Figure 10. Phase-shift to a positive hyper-state. This figure shows a typical example

of the phase transition observed in a subject moving from the Psychophysiologi-

cal Coherence mode to a positive hyper-state referred to as Emotional Quiescence.

Note the abrupt change from the larger-amplitude sine wavelike heart rhythm pat-

tern distinguishing the Coherence mode to the much higher-frequency and lower-

amplitude rhythm that marks the onset of the Emotional Quiescence positive hyper-

state (adapted from McCraty et al., 2006; Institute of HeartMath, reprinted with

permission).

an individual undergoes a phase transition from the state of psychophysiological

coherence to enter emotional quiescencea qualitatively different hyper-state

of emotional experience.23 Notice how the slower-frequency, larger-amplitude,

smooth, sine-wave-like pattern of heart rate variability for psychophysiologicalcoherence rapidly transitions to the higher-frequency, lower-amplitude sine-wave-

like pattern of emotional quiescence. Note also that when waterfall plots of consec-

utive amplitude spectra from ECG data are compared (see Figure 11),24 the inco-

herent structure of the ECG spectra for a negative emotion like anger (Figure 11a)

stands in strong contrast to the coherent structure of the ECG spectra for posi-

tive emotions in the state of psychophysiological coherence (Figure 11b) or in

the state of emotional quiescence (see Figure 11c). Moreover, although the ECG

spectra for emotional quiescence actually form a harmonic series, those for psy-

chophysiological coherence do not. In the light of these data, it is postulated thatwhile psychophysiological coherence provides a communication channel for in-

tuitive perceptions that can inform day-to-day experience, the harmonic order of

emotional quiescence is the channel, via energetic resonance, to a deeper con-

nection to nonlocal quantum reality, whereby intuitive understandingincluding

spiritual insightof oneself, others, and the underlying order of the universe is

accessed.

To the degree that a coherent relationship of energetic resonance between the

object and the percipient is maintainedthat the objects quantum wave field and

the attentional wave field of the percipient are locked in a resonant feedback loop

the individuals psychophysiological system (the brain, the heart, and the body asa whole) can receive and process nonlocal information as quantum holograms.

In essence, it is the continuous resonant feedback loop between the outgoing

coherent wave fields generated by the bodys psychophysiological systems and

the incoming wave fields from objects that is the basis of nonlocal perception,


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Figure 11. Waterfall plots of ECG spectra. Figure 11a shows a waterfall plot of

ECG spectra for a negative emotionangerin the Psychophysiological Incoherence

state. Note the lack of a coherent structure from spectrum to spectrum and the ab-

sence of harmonics in the spectra. Figure 11b shows a waterfall plot of ECG spectra

for a sustained positive emotionappreciationin the state of PsychophysiologicalCoherence. These spectra display a rich complexity and high amplitude, yet retain a

coherent structure from spectrum to spectrum. Figure 11c shows the waterfall plot

of ECG spectra for the state of Emotional Quiescence. The coherent structure of

standing waves, which form a harmonic series that is also constant from spectrum

to spectrum, is due to the very low HRV in this mode (from McCraty et al., 2006;

Institute of HeartMath, reprinted with permission).


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in that the interaction between the two enables the body to receive and process

quantum-holographic information about nonlocal objects and events spectrally

encoded in the oscillatory radiation of energy.

One pathway of virtually instantaneous nonlocal information communication isat the quantum level through quantum coherence. Another pathway for information

communication at hyper-speeds appears likely when a third emergent wave field is

generated by the interaction between incoming and outgoing wave fields at the same

frequency, or by harmonic resonance when wave fields of different frequencies

interact, as described above. It is evident that the heart plays a significant role in

the bodys sensing and processing of the quantum holograms of nonlocal objects

and events, in that our study of intuition, as noted earlier, found that the heart

receives information about future events before the brain (McCraty et al., 2004b).

It is even possible that the pre-stimulus heart-generated change in afferent neural

signals observed in our study is actually a signal to the brain about the incoming

quantum-holographically encoded information about the intuitive event. Once the

pre-stimulus information is received by the brain, it is decoded and converted by

the neural microstructure through a reverse Fourier transform process into mental

imagery, feelings, and other sensations (Pribram, 1991).

Social Amplification of Intuition

Although the discussion to this point has focused on processes occurring within

the individual, these processes of nonlocal communication are likely to be signif-icantly amplified in certain kinds of social groups. Such conditions are that the

group has a membership boundary, an engaging shared collective purpose or ide-

ology, and, most importantly, that its members are bio-emotionally attuned to one

another through a fully interconnected network of mutually reciprocated relations

of positive affect modulated by relations of social control, as I have described

elsewhere (Bradley, 1987; Bradley and Pribram, 1998). The harmonious group

order that emerges from this bonding pattern generates a self-reinforcing collec-

tive field of coherent bio-emotional energy that operates as a powerful receptive

field through which energetically encoded information about nonlocal objects and

events is accessed at the quantum level.

This collective field amplifies the processing of intuitive information in sev-

eral ways. First, it acts an attractor that, via the mechanism of frequency pulling,

draws the energy frequency of the individuals bio-emotional wave field into har-

mony with the resonant frequency of the group as a whole. This makes it easier

for each individual member of the group to generate and sustain a psychophysi-

ologically coherent state, and therefore, to access nonlocal information. Second,

through energetic resonance, the collective field is greatly amplified relative to

its constituent componentsthe energy fields of the individuals. The result is

that incoming information from nonlocal sources is amplified by the coherentcollective order in much the same way that a signal of radio waves from dis-

tant stars and galaxies is amplified by an array of radio telescopes. For the in-

dividual group member, this provides stronger access to nonlocal information as

compared to individuals who do not belong to such socially coherent groups. Fi-

nally, to the degree to which the group collectively focuses passionate attention


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on a nonlocal object or event of common interest, the intuitive effect is further

amplified.

Conversely, the processing of intuitive information is greatly impeded in socially

incoherent groupsthose in which connections among group members involvepredominantly negative affect, as when social order is disrupted by emotional

discord or by relations of disaffection, tension, and conflict. Under these conditions,

the wave field of collective energy is too disorganized to access implicit information

from nonlocal sources, and, therefore, impedes the individuals access to intuition.

Some support for these expectations comes from a remote viewing study con-

ducted in a three-day conference workshop in Northern Italy (Targ and Katra,

2000). The researchers gave great attention to creating a feeling of community

and coherence of intention within the group of 24 participants who were previ-

ously unacquainted, and report successful matches with the remote targets with an

effect size of 0.64 (Targ and Katra, 2000: 107). This is markedly higher than the ef-

fect size of 0.20 or less typically found in ESP experiments in group and classroom

settings where lack of attention, coherence of feelings, seriousness of purpose,

and motivation and poor training of research subjects are thought to account for

the difference (Targ and Katra, 2000: 108). Targ and Katras research suggest a sig-

nif

raymond trevor bradley- the psychophysiology of intuition: a quantum-holographic theory of nonlocal...

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